Abstract: A LED assembly includes a baseplate and a diffuser. A circuit board connected to the baseplate has a first set of LEDs directed to emit light toward the diffuser. Additionally, a frame is attached to the baseplate and positioned to surround the circuit board. A flexible circuit with a second set of LEDs is attached to the frame, with the LEDs positioned to emit light predominantly perpendicular with respect to the first set of LEDs.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an electronic device including a substrate and at least one light emitting unit. The light emitting unit includes a light emitting diode, a protective layer, and a light conversion layer. The protective layer includes a portion having a ripped section and not overlapped with the light emitting diode in a top view direction of the electronic device. The electronic device of the present disclosure may provide an electronic device that may reduce the influence from the outside or a subsequent process on the light emitting diode and improve luminance performance and reliability.

Abstract: Provided is a display device including a first substrate, a second substrate disposed on the first substrate and including a first surface and a second surface, a display unit disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, a coupling unit disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and coupled to the first substrate and the first surface of the second substrate, input sensing electrodes disposed on the second surface of the second substrate, signal lines disposed on the second surface of the second substrate and connected to the input sensing electrodes, sensing pads disposed on the second surface of the second substrate, overlapping the coupling unit in a plan view, and connected to the signals lines, and a blocking unit disposed on the second surface of the second substrate and spaced apart from the signals lines with the sensing pads interposed therebetween viewed in a plan view.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a display panel, a display device and a method for packaging a display panel. The display panel includes a substrate and a cover plate, wherein the substrate includes a display region and a packaging region located at a periphery of the display region, a glass adhesive is arranged between the substrate and the cover plate at a position corresponding to the packaging region, and a functional layer is arranged on the cover plate at a position corresponding to the glass adhesive, for reducing an intensity of laser irradiated on the glass adhesive during the sintering.

Abstract: A double-ended high intensity discharge lamp includes a luminous tube which comprises an inner tube and an outer tube. At least one electrical member is securely fastened inside the luminous tube and at least one illuminator supported inside the luminous tube with a distributor connected with the electrical member to receive power and supply the illuminator. The outer tube is another protective shield to stop spreading in explosion of the illuminator.

Abstract: The resistance welding method of welding two objects together includes the steps of: clamping the objects between a pair of electrodes; and applying a current between the electrodes while the objects are pressed to bring them close to each other to allow a contacting surface between them to generate heat. One object includes a core member and a plated layer coating the core member and having a melting point lower than that of a metal constituting an outer surface of the core member. The objects are clamped between the electrodes and the contacting surface are allowed to generate heat to melt the plated layer to weld the outer surface of the core member of the one object and a base member of another object together. At least the outer surface of the core member and the base member are made of respective metals, between which no intermetallic compound is formed.

Abstract: The illuminants arrangement includes a plurality of LED-based light sources that are encased in a water-tight manner by way of one or more encasings, wherein the light sources are, at least in a group-wise manner, operationally interconnected by way of electrical connection leads. The connection leads include voltage supply leads. The illuminants arrangement as a protection of the one or more encasings and the light sources from mechanical damage includes at least one protective overlay for being placed onto the one or more encasings, so that light emitted by the light sources can be emitted through the at least one protective overlay. The illuminants arrangement can include a heating device. Each of the light sources can be suitable for emitting light of a variable color, wherein the color of each of the light sources can be individually selected by way of a control unit.

Abstract: Provided is a non-alkali glass having a strain point of 680° C. or higher, having an average thermal expansion coefficient of from 30×10?7/° C. to 45×10?7/° C. at from 50° C. to 350° C., containing, indicated by mass % on the basis of oxides: SiO2: 54% to 66%, Al2O3: 10% to 27%, B2O3: 0.2% to 5.5%, MgO: 0% to 10%, CaO: 0% to 15%, SrO: 0% to 15%, BaO: 0% to 15%, and MgO+CaO+SrO+BaO: 8% to 25%, containing 600 mass ppm or less of Na2O, and satisfying a mass ratio (Na2O/B2O3) between Na2O and B2O3 being from 0.001 to 0.3.

