Abstract: A method of magnetron sputtering, comprises rotating a magnet of a magnetron with an angular frequency ?, and, during sputtering of material from a source of the magnetron onto a substrate, periodically modulating a power level applied to the source with at least a component comprising a frequency f which is a harmonic of the angular frequency ? of rotation of the magnet other than the first harmonic.

Abstract: A method and apparatus measures electrical power usage and quality, while mitigating the effects of noise on measured signals or parameters. Specifically, a digital electrical power and energy meter employs a method in which a processor averages a parameter, such as voltage or current, over a plurality of cycles of a time-varying signal, such as an AC electrical signal. The method employed by the meter samples a parameter over the plurality of cycles and computes the average of the samples corresponding to the same phase angle of the signal to produce an average signal.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting the state of a storage device prevents occurrence of a leakage current. A low-level detection unit is provided for each of blocks of a battery pack. Control units are connected to the blocks of the battery pack by way of first switches and are started upon receipt of power supply. The control units and measurement units are connected to the blocks by way of second switches. The control units activate the second switches after being started as a result of activation of the first switches, to thus receive power supply, and commence measurement of block voltages by means of the measurement units. The high-level detection unit supplies a read signal and a synchronous signal to the low-level detection units by way of the first switches.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a real time clock frequency offset includes: an overlap detecting unit detecting an overlap signal having overlap information of a predetermined reference clock and a predetermined real time clock; an envelope signal creating unit creating an envelope signal having envelope information of the overlap signal; and a frequency counter unit calculating a frequency of the envelope signal that is a frequency offset of the real time clock, by using a first clock number created by counting the reference clock for one period of the envelope signal and a frequency of the reference clock.

Abstract: The present invention provides a reliable, non-invasive, electrical test method for predicting satisfactory performance of electrostatic chucks (ESCs). In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a parameter, e.g., impedance, of an ESC is measured over a frequency band to generate a parameter functions. This parameter function may be used to establish predetermined acceptable limits of the parameter within the frequency band.

Abstract: A frequency detection apparatus and method are provided. The frequency detection apparatus includes a frequency conversion circuit and an analog conversion circuit. The frequency conversion circuit receives an input clock, and generates an analog signal corresponding to a frequency of the input clock based on the frequency of the input clock. The analog conversion circuit is coupled to the frequency conversion circuit, receives the analog signal, and generates a discriminating signal corresponding to the frequency of the input clock based on the analog signal, where the discriminating signal represents a frequency interval of the input clock.

Abstract: A power distribution monitoring system is provided that can include a number of features. The system can include a plurality of monitoring devices configured to attach to individual conductors on a power grid distribution network. In some embodiments, a monitoring device is disposed on each conductor of a three-phase network. The monitoring devices can be configured to measure and monitor, among other things, current and electric-field on the conductors. Methods of calibrating the monitoring devices to accurately measure electric-field are also provided. In one embodiment, a first monitoring device on a first conductor can transmit a calibration pulse to a second monitoring device on a second conductor. The second monitoring device can determine a degradation of the calibration pulse, and use that degradation to calibrate electric-field measurements around the conductor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a frequency measurement apparatus which is arranged in such a way as to obtain an amplitude, chord length and rotation phase angle of a voltage rotation vector by means of an integration method, and furthermore, obtain a change rate of the rotation phase angle, and a rotational acceleration change rate of the rotation vector, and measure a dynamic frequency by determining a frequency change rate for every step.

Abstract: A measuring device provides a synthesizer device, at least two controlling devices and at least two controlled oscillators. The synthesizer device contains at least one direct digital synthesizer and generates at least two signals of known phase ratio. Signals generated by the synthesizer device form reference signals of at least one controlling device. Signals formed by the controlling devices control the controlled oscillators. The measuring device contains only frequency splitters, which divide by integer division factors.

