Abstract: The present disclosure relates to optical systems, specifically light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems. An example optical system includes a laser light source operable to emit laser light along a first axis and a mirror element with a plurality of reflective surfaces. The mirror element is configured to rotate about a second axis. The plurality of reflective surfaces is disposed about the second axis. The mirror element and the laser light source are coupled to a base structure, which is configured to rotate about a third axis. While the rotational angle of the mirror element is within an angular range, the emitted laser light interacts with both a first reflective surface and a second reflective surface of the plurality of reflective surfaces and is reflected into the environment by the first and second reflective surfaces.

Abstract: A system for the determination of retroreflectivity values for reflective surfaces disposed along a roadway repeatedly illuminates an area along the roadway that includes at least one reflective surface using a light source. Multiple light intensity values are measured over a field of view which includes at least a portion of the area illuminated by the light source. A computer processing system is used to identifying a portion of the light intensity values associated with a reflective surface and analyze the portion of the light intensity values to determine at least one retroreflectivity value for that reflective surface.

Abstract: Material classification of an object is provided. Parameters for classification are accessed. The parameters include a selection to select a subset of angles for classification, a selection to select a subset of spectral bands for classification, a selection to capture texture features, and a selection to compute image-level features. The object is illuminated and a feature vector is computed based on the parameters. The material from which the object is fabricated is classified using the feature vector.

Abstract: A method for generating femtosecond vortex beams with high spatial intensity contrast, where a noncollinearly pumped HG beam femtosecond laser generates femtosecond HG beam and a cylindrical lens mode converter converts the femtosecond HG beam to femtosecond LG vortex beam. The HG beam femtosecond laser comprises a pump source, a gain medium, a saturable absorption mirror as mode-locker, and an output coupler with a noncollinear angle between the laser beam and the pump beam in the gain medium, which enables the laser to generate pure, order-tunable femtosecond HG beams. Femtosecond vortex beams obtained after the cylindrical lens converter have high-intensity-contrast, and are topological charge-tunable.

Abstract: Systems, devices, techniques, and methods are disclosed for an opto-mechanical vibrating beam accelerometer. In one example, a system is configured to couple a laser into optical resonance with opto-mechanically active (OMA) anchors suspending a proof mass; lock frequencies of the laser to optical resonances of the OMA anchors, resulting in a modulated laser coupled with the OMA anchors; demodulate a photocurrent that detects the modulated laser coupled with the OMA anchors to detect at least an amplitude or a phase of the modulated laser; lock a frequency of the modulated laser to dynamically track instantaneous resonance frequencies of mechanical modes of the OMA anchors through changes to the amplitude or phase of the modulated laser induced by coupling of the modulated laser to the OMA anchors; and measure an acceleration based on instantaneous resonance frequencies of the OMA anchors through changes to the amplitude or phase of the modulated laser.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide a sensor chip for SPFS measurement, by which, irrespective of environmental conditions, fluctuations are low in characteristics such as signal, noise, or detection sensitivity, quantitative property can be ensured, and a highly precise and accurate SPFS measurement can be carried out. [Solution] A sensor chip for SPFS measurement which has a dielectric member having been produced by carrying out injection molding of a resin, when viewing from the metal thin film-formed surface side of the dielectric member and taking as b the distance of the side end surface position of the resin inlet to the position on the metal thin film-formed surface that is farthest from the side end surface position of the resin inlet, the center of a ligand immobilization part is located in the area between the 3b/8 position and the 6b/8 position from the side end surface position of the resin inlet.

Abstract: The automatic adjustment of output power of a transmitter is described. In one embodiment, an optical transmitter is directed to transmit a pulse of light over a communications link, such as a fiber optic cable, and a timer is started with reference to the transmission. An output tap of the transmitter is monitored to detect the transmission of the pulse of light and any reflection events which occur due to the transmission. A final reflection event is identified, along with a timing associated with the final reflection event using the timer. A length of the communications link is estimated based on the timing. An updated output power for the transmitter is calculated based on the estimated length of the communications link. The output power for the transmitter can be reduced when the length of the link is less than that expected, while maintaining a minimum power margin at a receiver.