Abstract: A submersible camera housing specifically configured for use with a portable digital video camera includes a generally bullet-shaped main body having a top, a bottom, a forward end and an open rearward end, and a clear cover removably affixed to the rear end forming a watertight seal with the main body. A battery power source is removably disposed within a battery receiving cavity and electrically connected to a light. A video camera cavity is specifically sized and shaped for receiving a popular digital video camera snugly therein. The clear end cover is adapted for threaded engagement with the read end of the main body and includes an O-ring which forms a watertight seal between the cover and the main body thereby preventing water penetration into the housing interior.

Abstract: A luminaire includes a light source having a plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs), a heat spreader, and a substantially ring-shaped trim plate. The heat spreader is disposed between and in thermal communication with the light source and the trim plate such that the heat spreader facilitates transfer of heat from the LEDs to the trim plate. The trim plate is structurally configured and disposed for dissipating heat generated by the light source. The trim plate has an outer dimension that is larger than: an opening defined by a nominally sized can light fixture; and, an opening defined by a nominally sized electrical junction box.

Abstract: A holder is configured to support an LED array and includes terminals that have an insulation displacement portion (IDP) and contacts to electrically connect to the LED array. An LED module can be provided that supports a holder and an LED array. The LED module includes a housing with a floor and a wall that extends from the floor to define a first enclosure that receives the holder and LED array. The floor includes one or more channels that allow insulated conductors to extend through the floor and engage the IDP so as to provide power to the LED array.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a method for providing protective coatings onto one or more surfaces of a frangible enclosure of an LED lamp and a lamp prepared therefrom. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to LED lamps comprising polymer coatings on at least one or more surfaces of an enclosure of an LED lamps.

Abstract: A pane with an electrical connection element is described. The pane can have a glass substrate and an electrically conductive structure on the substrate. Solder material can be used to electrically connect a connection element to the electrically conductive structure.

Abstract: An organic light emitting diode display includes a first substrate, an organic light emitting element, a sealant, and a second substrate. The first substrate includes a first groove disposed in a display area of the organic light emitting diode display and a second groove disposed outside the display area. The organic light emitting element is at least partially disposed in the first groove. The sealant is at least partially disposed in the second groove. The second substrate is disposed on the first substrate. The organic light emitting element is sealed between the first substrate and the second substrate via at least the sealant.

Abstract: A mounting includes at least one electrode producing electric fields in an exhaust gas line, a disk of electrically insulating material having inflow and outflow sides and openings for exhaust gas, and at least one electrical conductor fastened to and/or in the disk. The electrical conductor is covered by the electrically insulating material at least on the inflow side and in electrical contact with the electrodes extending toward the outflow side. Since the electrical conductor is completely surrounded by insulating material during operation, an area that must be covered by a soot layer for a leakage current to develop is increased. The leakage length increases and one or more electrodes are in the exhaust gas at the same time. The soot particles deposited on the mounting and the exhaust gas line, need to be removed less often. An exhaust line device having at least one mounting is also provided.

Abstract: A flash lamp is disclosed including an insulative envelope containing a gas and housing a pair of arcing electrodes and characterized by an instance of isolated conductive material being formed at a predetermined location on the inside of the envelope adjacent an electrode. Further disclosed is a corresponding method of manufacturing a flash lamp and apparatus for the same.

Abstract: In a first aspect of the present invention, a light-emitting diode includes a light-emitting element with a p-n junction, a first light-transmitting member including a phosphor and sealing the light-emitting element, and first and second covers disposed on opposite surfaces of the first light-transmitting member. It is disclosed that the first and second covers extend over edges of the opposite surfaces of the first light-transmitting member. In a second aspect of the present invention, a first cover disposed on a first parallel surface of a first light-transmitting member can be greater in thickness than a second cover. In some embodiments, it is disclosed that a second light-transmitting member with higher diffusion coefficient than the first light-transmitting member is disposed in contact with a first perpendicular surface of the first light-transmitting member.

Abstract: A ceramics substrate for mounting a light-emitting element includes a ceramic sintered body, the ceramic sintered body having a mounting section on which a light-emitting element is mounted, in a surface portion on a mounting section side of the ceramic sintered body, a ratio of crystal grains having a crystal grain size of 0.2 ?m to 1.0 ?m in equivalent circle diameter being in a range of 45% to 80%, a ratio of crystal gains having a crystal grain size of 2.0 ?m to 6.0 ?m in equivalent circle diameter being in a range of 5% to 15%, and a ratio of crystal grains having a crystal grain size of more than 6.0 ?m in equivalent circle diameter being 2.7% or less.

