Abstract: A novel apparatus and method for focussing beams of charged particles comprising planar arrays of electrostatic quadrupoles. The quadrupole arrays may comprise electrodes which are shared by two or more quadrupoles. Such quadrupole arrays are particularly adapted to providing strong focussing forces for high current, high brightness, beams of charged particles, said beams further comprising a plurality of parallel beams, or beamlets, each such beamlet being focussed by one quadrupole of the array. Such arrays may be incorporated in various devices wherein beams of charged particles are accelerated or transported, such as linear accelerators, klystron tubes, beam transport lines, etc.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electron discharge device in which radio frequency energy is generated or amplified by high speed electrons traveling in a beam along the axis of a waveguide and subjected to a periodic magnetic field. The periodic field causes the electrons to travel in periodic orbits producing electromagnetic energy. When suitably adjusted, the energy in the beam is converted into electromagnetic energy of a given frequency. The device herein disclosed has an improved magnetic structure for causing the beam to travel in a helical path and for focusing it as it pursues this path. The helical path is produced by a static, spatially circularly polarized transverse field. Focusing of the beam is achieved by a pair of similar helically disposed axial magnetic fields having mutually opposite polarization.

Abstract: A circuitless particle beam device for relatively high frequency amplifier r oscillator applications that eliminates the requirement for an internal RF slow wave structure. A circularly polarized RF energy wave propagates on a relatively high density particle beam within an oversized waveguide and interacts with the beam which exhibits a relatively high dielectric constant. The high density beam acts as an active dielectric waveguide serving the dual purpose of a slow wave circuit and amplification source, and accordingly guides and amplifies the RF energy when a condition of beam and wave synchronism is met.

Abstract: In a gyrotron microwave tube, electromagnetic leakage through beam-transmitting drift tubes is greatly reduced by making the diameter of the drift tubes in centimeters less than 8.8 divided by f where f is the operating frequency in gigahertz.

Abstract: An electron cyclotron maser high-frequency generator/amplifier having a cavity resonator positioned in an axial magnetic field. A spiralling beam of relativistic electrons is injected into the cavity and stimulated emission of radiation by the electrons takes place at the frequency of a wave mode supported by the cavity resonator. The transverse efficiency, defined as the average electron energy loss divided by its initial transverse energy, is maximized by disposing a shaped iron collar about the cavity resonator to provide an axial magnetic field in the cavity resonator whose amplitude increases in the beam direction-of-travel. In an alternative embodiment, the transverse efficiency is maximized by tapering the inner wall of the cavity in the axial direction to provide a wave-mode in the cavity resonator whose electric-field amplitude increases in the beam direction-of-travel.

Abstract: A slow-wave, cyclotron-type, travelling-wave-tube amplifier in which the m-wave interaction is the result of a Weibel-type instability. The travelling wave is slowed down in its propagation through the waveguide by a dielectric liner located on the inner wall of the waveguide. The bunching mechanism is the result of the V.sub..perp. .times.B.sub..perp. Lorentz force.

Abstract: A gyrotron cavity resonator is connected smoothly and directly to an output waveguide with a very gradually tapered wall so that values of external Q lower than twice the diffraction limit are obtainable.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for generating electrical current in which electron beams are discharged through a succession of elongate electron beam channels arranged in a parallel array while a magnetic field is imposed on the array with flux directed perpendicularly to the longitudinal axes of the channels. Beams are directed successively through channels spaced one from another in a direction generally perpendicularly to both the axes of the channels and the magnetic flux. Electrical energy for operating the apparatus is derived from a suitable low current source such as a photovoltaic or solar cell.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a light modulated electron beam driven radiofrequency emitter. Pulses of light impinge on a photoemissive device which generates an electron beam having the pulse characteristics of the light. The electron beam is accelerated through a radiofrequency resonator which produces radiofrequency emission in accordance with the electron, hence, the light pulses.