Abstract: A specimen measuring device includes: a light source device that irradiates a specimen surface of a specimen with illumination light from multiple illumination units at a plurality of illumination angles; a spectral camera device that is arranged above the specimen surface, spectrally separates reflected light from the specimen surface, and acquires 2D spectral information through a single image capturing operation; and a calculating unit that calculates deflection angle spectral information of the specimen surface used to measure a measurement value of a certain evaluation item of the specimen using a change in an optical geometrical condition of an illumination direction and an image capturing direction between pixels in an X axis direction and a Y axis direction of the spectral information.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an optic distribution meter that includes a testing system and an imaging system. The testing system includes an arc-shaped brace which has an extended object holder; and a rail base which has a first rail. The imaging system, set at a side of the testing system, includes a screen and an image catcher. With the implementation of the present invention, the rail base is able to rotate or move an object to a test angle with very little light blocking of measurements. Besides, with the first rail supporting the object, the incident angle of the light of a light source to the object remains unchanged when the measuring angle of the imaging system is changed. Thus ensure the accuracy of measurements of the optic distribution meter.

Abstract: Surface chemistries for the visualization of labeled single molecules (analytes) with improved signal-to-noise properties are provided. To be observed, analyte molecules are bound to surface attachment features that are spaced apart on the surface such that when the analytes are labeled adjacent analytes are optically resolvable from each other. One way to express this concept is that binding elements should be spaced apart such that the Guassian point spread functions of adjacent labels do not overlap. Another way of expressing this concept is that the surface binding elements should be spaced apart by a distance equal to at least the diffraction limit for an optical label attached to the bound analytes.

Abstract: A combination of surface plasmon field enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy (SPFS) and isotachophoresis (ITP) technologies for detecting biomolecules is disclosed. It uses ITP to preconcentrate the reactants and accelerate the reaction, and then delivers the reacted sample to an SPFS sensor for detection. A microfluidic device with a T-junction is provided, which has two reservoirs respectively containing a low-mobility trailing electrolyte buffer and a high-mobility leading electrolyte buffer, and a main fluid channel between the two reservoirs, where the SPFS sensor is located on a side channel joined to the main channel. A two-step technique is employed, including a step of sample loading and ITP extraction, and a step of delivery of concentrated sample to the detector chamber by pressure-driven flow. In another embodiment, the SPFS sensor is located on the main fluid channel between the two reservoirs. In a particular example, the technique is used in a DNAzyme assay.

Abstract: A wafer is bonded to a support plate by cutting off, with a cutting blade, an annular portion of the bonded wafer which extends from the outer peripheral edge of the bonded wafer to a position that is spaced radially inwardly toward the center of the bonded wafer by a predetermined distance. Bonding is done by a method that includes a captured image forming step of irradiating the outer peripheral edge of the bonded wafer with light emitted from an irradiating unit and passing through a through hole, and imaging the outer peripheral edge of the bonded wafer with an imaging camera disposed in facing relation to the irradiating unit with the bonded wafer interposed therebetween, thereby to capture an image, and an outer peripheral edge position detecting step of detecting an outer peripheral edge position of the bonded wafer on the basis of the captured image.

Abstract: An optical sensor system includes an optical sensor head having a light-emitting device and a detector which detects light emitted from the light-emitting device, and a calculator circuit. The light-emitting device includes a resonator which includes a first reflective surface, a second reflective surface facing the first reflective surface, and a waveguide provided between the first reflective surface and the second reflective surface. At least one metal microparticle capable of exciting surface plasmon is formed on the first reflective surface. The calculator circuit calculates an environment parameter at the first reflective surface on the basis of a detected value from the detector.