Abstract: A lighting device (2) comprises a light source (210) having a main forward emission direction (20), and an envelope (220) in which the light source (210) is arranged. The envelope (220) comprises an upper portion (225) having scattering properties and being arranged to reflect a part of the light from the light source (210) laterally and backwardly relative to the main forward emission direction (20) and transmit a part of the light from the light source (210). The light intensity distribution of the lighting device (2) is more uniform, as backward and lateral light intensity is increased while the light in the main forward emission direction (20) is still admitted.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a LED bulb emitting light ray in a downward direction and a manufacturing method thereof. The LED bulb emitting light ray in a downward direction comprises a screw head, a base, a lamp body, and a lampshade integrally connected in order, wherein a PCB board longitudinally arranged within the base is fixedly connected with a PCB board transversely arranged on the top of the lamp body and fastened via a base buckle to the bottom of the LED aluminum substrate component longitudinally fixed on the lamp body by fastening a hook buckle to a buckle hole of the base, the top of the LED aluminum substrate component is fixedly connected with the PCB board on the top of the lamp body, the PCB board on the top of the lamp body is connected with the lamp body by fastening element.

Abstract: Disclosed is a lighting device having wide light-distribution characteristics. The lighting device includes a base; a protrusion disposed on the base; and a light emitting module disposed on the protrusion; wherein the light emitting module comprises a plurality of light emitting diodes inclined inward with respect to the a protruding direction of the protrusion. Accordingly, the lighting device can provide wide light-distribution characteristics.

Abstract: The utility model discloses a kind of lamp holder structure of LED bulb comprising a transparent stem, an upper PCB board with upper mounting hole and a lower PCB board with lower mounting hole while the transparent stem is nested to the upper mounting hole and the lower mounting hole in sequence, a LED tube installed between the upper PCB board and the lower PCB board as well as separately electrically-connected to them. The LED tube can be secured by soldering to the appropriate welding position on the upper and lower PCB board. The transparent stem is equivalent to a fixed support for the upper and lower PCB board. When illuminated, the LED tube lights up and all give out light at 360 degree. The structure design makes the higher luminous flux and efficiency for the utility model. Thereby, the utility model is advanced in higher luminous flux, high efficiency and novel structure design.

Abstract: A system comprises a light source and an electrode device (20, 30, 60). The light source comprises a base (40) with a base surface (42) on which at least two contact elements are provided. The electrode device has at least two electrodes (23, 24, 34, 35), preferably of ferromagnetic or electromagnetic material and having a different polarity during operation. Adjacent electrodes are arranged at a predetermined electrode distance. Both electrodes are provided in one layer and are arranged in an interdigitated configuration. The light source has at least two, but preferably four contact elements (43, 53, 63) arranged at a mutual spacing which is essentially compatible with said electrode distance.

Abstract: A light-emitting device is equipped with a first light-emitting element and a second light-emitting element that are formed above a base, and a sealing layer that coats the first light-emitting element and the second light-emitting element. At least one of an interval between the first light-emitting element and the second light-emitting element, a pitch between the first light-emitting element and the second light-emitting element, or a width of the light-emitting elements is less than or equal to a film thickness of the sealing layer.

Abstract: An embodiment provides an organic light emitting diode display device that includes a substrate; a display unit formed on the substrate and including a common power supply line and a common electrode; a sealing substrate attached to the substrate by a bonding layer which surrounds the display unit, the sealing substrate including a resin base and a carbon fiber, and the sealing substrate including a first through-hole and a second through-hole; a first conductive unit formed on an inner surface and an outer surface of the sealing substrate through the first through-hole, and the first conductive unit supplying a first signal to the common power supply line; and a second conductive unit formed on both the inner surface and the outer surface of the sealing substrate through the second through-hole, and the second conductive unit supplying a second signal to the common electrode.