Abstract: A variable speed drive for an electric motor has an inverter for receiving pulse width modulation controls. The inverter communicates power signals to a poly-phase electrical motor. A resolver communicates signals from the poly-phase motor back to a motor control. The motor control includes a speed control, a field-oriented control, and a pulse width modulation drive for driving the inverter. The resolver is connected to the speed control and to the field-oriented control, and further communicates with a synchronous compensator. The synchronous compensator is configured to drive the harmonic content at a target frequency or frequencies in a selected signal towards zero over time.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic wave resonator (BAWR) sensor is provided. The BAWR sensor includes a signal BAWR that measures a resonance frequency that is modified due to a reaction with a target material, a reference BAWR that measures a reference resonance frequency without reaction with an external environment, and a sensing unit that senses the target material, based on the modified resonance frequency and the reference resonance frequency.

Abstract: Independent frequency measurement and tracking of a signal using a measurement interval where the frequency of the signal is measured and a sampling rate is calculated, and a settling interval where the frequency of the signal is not measured. The sampling rate is calculated to correspond with the frequency of the signal and updated only after the calculation of the sampling rate in the measuring interval. The signal may be a signal of an electric power system such as a voltage waveform or a current waveform. The frequency calculation may include determination of a rate of rotation of a positive-sequence phasor of the signal.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an integrated circuit comprises at least one measurement unit configured to generate an output indicative of a supply voltage at which the integrated circuit is operable for a given operating frequency and a control unit coupled to receive the output. The control unit is configured to generate a voltage control output indicative of a requested supply voltage for the integrated circuit responsive to the output. The voltage control output may be output from the integrated circuit for use by circuitry external to the integrated circuit in generating the supply voltage for the integrated circuit.

Abstract: A system and method for determining a received signal frequency by sampling the received signal at a rate less than twice a predefined nyquist rate. The system includes a distorting component configured to distort the received signal in a frequency dependent manner, at least one analog to digital converter configured to sample the received signal and the distorted signal at a rate less than twice a predefined nyquist rate, and a processing component configured to determine a frequency of the received signal based on the sampled received signal and the sampled distorted signal. The method includes distorting the received signal, sampling the received signal and the distorted signal at a rate less than twice a predefined nyquist rate, and determining a frequency of the received signal. In an embodiment, distorting includes at least one of distorting an amplitude or a group delay of the received signal.

Abstract: In the present invention, a measured realtime accurate frequency is used to determine estimated instantaneous voltage/current time-series data for each phase component in accordance with the least-squares method. The estimated instantaneous voltage/current time-series data are used to determine effective voltage, effective current, instantaneous active electric power, instantaneous reactive electric power, effective active electric power, and effective reactive electric power of each phase component and symmetrical component. The measured AC electric quantities are applied to any type of electric power system control/protection apparatus.

Abstract: A frequency measuring circuit and a semiconductor device having the frequency measuring circuit include a divided and shifted clock signal generator, a delayed clock signal generator and a phase detecting unit. The divided and shifted clock signal generator divides a frequency of a clock signal input from an exterior to output a frequency-divided clock signal, and delays the frequency-divided clock signal by a time proportional to a period of the clock signal to output a shifted clock signal. The delayed clock signal generator delays the frequency-divided clock signal by a fixed time to generate a plurality of delayed clock signals. The phase detecting unit receives the plurality of delayed clock signals and the shifted clock signal and detects a phase difference between each of the plurality of delayed clock signals and the shifted clock signal to output a plurality of phase detecting signals that represent information related to a frequency of the clock signal.

Abstract: A method for determining a presence of live 3-phase electrical lines inside a buried pipe or conduit from outside the pipe or conduit and preferably from an above ground location. A sensor suitable for detecting vibratory signals is placed on the ground proximate the location of the buried pipe. The sensor is then used to determine the presence of a current frequency signal and a current harmonic frequency signal, whereby presence of the current frequency signal and/or the current harmonic frequency signal corresponds to a presence of a live 3-phase electrical line within the buried pipe or conduit. Although intended primarily for use in connection with buried pipes, the method may also be employed on exposed pipes and conduits.