Abstract: A portable small-object holding device, comprising: a housing, movable gripper jaws configured to grip and hold a small object; at least one hinge and at least one cog-wheel configured to enable rotating said at least one hinge around its longitudinal axis; and wherein the portable small-object holding device is adapted to enable illuminating the small object when being held within said portable small-object holding device, by a beam of light at least one wavelength. The inspection of the small-object is carried out after inserting the portable small-object holding device via an aperture comprised in a portable apparatus for inspecting small objects, and preferably engaging the portable small-object holding device with the portable apparatus for inspecting small objects.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a specimen measurement apparatus includes a detector and a control circuit, and is configured to perform a plurality of steps to measure the properties of a test substance retained in a reaction container. The detector outputs electromagnetic waves to the reaction container and detects the electromagnetic waves that vary according to the state in the reaction container. The control circuit controls transition timing between steps of the plurality of steps based on the detection result of the electromagnetic waves obtained by the detector.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an infrared absorption spectroscopy apparatus including an infrared transparent substrate comprising a first and second surface, an array of plasmonic nano-antennas arranged on the first surface of the infrared transparent substrate, a flow cell for holding a liquid to allow spectroscopy measurements in a liquid environment, the array of plasmonic nano-antennas being located inside the flow cell, an optical source providing an incident light probe signal incident on at least a part of the array of plasmonic nano-antennas via the second surface of the infrared transparent substrate, and an optical element to collect reflected light signal reflected by said part of the array of plasmonic nano-antennas.

Abstract: Absorption monitor system comprising a light source and a light detector arranged so as to define an absorption detection light path there between, and a controller arranged to control the operation of the light source, wherein the light source comprises a Light Emitting Diode capable of emitting light in the UV range (UV-LED) and wherein the absorption monitor system does not comprise a reference light-detector and the controller is arranged to compensate for fluctuations in light output intensity from the UV-LED.

Abstract: A flow rate measurement apparatus includes a light oscillator; a thin metallic film which causes surface plasmon resonance by light output from the light oscillator; a focusing unit which fixes the thin metallic film and converts the output light of the light oscillator into incident light having a plurality of incident angles to focus the incident light at a location of a focal line in a straight line shape on the thin metallic film; a measurement part having antibody fixed areas to which an antibody is fixed and reference areas to which an antibody is not fixed, the antibody fixed areas and the reference areas being alternately arranged at a location along the focal line location on the thin metallic film; a light receiver which receives reflected light, at the focal line location, of the output light by surface plasmon resonance occurring at the focal line location, at each of the plurality of incident light angles; an SPR angle calculator which obtains a temporal change of an SPR angle in each of the anti

Abstract: A surface plasmon resonance biosensor comprises: a prism, an incident light incident to a side of the prism and reflected at the side of the prism, the incident light comprising a first incident light having a first incident angle and a second incident light having a second incident angle, and a detector comprising pixels for detecting the incident light reflected at the side of the prism, where positions of pixels of the detector correspond to incident angles of the incident light, and where positions of pixels of the detector are calibrated by at least the first incident light having the first incident angle and the second incident light having the second incident angle.

Abstract: A sensing device (100) detects a target substance (2) in an investigation region (113). The sensing device (100) includes a sensing surface (112) with an investigation region (113) and a reference region (120). The sensing device (100) further includes a reference element (121) located at the reference region (120). The reference element (121) is adapted to shield the reference region (120) from the target substance (2) such that light reflected at the reference region (120) under total internal reflection conditions remains unaffected by the presence or absence of the target substance (2). This allows measuring a property, typically the intensity, of light reflected at the reference region (120) independent of the presence or absence of the target substance (2). This measured property of the reflected light can be used for performing a correction of light reflected at the investigation region (113).

Abstract: The invention relates to an optic fiber having a core in which carbon nano-structures are formed at a predetermined locus, a fiber optic chemical sensor using the optic fiber, and a method of forming the carbon nano-structure layer in the core of the optic fiber. The invention utilizes gas refractive index and the adsorption sensitivity of particles on the surface of the carbon nano-structure layer, and uses the carbon nano-structure layer in the core of the optic fiber as a sensor for particles of gas, liquid and the like.