Abstract: An envelope of a point light source includes first to fourth surfaces. The first surface protrudes ahead of a light-emitting element and extends to a left side and a right side of the light-emitting element when viewed from the light-emitting element. The second surface is connected to the first surface on the left side and the right side of the light-emitting element and is in contact with the light-emitting element. The third surface is connected to an upper end of the first surface and an upper end of the second surface and forms a first depression that sinks from the first surface toward the second surface. The fourth surface is connected to a lower end of the first surface and a lower end of the second surface and forms a second depression that sinks from the first surface toward the second surface.

Abstract: A three-dimensional (3D) lamp tube includes a first electrode terminal and a second electrode terminal formed at both ends of the 3D lamp tube respectively, and a plurality of straight tube sections disposed between the first and second electrode terminals, and a bent section is disposed between two straight tube sections, and the first electrode terminal is extended upwardly from one of the straight tube sections and through the plurality of bent sections, and bent along an external periphery of the first electrode terminal to produce an arc 3D structure, and finally extended downwardly from another straight tube section to the second electrode terminal, so that the space and volume occupied by the 3D lamp tube can be concentrated to improve the drawback of the conventional lamp tube that can only be applied to a large planar lamp socket and to replace the conventional light bulb.

Abstract: An LED lamp includes a base, a head connected to the base, an LED mounted on the base and a cover fixed on the base and covering the LED. The cover is made of metal and defines a plurality of through holes therein.

Abstract: A lighting device (2) comprises a light source (210) having a main forward emission direction (20), and an envelope (220) in which the light source (210) is arranged. The envelope (220) comprises an upper portion (225) having scattering properties and being arranged to reflect a part of the light from the light source (210) laterally and backwardly relative to the main forward emission direction (20) and transmit a part of the light from the light source (210). The light intensity distribution of the lighting device (2) is more uniform, as backward and lateral light intensity is increased while the light in the main forward emission direction (20) is still admitted.

Abstract: An embodiment provides an organic light emitting diode display device that includes a substrate; a display unit formed on the substrate and including a common power supply line and a common electrode; a sealing substrate attached to the substrate by a bonding layer which surrounds the display unit, the sealing substrate including a resin base and a carbon fiber, and the sealing substrate including a first through-hole and a second through-hole; a first conductive unit formed on an inner surface and an outer surface of the sealing substrate through the first through-hole, and the first conductive unit supplying a first signal to the common power supply line; and a second conductive unit formed on both the inner surface and the outer surface of the sealing substrate through the second through-hole, and the second conductive unit supplying a second signal to the common electrode.

Abstract: With respect to a vacuum tube having a reduced pressure vessel containing an electric discharge gas sealed therein, problems such as the lowering of discharge efficiency owing to an organic material, moisture or oxygen remaining in the reduced pressure vessel have taken place conventionally. It has been now found that the selection of the number of water molecules, the number of molecules of an organic gas and the number of oxygen molecules remaining in the reduced pressure vessel, in a relation with the number of molecules of a gas contributing the electric discharge allows the reduction of the adverse effect by the above-mentioned remaining gas. Specifically, the selection of the number of molecules of the above electric discharge gas being about ten times that of the above-mentioned remaining gas or more can reduce the adverse effect by the above-mentioned remaining gas.

Abstract: Flat panel displays and methods of manufacturing the displays are disclosed. In one embodiment, the flat panel display includes: i) a substrate, ii) a display unit formed over the substrate, iii) an encapsulation substrate formed so as to face the display unit and iv) a sealing member formed between the substrate and the encapsulation substrate so as to substantially surround the display unit. The display may further include i) a wiring unit formed between the substrate and the encapsulation substrate so as to substantially overlap with the sealing member, wherein the wiring unit includes at least one via hole and ii) an inlet unit connected to the wiring unit and connectable to an external power source.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a lamp assembly, and particularly to a method of fixing a first light source and a second light source in a single lamp assembly. More specifically, the invention provides a lamp assembly and a mechanism for fixing at least two light sources therein, at least one of which is a compact fluorescent light source, an incandescent light source, or a halogen light source, and where the fixing mechanism used involves soldering the lead-in wires of the second light source to a printed circuit board of the lamp assembly, which is in operative connection with the lamp ballast.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fluorescent lamp (1) adapted for cold environments, which comprises an elongated main tube (11), fixing devices (12) at each end of the fluorescent lamp (1) for fixing the fluorescent lamp (1) in a light fitting (27), two electrodes (15) placed inside the main tube (11), a heat-insulating outer tube (20) that surrounds the main tube (11) and creates an airspace (22) between the main tube (11) and the outer tube (20). Each fixing device (12) comprises an end cap (41) with a radial part (41b), that delimits an outer end plane of the fluorescent lamp (1), and with an axial peripheral part (41a), that is connected to an end of the outer tube (20).