Abstract: A frequency detection mechanism for a clock generation unit on an integrated circuit includes a clock generation unit and a detection unit. The clock generation unit may generate an output clock signal at a predetermined frequency that corresponds to a frequency multiple of a reference clock signal provided as an input to the clock generation unit. The detection unit may determine whether the output clock signal is at the predetermined frequency. As such, the detection unit includes a first counter that may generate a first count value based upon the reference clock signal and a second counter that may generate a second count value based upon the output clock signal. The detection unit also includes comparison logic that may perform a plurality of multiplication operations on the first and second count values and generate a final result that indicates whether the output clock signal is at the predetermined frequency.

Abstract: A method is provided for measuring a frequency response of an object, the method involving: generating an excitation signal having relatively fast changing frequency, defined by a time-domain function; generating at least one reference signal, having a waveform corresponding to the excitation signal; introducing the excitation signal into the object, receiving a response signal from the object; analyzing said response signal in a signal analyzer by correlating the response signal with at least one reference signal during a relatively short sliding time-domain window.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a grid monitoring system, in particular a grid monitoring system enabling real-time monitoring of grid variables, e.g. voltage and current, in electrical power systems, such as single or three-phase networks. The grid monitoring system comprises a harmonic detection unit being adapted to subtract harmonics of an input signal before feeding the input signal to a plurality of signal generators in the harmonic detection unit.

Abstract: A PIM measurement circuit enables making forward and reverse PIM measurements on any 1 port (reflection) or 2 port (transmission) device with the ability to determine in distance where individual PIM impairments are located as well as their magnitude. The PIM measurement circuit includes two frequency sources that are provided through a combiner for a CW characterization of the PIM circuit. To enable distance determination, an FM measurement is created by using a saw tooth offset sweep generator attached to one of the two frequency sources. With downconversion and processing of signals from the PIM impairments, the FM signal provides a frequency variation that is converted using a Fourier transform or spectrum analysis for separation of frequencies, enabling determination of the distance of the PIM sources as well as their magnitudes.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining a resonant frequency of a wind turbine tower is provided. The apparatus includes a processing unit configured to receive an acceleration measurement value, the acceleration measurement value representative of the acceleration of the wind turbine tower in the direction parallel to a rotor rotational axis of the wind turbine and/or in the direction perpendicular to both the rotor rotational axis and the tower axis of the wind turbine. The apparatus includes a memory configured to store a series of acceleration measurement values, and the processing unit includes a Fourier transform module configured to calculate a spectral vector based on calculating a convolution-based fast Fourier transform of the series of acceleration measurement values, and includes a resonant frequency calculation module configured to calculate the tower resonant frequency based on the calculated spectral vector.

Abstract: An indicator position detecting device and method are provided, which allow accurate position detection without the influence of noise in detection of the position of an indicator (e.g., a finger, a stylus pen) by a capacitive coupling system. To a conductor pattern in which plural conductors for signal transmission and plural conductors for signal reception intersect with each other, signals with frequencies different from each other are simultaneously supplied to the plural conductors on the transmission side, and signals of respective frequencies corresponding to the plural signals with the different frequencies are detected on the reception side, to thereby detect the position of an indicator on the conductor pattern. The amount of noise of each of the detected frequencies is detected. Any frequency that cannot be properly detected due to noise is switched to another frequency, and detection is carried out based on the newly selected frequency.

Abstract: An exemplary method and arrangement for estimating the frequency and the positive sequence of a fundamental component of a measured three-phase voltage are disclosed (???).

Abstract: A method is provided for calibrating a high-frequency, measuring device so as to accurately measure high-frequency parameters within a chamber. A calibration parameter is calculated from impedance of a first set of three reference loads measured by a high-frequency measuring device and the true values of those impedances. A calibration parameter is calculated from an S parameter measured between a connection point where the high-frequency measuring device is connected and the inside of the chamber of a plasma processing device. An impedance within the chamber is calculated from a voltage signal and a current signal calibrated using the above calibration parameters. A second set of three reference loads, which include the impedance calculated in Step 5 and encompass a range narrower than that encompassed by the first set of three reference loads, is determined.