Abstract: A sensing chip is provided, which includes a substrate and a plurality of nano structures periodically arranged on the substrate, wherein each of the nano structures includes a bottom metal layer disposed on the substrate, a middle dielectric layer disposed on the bottom metal layer, and a top metal layer disposed on the middle dielectric layer. The bottom metal layer has an area that is larger than that of the top metal layer.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a method of determining reflected irradiance for a surface point on a surface whose reflectance properties are represented by a measured BSDF. Additionally, the disclosure provides a renderer and a computer program product. In one embodiment, the method includes: (1) determining u, v and w coordinates in the measured BSDF for the surface point based on an incoming and an outgoing ray direction, (2) selecting a triangle for barycentric interpolation based on values of the v and the w coordinates at the surface point and (3) performing the barycentric interpolation for evaluating the measured BSDF for the surface point.

Abstract: Generally, the present disclosure provides for a light duct sensor that can monitor an average light flux through light duct useful for architectural lighting. The present disclosure provides for a system that allows a minimally obtrusive sampling of the light in a duct. It samples a small fraction of a cross sectional area of a light duct that is distributed across potentially the entire cross sectional area, without creating a significant disturbance to the light.

Abstract: A laser autocollimator assembly that provides an objective, unambiguous, and simple means to achieve precise (for example, arc second or sub arc-second) alignment between the laser autocollimator assembly and a reference surface. The laser autocollimator assembly relies on optical parasitic interference between a reflected beam from the reference surface and the laser beam in the laser cavity that, when alignment is achieved, results in a disruption of the action of the laser, resulting in a reduction in the output power level of the laser beam. By monitoring the power level of the laser beam, for example monitoring the power level of the reflected beam, it can be determined that alignment has been achieved when the power level of the laser beam has been reduced to a minimum level. The power level can be automatically monitored, thereby eliminating the need for user interpretation.

Abstract: A plasmonic sensor device includes a light source, configured to generate coherent light; a metallic film, at least partially covered on one side by analyte molecules; at least one micromirror that is rotatable about at least one axis of rotation, which is positioned and developed in such a way that the coherent light is able to be guided at an angle of incidence to one side of the metallic film, the angle of incidence being variable by the rotating of the at least one micromirror about the at least one axis of rotation; and a detector configured to determine the intensity of the light guided onto the metallic film and reflected again from there, as a function of the angle of incidence, the coherent light generated by the light source being in such a state that surface plasmons are excitable in the metallic film depending on the angle of incidence.

Abstract: A process for producing a total match metric for matching color and appearance of a target coating and at least a specimen coating is provided. The total match metric (TMM) are produced based on color difference values (?E) at three or more color viewing angles, sparkle difference values (?S) at one or more sparkle viewing angles and flop difference value (?f) between the target coating and the specimen coating using one or more linear functions, one or more non-linear functions, or a combination thereof. The total match metric can be used in producing matching coatings that match color and appearance of the target coating. The total match metric can be particularly useful for repair coating damages to vehicles.

Abstract: An adhering detection apparatus includes a light source to emit probe light to a light translucent object during an emission period, and to stop an emission of the probe light to the light translucent object during a non-emission period, a light receiver to receive light coming from the light translucent object during the emission period and the non-emission period of the light source, and an adhering detection processor to perform an adhering detection processing for detecting a substance adhering to the light translucent object based on light quantity of the light coming from the light translucent object and received by the light receiver, and to output a detection result of the adhering detection processing. The adhering detection processor selectively performs one or more processes depending on the light quantity of the light received by the light receiver during the non-emission period of the light source.

Abstract: A metal film of a measurement device including a transparent dielectric substrate is irradiated with first light from a transparent dielectric substrate side, an optical electric field enhanced by an optical electric field enhancing effect of a localized plasmon induced to a surface of the metal film by the irradiation is generated, light emitted from the transparent dielectric substrate side is detected, a specimen installed on a surface of a metal fine concavo-convex structure layer and a matrix agent are irradiated with second light from a side opposite to the side of the irradiation with the first light in a state where a voltage is applied to the metal fine concavo-convex structure layer through a voltage application electrode, an analysis target substance for mass spectrometry in the specimen is desorbed from the surface by the irradiation, and the desorbed analysis target substance is detected.