Abstract: To provide a glass ceramic composition with which a substrate for a light emitting element having a high reflectance and a high thermal conductivity can be obtained, and which can suppress breakage at the time of production of the substrate for a light emitting element. A glass ceramic composition to be used for production of a substrate on which a light emitting element is to be mounted, which comprises from 30 to 45 mass % of a glass powder, from 35 to 50 mass % of an alumina powder and from 10 to 30 mass % of a zirconia powder, to the total amount of the glass powder, the alumina powder and the zirconia powder, wherein the average particle size of the zirconia powder is at most ¼ of the average particle size of the alumina powder.

Abstract: A display device including a first substrate; a display unit on the first substrate, the display unit displaying an image; and a second substrate facing the first substrate with the display unit interposed therebetween, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are optical contact bonded to each other.

Abstract: An infrared emitter has at least one emitter tube (11) having pinched sections at each of its ends. At least one opaque tube portion (12) is arranged in a manner welded in alignment with the at least one emitter tube. The infrared emitter may be installed in a processing chamber (21).

Abstract: A luminaire includes a lamp holder, a lamp cover and a plurality of first light-emitting modules. The lamp holder has a top surface, a plurality of protrusions protruding upwardly from the top surface. Each of the protrusions has an inclined surface. The lap cover is connected to the lamp holder, and covers the top surface and the inclined surfaces. Each of the first light-emitting modules includes a first light-emitting element. The view angle of the luminaire can be increased due to disposition of the first light-emitting elements on the inclined surfaces of the protrusions. Furthermore, since the first light-emitting elements are disposed on the protrusions, heat can be dissipated easily from the first light-emitting elements.

Abstract: An illumination device and a manufacture method thereof are provided. The illumination device includes a base, an illumination chip, and a sealant. The illumination chip is disposed on the base while the sealant covers the illumination chip. The sealant has an outer surface which includes an inner circular convex and an outer circular convex surrounding the inner circular convex. The inner circular convex encloses a space with a narrow bottom and a wide opening. The illumination chip is disposed within a projective area of the inner circular convex. A part of the light emitted from the illumination chip is directly reflected from the inner circular convex to the outer circular convex and directly leaves the sealant from the outer circular convex.

Abstract: A system comprises a light source (42) and an electrode device (1). The light source comprises a base (46) with a base surface on which at least two contact elements (47, 48, 54) are provided. The electrode device has at least two electrodes (23, 24, 31, 32) in mutually stacked positions, which electrodes are preferably made of a permanent magnetic, ferromagnet or electro-magnetic material and have a different polarity during operation. The system further comprises at least one electrode comprising a layer of auto-closing material. This ensures that the system can maintain a satisfactory, reliable electric contact between the electrodes and the contact elements, and, after removal of the light source, gives the system a more aesthetic appearance because damages are practically invisible.

Abstract: A light emitting apparatus includes a lamp base, a light-transmissive bulb envelope, a light source for emitting light, and a heat sink coupled to the light source. A solid state LED light bulb may further include a down conversion material. The down conversion material is disposed within the bulb envelope, remote from the light source and between the light source and the lamp base. The heat sink may include at least one metal fin and, additionally or alternatively, include a mesh disposed over at least an outer portion of the bulb envelope. A solid state light bulb may include a light guide for directing the light emitted by the light source. The solid state light bulb configurations place the light source and heat sink at the apex of the light bulb envelope, distant from the lamp base, in order to dissipate heat produced by the light source into the environment. In addition, at least part of the heat sink is outside the light bulb envelope to maximize the heat dissipation.