Abstract: A frequency detection mechanism for a clock generation unit on an integrated circuit includes a clock generation unit and a detection unit. The clock generation unit may generate an output clock signal at a predetermined frequency that corresponds to a frequency multiple of a reference clock signal provided as an input to the clock generation unit. The detection unit may determine whether the output clock signal is at the predetermined frequency. As such, the detection unit includes a first counter that may generate a first count value based upon the reference clock signal and a second counter that may generate a second count value based upon the output clock signal. The detection unit also includes comparison logic that may perform a plurality of multiplication operations on the first and second count values and generate a final result that indicates whether the output clock signal is at the predetermined frequency.

Abstract: A method of estimating an instantaneous frequency of a component of interest in a complex primary signal via a complex Phase Locked Loop (PLL). A complex incident signal including a complex exponential evaluated at a synthesis frequency is calculated according to a complex Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) function. A complex mixed signal is calculated according to a function that includes multiplying the complex primary signal by a representation of the complex incident signal. A complex baseband signal is calculated according to a function that includes filtering the complex mixed signal such that the bandwidth of the complex baseband signal is less than or equal to the bandwidth of the complex mixed signal. A residual frequency of the complex baseband signal is calculated via a complex Phase Discriminator (PD). The synthesis frequency is modified according to a function that includes the synthesis frequency and the residual frequency, such that the residual frequency is minimized.

Abstract: A method is provided for determining analyte concentrations, for example glucose concentrations, that utilizes a dynamic determination of the appropriate time for making a glucose measurement, for example when a current versus time curve substantially conforms to a Cottrell decay, or when the current is established in a plateau region. Dynamic determination of the time to take the measurement allows each strip to operate in the shortest appropriate time frame, thereby avoiding using an average measurement time that may be longer than necessary for some strips and too short for others.

Abstract: In a system for measuring at least one high-frequency signal, comprising at least one broadband probe and at least one measuring apparatus, each broadband probe and each measuring apparatus comprise a high-frequency connection for transmitting a high-frequency signal, and each measuring apparatus, or instead of a measuring apparatus each signal processing unit, comprises power supply connections for supplying power to each of the broadband probes, and comprise data signal connections for transmitting communication data between the measuring apparatus or signal processing unit and the broadband probe head.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an integrated circuit comprises at least one measurement unit configured to generate an output indicative of a supply voltage at which the integrated circuit is operable for a given operating frequency and a control unit coupled to receive the output. The control unit is configured to generate a voltage control output indicative of a requested supply voltage for the integrated circuit responsive to the output. The voltage control output may be output from the integrated circuit for use by circuitry external to the integrated circuit in generating the supply voltage for the integrated circuit.

Abstract: In a method of detecting a repetition frequency of a measured signal, in order to detect the waveform repetition frequency of the measured signal with high accuracy even in the presence of a frequency fluctuation in the measured signal, the repetition frequency of the measured signal acquired by the conventional method is used as a provisional repetition frequency, and the frequency change amount of the specified signal obtained in the case where the measured signal is sampled sequentially with a sampling frequency greatly changed from the provisional sampling frequency to generate a frequency fold at the time of sampling is detected. Based on the detected frequency change amount of the specified signal and the change amount of the sample number indicating how many times the frequency fold has occurred in the process, the error contained in the sampling number with a frequency fluctuation contained in the measured signal is calculated.

Abstract: Sub-surface detection systems include a transmitter antenna and a receiver antenna that is coupled to a receiver circuit. The receiver antenna is rotated to three different orientations, and a reference null field direction is determined. Based on variations in the null field direction at other frequencies or variations in a magnitude of a field component in the reference null field direction, the presence, location, depth, size, and electrical properties of a target can be determined.

Abstract: A method and device are provided for fast impedance measurement of a biological object having dynamically varying in time parameters, wherein a titlet shaped pulse is introduced into the object and a voltage response signal is measured and analyzed by a processing unit for estimating the impedance of the object. The titlet pulse has a start frequency substantially in one end of the frequency range of interest and a stop frequency substantially in the other end of the frequency range of interest and a duration of the titlet pulse is one cycle or less.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for analyzing an AC voltage signal with a transformation which transforms the signal from a representation in the time-domain to a representation in the frequency-domain. This transformation can be a fast Fourier transform, a discrete Fourier transform or a Laplace transform. By selecting a second higher sampling frequency which is an integer multiple of a first sampling frequency, the zero crossings of the AC voltage signal can be accurately determined.