Abstract: An example optical computing device includes an integrated computational element (ICE) core arranged within an optical train that optically interacts with electromagnetic radiation and a substance, the ICE core being further configured to operate in a optical region of interest corresponding to a characteristic of the substance, a first bandpass filter arranged in the optical train and configured to transmit the electromagnetic radiation across a first wavelength zone within the optical region of interest, a second bandpass filter arranged in the optical train and configured to transmit the electromagnetic radiation across a second wavelength zone within the optical region of interest, and a detector configured to receive electromagnetic radiation that has optically interacted with the substance and the ICE core and configured to generate an output signal corresponding to the characteristic of the substance.

Abstract: A method for measuring a substrate is provided. The method comprises irradiating a measurement beam into a site box of an identifiable pattern of a substrate, detecting a center position of the irradiated measurement beam, calculating an amount of shift of the center position of the measurement beam from the center position of the site box, and correcting the center position of the measurement beam to the center position of the site box by compensating the calculated amount of shift.

Abstract: A measuring arrangement for measuring optical properties of a reflective optical element, in particular for microlithography, with an EUV light source (5), a detector (20) configured to detect EUV radiation reflected at the reflective optical element (10), and an imaging system (30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90), which images object points on the reflective optical element onto respective image points on the detector, wherein the imaging system is configured to reflect the EUV radiation, a first optical component (31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, 91), and at least one second optical component (32, 42, 52, 62, 72, 82, 92). Both at the first optical component and at the second optical component, reflection angles with respect to respective surface normals that respectively occur during reflection of the EUV radiation are at least 70°.

Abstract: A device includes a sample chamber (1) configured to receive the object, a polarization degree measuring member (2) configured to measure the polarization degree of the object received in the sample chamber (1), and a refractive index measuring member (3) configured to measure information corresponding to the refractive index of the object received in the sample chamber (1). The polarization degree measuring member (2) includes a polarization modulation member (11) configured to perform polarization modulation on a light beam (9) for analyzing the object and allow the modulated light beam to enter the sample chamber (1), an intensity detection member (12) configured to detect an intensity of the light beam (5) exiting from the sample chamber, and a polarization degree calculation member (13). The refractive index measuring member (3) includes a position detection member (26) and a refractive index (concentration) calculation member (13).

Abstract: An image having an expected superresolution effect is created in a straightforward manner and with superior precision. The invention provides a scanning laser microscope including a scanner that scans a laser beam emitted from an Ar laser device on a specimen; an objective lens that radiates the laser beam scanned by the scanner onto the specimen and that collects return light coming from the specimen; a detector array that has a plurality of minute detector elements arrayed at a position that is optically conjugate with the focal position of the objective lens; and a superresolution calculating portion that calculates a center position of a spot of the return light that is incident on the detector array on the basis of a light intensity signal output from each of the minute detector elements in the detector array.

Abstract: A force sensor according to embodiments includes a light-emitting unit, a pair of first light detectors, a reflector, and a first frame. The light-emitting unit emits diffuse light. The first light detectors are arranged in a first direction with the light-emitting unit interposed therebetween. The reflector is arranged to face the light-emitting unit on an optical axis of the light-emitting unit and reflects the diffuse light emitted from the light-emitting unit toward the first light detectors. The first frame is deformed in the first direction so that a reflection range of the diffuse light reflected by the reflector is displaced in the first direction.

Abstract: There is provided an image capture device including a narrow-band optical irradiation system including a light source, a solid-state imaging element including an array of pixels and sensitive to a predetermined range of wavelengths, and a metal thin-film filter provided in an optical path between the optical irradiation system and the solid-state imaging element, and having a periodic microstructural pattern having a period shorter than a wavelength detected by the solid-state imaging element.

Abstract: A spot welding system includes a plurality of robots each including a spot welding gun and an inspection management device for managing an electrode inspection to be executed in each of the robots, for inspecting electrodes of the spot welding gun. Each robot includes an inspection execution unit for selectively executing one of different electrode inspections. The inspection management device includes an inspection instruction unit for instructing an electrode inspection to be executed in each of the robots.