Abstract: This is an LED light, which contains the housing and the socket that is built in the housing. The socket is equipped with at least 3 LED luminotrons. Compared with the LED lights that have only 1 or 2 LED luminotrons, this light is more powerful in its intensity of light. Along the inside walls of the housing describled above there are at least 2 symmetric prisms, which reflect and refract the light that the LED luminotrons give out to increase the rays coverage, and consequently, to expand the illumination zone. And diamond-shaped fringes are evenly distributed on the outside walls of the housing will be further refracted by the diamond-shaped fringes and produce viewing glare for better visual effects.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a high-pressure discharge lamp is provided. The high-pressure discharge lamp may include a discharge vessel which is accommodated in a tubular outer bulb, wherein a major part of the outer bulb is closely surrounded by a transparent sleeve composed of highly heat-resistant plastic.

Abstract: A lighting device includes a bottom housing, a middle housing, a top housing, and a lamp head. Specifically, the bottom housing has a bottom surface capable of supporting a lighting module. The middle housing is coupled to the top side of the bottom housing. The top housing is coupled to the top side of the middle housing, such that the middle housing is disposed between the bottom housing and the top housing. The lamp head covers the sidewall of the top housing.

Abstract: An LED lamp with a high color rendering index (CRI) is disclosed. Example embodiments of the invention provide an LED lamp with a relatively high color rendering index (CRI). In some embodiments, the lamp has other advantageous characteristics, such as good angular uniformity. In some embodiments, the LED lamp is sized and shaped as a replacement for a standard incandescent bulb, and includes an LED assembly with at least first and second LEDs operable to emit light of two different colors. In some embodiments, the lamp can emit light with a color rendering index (CRI) of at least 90 without remote wavelength conversion. In some embodiments, the LED lamp conforms some, most, or all of the product requirements for a 60-watt incandescent replacement for the L prize.

Abstract: A display device includes: a substrate; a display unit that is formed over the substrate; a driving driver positioned outside the display unit and including a plurality of signal lines; a sealing substrate fixed to the substrate by a bonding layer surrounding the display unit and the driving driver. The sealing layer includes a composite member including a resin matrix and a plurality of carbon fibers and a first metal layer positioned over the composite member. The display device further includes a plurality of pads positioned outside the bonding layer and electrically connected to the plurality of signal lines; and a plurality of second metal layers positioned over one surface of the composite member facing the plurality of pads and connected to the plurality of pads, respectively, through a conductive bonding layer.

Abstract: A lamp of the present invention includes a luminous base and a bulb. The bulb includes a model and a covering layer. The covering layer is made of transparent material. The model is covered by the covering layer substantially. The model has an optical property different from that of the covering layer. As such, patterns and sculptures can be provides with the model. A smooth outer surface can be formed with the covering layer. An artistic lamp provided by the present invention can be cleaned up easily.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a display device includes: forming a display unit on a substrate; disposing a bonding layer including thermosetting resin and surrounding the display unit, on the substrate; forming a sealing substrate including a composite member and a metal layer disposed on one side of the composite member, the composite member including a resin matrix and a plurality of carbon fibers; disposing the sealing substrate on the bonding layer such that the metal layer faces the display unit; and bonding the substrate with the sealing substrate by hardening the bonding layer, connecting a power source to the plurality of carbon fibers to use the composite member as a heating body.

Abstract: A casing includes a main body, a ring defining a number of notches, a number of clasping members, and a number of first and second latching members. The main body defining a number of first through openings. The number of clasping members includes a first elastic arm defining a second through opening and comprising a first hook. The first latching member includes a second elastic arm and a second hook. The second latching member includes a third elastic arm and a third hook. The first hook clasps the bottom of the ring. The second hook clasps an edge of the corresponding second through opening. The third hook clasps an edge of the corresponding first through opening.

Abstract: An LED lamp having a heat-dissipating mechanism has a top casing, a heat-conducting tube and a bottom casing. The top casing has a foundation board, a lamp holder and multiple fins. The foundation board has a first tube guide formed around and protruding downwardly from a perimeter of the foundation board and is made of a metal material. The lamp holder is hollow and centrally mounted through the top casing, and has a second tube guide formed on a bottom thereof. The fins are radially formed on a top of the foundation board and around the lamp holder. The heat-conducting tube is mounted against one side of the first tube guide and within the second tube guide. The bottom casing is securely combined with the top casing. Besides the fins, the heat-conducting tube enlarges the contact area with the top casing, thereby enhancing the heat-dissipating efficiency.