Abstract: An electron beam transmitted in the direction of an axis XX is subject to the action of a magnetic field, which is constant in time and directed along the axis XX, as well as to the electromagnetic field of resonant cavities placed along its path. These cavities are excited at the cyclotron frequency of the electrons in the field by a source coupled by an antenna. Output power, at a frequency which is near a multiple of the cyclotron frequency, is collected by a second antenna and coupled to a load. In one example, the cavities comprise a single guide, whose circular cross-section has been deformed so as to provide two extensions.

Abstract: A radiation source in which a beam of electrons is produced and directed along a path with dielectric material having a constant less than 4 in proximity to the path and an undulator providing oscillatory velocity modulation to the beam along the path for producing millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelength radiation.

Abstract: A rectangular waveguide to circular waveguide coupler and vice versa. The upler includes a first section of circular waveguide spaced by a gap from a reflective-plane conducting wall, the latter having a hole for passage of an electron beam if the coupler is used in a traveling wave tube, and a second section of circular waveguide disposed external to, and coaxial with, at least a portion of the first waveguide section and extending to the wall to provide a conductive boundary surrounding the gap. The region between the first and second waveguide sections forms an input port of the coupler; the first waveguide section forms the output port of the coupler. Electromagnetic waves in a TE.sub.01 coaxial waveguide mode are applied to the input port from a rectangular waveguide supporting the dominant TE.sub.10 mode. The second waveguide section has a cut-off determining dimension r.sub.e proportioned to support both the TE.sub.01 and TE.sub.

Abstract: A generator of meter- or decimeter-long waves based on an interaction of the cyclotronic type between a tubular electron beam and an azimuthal field set up in a resonant structure, wherein the said resonant structure comprises a plurality of circular cylindrical sectors separated by capacitive openings.

Abstract: An apparatus for amplifying coherent radiation at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths includes the combination of a travelling-wave-tube cyclotron-maser-amplifier structure and a magnetron-injection electron gun. The amplifier structure includes a fast-wave drift tube and an electromagnetic wave launcher within the bore of a superconducting magnet. The magnetron-injection electron gun is also within the bore of the magnet and is coupled to the drift tube. As a travelling wave is launched in a preferred mode in the drift tube, the electron gun injects an annular beam of relativistic electrons having both large energy transverse to the axis of the device and small energy spread into the drift tube so that the electrons gyrate at their cyclotron frequency in orbits about the lines of the axial magnetic field produced by the magnet. The travelling wave is amplified by extracting energy from the relativistic electron beam.

Abstract: High efficiency amplification of radio frequencies to very high power levels including: establishing a cylindrical cloud of electrons; establishing an electrical field surrounding and coaxial with the electron cloud to bias the electrons to remain in the cloud; establishing a rotating electrical field that surrounds and is coaxial with the steady field, the circular path of the rotating field being one wavelength long, whereby the peak of one phase of the rotating field is used to accelerate electrons in a beam through the bias field in synchronism with the peak of the rotating field so that there is a beam of electrons continuously extracted from the cloud and rotating with the peak; establishing a steady electrical field that surrounds and is coaxial with the rotating field for high-energy radial acceleration of the rotating beam of electrons; and resonating the rotating beam of electrons within a space surrounding the second field, the space being selected to have a phase velocity equal to that of the rota

Abstract: An intense relativistic crossed field device in a nested configuration wherein a field emission cathode is nested within a segmented annular anode with an annular gap separating the two.

Abstract: A high power gyro device includes a source of electrons. The electrons from this source are formed into a beam in which individual electrons are made to follow helical paths by a DC magnetic field. The angular velocity of the beam electrons is modulated as the beam passes through an oscillating electric field in a resonant cavity or waveguide so that a high power electromagnetic wave is established in the region as a result of an interaction between the beam and field. A collector for the beam is positioned on the axis, while an output waveguide for the wave is positioned at right angles to the axis. Upstream of the collector, the wave is reflected to the output waveguide by a reflecting surface having an aperture for passing the electron beam to the collector.