Abstract: A method and apparatus measures electrical power usage and quality, while mitigating the effects of noise on measured signals or parameters. Specifically, a digital electrical power and energy meter employs a method in which a processor averages a parameter, such as voltage or current, over a plurality of cycles of a time-varying signal, such as an AC electrical signal. The method employed by the meter samples a parameter over the plurality of cycles and computes the average of the samples corresponding to the same phase angle of the signal to produce an average signal.

Abstract: A frequency measurement circuit includes: a first counter that counts a number of edges of a clock signal; a counter latch circuit that stores a first count value of the first counter in response to a reference edge corresponding to a reference clock; a first delay circuit that includes a plurality of first unit delay circuits coupled in series and receives the clock signal; a plurality of first delay latch circuits that latch a respective output among the plurality of first unit delay circuits; a first edge detection circuit that detects the edge in the first delay circuit based on the outputs of the plurality of first delay latch circuits; and a first calculator that calculates a cycle or a frequency of the clock signal based on the first count value between two reference edges and position information corresponding to a edge detected between the two reference edges.

Abstract: A signal acquisition system has a signal acquisition probe having probe tip circuitry coupled to a resistive center conductor signal cable with the signal cable coupled to a signal processing instrument via an input node. The input node is coupled to an input current amplifier via input circuitry. The input circuitry provides at least one of resistive and capacitive termination of the resistive center conductor signal cable. The termination of the resistive center conductor signal cable in the signal processing instrument provides a signal acquisition system where the capacitive loading of a device under test at higher frequencies is reduced by reducing the input capacitance of the probe tip circuitry resulting in an increase in the signal acquisition system bandwidth.

Abstract: A timing detection device includes a draw back amount acquiring unit and a detecting unit. The draw back amount acquiring unit is configured to acquire a draw back amount of a received signal with respect to a peak value of the signal. The detecting unit is configured to detect the timing at which the draw back amount acquired by the draw back amount acquiring unit has exceeded a constant value as the timing at which a value of the signal is switched.

Abstract: A oscillograph and a signal integrity test method are provided. The oscillograph measures a serial data bus to obtain captured signals transmitted by each communication channel of the oscillograph. By identifying a time sequence for the captured signals transmitted by each communication channel, a test signal is determined. The oscillograph measures a clock frequency of the test signal, sampling a part of the test signal, and testing the part according to pre-set test items. If a predetermined number of samples of the test signal is tested, the oscillograph constitutes a completed signal integrity test of the serial data bus and a test report is generated.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the present invention includes a system having an electromagnetic coupler probe to electromagnetically sample signals from a device under test or a link under test and a receiver, e.g., configured as an integrated circuit that is to receive the sampled electromagnetic signals from the probe and output digital signals corresponding thereto. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A parameter calculating apparatus includes a signal generator that generates at least two input signals which each contain different frequency components; a signal inputting unit that inputs the input signals generated by the signal generator to respective ports of a test object at the same time; a frequency component deconstructing unit that deconstructs an output signal which is obtained by synthesizing the input signals input by the signal inputting unit and output from an output port into the frequency components; and a parameter calculator that calculates parameters which indicate transfer coefficients among ports of the test object based on output values of the frequency components obtained via the deconstruction performed by the frequency component deconstructing unit and on input values of the frequency components of the input signals input at the same time to a plurality of ports.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for detecting a fault in a rotating field machine, in which current components are analysed in a flux-based, particularly rotor-flux-based, coordinate system a flux-forming current component being subjected to a frequency analysis in the flux-based, particularly rotor-flux-based, coordinate system. It is endeavoured to provide a simple method for an early detection of faults. For this purpose, a current operating point is detected for at least one predetermined supply frequency (fsp), said operating point being compared to a former operating point.