Abstract: Injector for an annular beam of monokinetic electrons in helical orbits having a high inclination angle relative to the axis of the helix of the type having an annular electron gun in a revolving vacuum enclosure. It comprises electrical coils which are able to create the cyclotron effect by a static magnetic field varying in progressive and continuous manner in accordance with the axis of the injector from a value B.sub.1 in the actual gun zone up to a value B.sub.3 in the contracted outlet zone of the injector passing through an intermediate value B.sub.2 in the convergent connection zone between said gun zone and said outlet zone, and a correcting electrode located so as to be movable in accordance with the axis of the injector and which is raised to an electrical potential differing from that of the suction or extraction anode of said electron gun.

Abstract: This invention relates to a cylindrical, electron beam collector that efficiently couples the microwave energy out of a high power microwave source while stopping the attendant electron beam. The interior end walls of the collector are a pair of facing parabolic mirrors and the microwave energy from an input horn is radiated between the two mirrors and reassembled at the entrance to the output waveguide where the transmitted mode is reconstructed. The mode transmission through the collector of the present invention has an efficiency of at least 94%.

Abstract: Applying a thin film coating to the surface of a workpiece, in particular, applying a coating of titanium nitride to a klystron window by means of a crossed-field diode sputtering array. The array is comprised of a cohesive group of numerous small hollow electrically conducting cylinders and is mounted so that the open ends of the cylinders on one side of the group are adjacent a titanium cathode plate. The workpiece is mounted so as to face the open ends of the other side of the group. A magnetic field is applied to the array so as to be coaxial with the cylinders and a potential is applied across the cylinders and the cathode plate, the cylinders as an anode being positive with respect to the cathode plate.

Abstract: An electron beam and collective ion-electron beam accelerating apparatus in hich a relativistic electron beam and ions moving with it are accelerated in speed by passing them through a converging waveguide (i.e., a drift tube) of gradually decreasing diameter. The ions are separated from the electrons upon leaving the waveguide.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing high power, coherent microwave radiaton in which a beam of high speed (above 0.5 light speed) electrons are propagated through a linear path in a waveguide tube including low dielectric constant material adjacent the path so that the electromagnetic radiation is slowed in the material and the beam coupled to the radiation. The beam is focussed and guided to destabilize the guided electro-magnetic modes and to convert the beam energy into high power, high frequency, coherent microwave radiation.

Abstract: A relativistic electron beam device for producing highpower microwave radion. The device comprises an electron beam injection gun, a drift chamber comprising a tube having a plurality of gapped resonant cavities along its length, means for converting the energy-modulated beam and means for extracting rf (microwave) radiation from the density-modulated, relativistic, electron beam.

Abstract: Vacuum SHF apparatus comprising a means for forming a charged-particle beam, an accelerating tube for imparting relativistic energies to the charged-particle beam, and a deflection yoke for circular scanning of the beam at an input signal frequency, the accelerating tube and the deflection yoke being arranged coaxially with the beam forming means and successively along the path of the charged-particle beam. The apparatus further comprises an additional magnetic deflection yoke for deflecting the scanned beam outwardly from the longitudinal axis of the apparatus, and an annular travelling-wave resonator. The additional magnetic deflection yoke is preferably made as a cone whose vertex faces the charged-particle beam forming means.

Abstract: Applying a thin film coating to the surface of a workpiece, in particular, applying a coating of titanium nitride to a klystron window by means of a crossed-field diode sputtering array. The array is comprised of a cohesive group of numerous small hollow electrically conducting cylinders and is mounted so that the open ends of the cylinders on one side of the group are adjacent a titanium cathode plate. The workpiece is mounted so as to face the open ends of the other side of the group. A magnetic field is applied to the array so as to be coaxial with the cylinders and a potential is applied across the cylinders and the cathode plate, the cylinders as an anode being positive with respect to the cathode plate.