Abstract: It is possible to provide a frequency characteristics measuring device which can simplify the configuration for performing a measurement and reduce the undue effort required for the measurement. A spectrum analyzer (10) includes: two sets of measuring units having mixers (110, 210), local oscillators (112, 212), and IF sections (120, 220) for separately measuring frequency characteristics of two input signals; a trigger control section (350) which generates a trigger signal for specifying a measurement start timing in each of the two sets of measuring units; a sweep control section (300) which simultaneously sends an instruction to the two local oscillators (112, 212) when a trigger signal is inputted and performs a sweep control so that the two local oscillators (112, 212) output local oscillation signals of the same frequency at the same timing.

Abstract: A method for testing a line trap of the type whose blocking characteristics are a function of its resonant frequencies without requiring the line trap to be de-energized along with the transmission line to which the trap is connected by injecting a signal into the transmission line over a range of frequencies including at least one of the line trap's expected resonant frequencies; measuring the magnetic field strength produced by the current through the line trap's main coil and the total current flowing through the line trap, and computing the ratio of the magnetic fields where the ratio is computed over a range of frequencies that includes the expected resonant frequency(s) of the line trap, such that the resonant frequencies are indicated where said ratio is at a local maxima or minima.

Abstract: Described herein is the method and apparatus for determining frequency of an oscillator coupled with one or more analog devices, and for determining within-die or across-die variations in an analog property associated with the one or more analog devices, the determining based on the oscillator frequency. The analog property includes output signal swing, bandwidth, offset, gain, and delay line linearity and range. The one or more analog devices include input-output (I/O) buffer, analog amplifier, and delay line. The method further comprises updating a simulation model file based on the determining of the within-die and/or across-die variations of the analog property.

Abstract: A system for recovering a signal of interest from a complex signal is provided. The system includes a plurality of different oscillators. Each of the plurality of oscillators is configured to facilitate improving a signal-to-noise ratio of an input complex signal by adjusting an oscillation frequency of each of the plurality of oscillators based on an input frequency of interest of the input complex signal.

Abstract: According to a reception passive intermodulation measurement method of the present invention, a device under test is set to the mismatching condition, and a standing wave is generated on a transmission line where the sample is connected. Since the tip of the transmission line is short-circuited using the sample, the sample is positioned at the anti-node of the standing wave, and test signals are applied at a high current density. System noise is calibrated with the tip of the transmission line being open. Since impedance matching is not required and terminators are not employed, a large measurement dynamic range is obtained without being affected by passive intermodulation that is generated in terminators. The sample is very small, and an arbitrary shape can be selected. The property measurement is enabled for a wide range of materials, regardless of a conductive material, an insulating material and a magnetic material.

Abstract: According to the electromagnetic wave measurement device of the present invention, an electromagnetic wave output device outputs an electromagnetic wave having a frequency equal to or more than 0.01 [THz] and equal to or less than 100 [THz] toward a device under test. An electromagnetic wave detector detects the electromagnetic wave which has transmitted through the device under test. A relative position changing unit changes a relative position of an intersection across which an optical path of the electromagnetic wave transmitting through the device under test and the device under test intersect with respect to the device under test. A characteristic value deriving unit derives a characteristic value of the electromagnetic wave based on a detection result of the electromagnetic wave detector while the characteristic value is associated with an assumed relative position which is the relative position if it is assumed that the electromagnetic wave is not refracted by the device under test.

Abstract: A frequency measuring apparatus includes: a high-order digit calculation section adapted to measure an input signal and output a high-order digit value of a frequency value of the input signal; a low-order digit calculation section adapted to measure the input signal and output a low-order digit value of the frequency value of the input signal; and an adding section adapted to add the high-order digit value and the low-order digit value to each other to output the frequency value of the input signal.

Abstract: A frequency measurement device for measuring a frequency of a signal to be measured including a pulse signal, includes: a signal multiplier section that multiplies the signal to be measured by n is an integer) and outputs a multiplied signal; a counter section that counts the multiplied signal with a predetermined gate time and outputs a count value of the frequency of the signal to be measured at a predetermined period; and a low-pass filter that outputs a signal corresponding to the frequency of the signal to be measured based on the count value outputted at the predetermined period.