Abstract: A grazing incidence interferometer is configured to measure a profile of a target surface using a measurement beam radiated on the target surface in a direction oblique to a normal line of the target surface and reflected on the target surface to cause an interference with a reference beam. The grazing incidence interferometer includes: a light source to emit light; a first polarization beam splitter that splits the light from the light source into the reference beam and the measurement beam; a ratio changer that changes a light amount ratio between the reference beam and the measurement beam; a second polarization beam splitter that synthesizes the measurement beam reflected on the target surface and the reference beam; and an image capturing camera that receives the synthesized beam of the reference beam and the measurement beam.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a gas sensor comprising a sensor layer (100) comprising a plasmonic sensor (102) provided so as to allow, upon illumination with electromagnetic radiation a localized surface plasmon resonance condition, a sensing layer (106) comprising a gas permeable material that, when exposed to a gas, modifies the localized surface plasmon resonance condition, a separating layer (104) arranged in between the sensor layer (100) and the sensing layer (106) such that the plasmonic sensor (102) is separated from the sensing layer (106). A gas sensing system and a method for sensing a presence of a gas is further disclosed.

Abstract: An attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopic analysis apparatus includes an ATR prism including: an upper surface that contacts a specimen, a lower surface facing the upper surface, a first surface that is slanted and connected to the upper surface and the lower surface, and a second surface that is slanted and connected to the upper surface and the lower surface and facing the first surface; a light source configured to emit a light towards the first surface of the ATR prism; a light receiver that is provided to face the lower surface of the ATR prism and configured to receive the light that is diffusely reflected and output from the lower surface and output an electrical signal based on the received light; and a computation processor configured to calculate a contact area of the specimen with the upper surface of the ATR prism in response to the electrical signal.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to processing SPR signals, in particular signals obtained by illuminating a conductive surface with light at two wavelengths. Processing SPR signals can involve processing a first and second signal indicative of an intensity of light, received from a conductive layer at which SPR has occurred, as a function of angle of incidence, reflection or diffraction at the layer. The first and second signals each have two dips corresponding to a respective wavelength of the light at a respective angle at which surface plasmon resonance occurs for the respective wavelength and a peak between the two dips. The processing includes deriving a first and second value of a quantity indicative of signal magnitudes in the region of the peak. The first and second values can be compared to detect a change in refractive index at the layer after the first signal and before the second signal was captured.

Abstract: Technologies are generally described for determination of a spectral profile of a sample. A microscope with spectroscopic capability may include a multitude of light sources, one or more photo detectors, and an analysis module. The microscope may be a table-top microscope or a hand-held microscope. The light sources may be configured to illuminate at least one portion of the sample, the photo detectors may be configured to detect returned light from the sample in response to the illumination, and the analysis module may be configured to analyze the detected light to determine a spectral profile of the sample. In some examples, the spectral profile of the sample may be compared to a spectral profile of a reference sample to evaluate the sample, where the sample may be evaluated to determine an identity, a quality, an authenticity, a composition, a density, a reflectivity, and/or an amount of the sample.

Abstract: A reflection-based tubular waveguide particle plasmon resonance sensing system and a sensing device thereof are provided. The sensing device includes a hollow tubular waveguide element having wall, a reflection layer disposed on one end of the wall (distal end), and a noble metal nanoparticle layer distributed on the surface of the wall. An incident light enters the wall through another end of the tubular waveguide element (proximal end) and being total internal reflected many times along the wall, then is reflected by the reflection layer and being total internal reflected many times along the wall again, and finally, the incident light exits the proximal end. Wherein, when the sample contacts the noble metal nanoparticle layer of the tubular waveguide element, the particle plasmon resonance condition is altered and hence the signal intensity of the light exiting the tubular waveguide element changes.

Abstract: A computer implemented method. The method includes obtaining, using a processor, spectral reflectance data from a coated surface having a target coating theron; and determining, using the processor, whether the data includes any outlier data points. The method also includes removing, using the processor, at least one of the outlier data points to produce final spectral reflectance data; and calculating, using the processor, a characteristic of the target coating based at least in part on the final spectral reflectance data.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for using SPR to detect buried voids in a semiconductor wafer inline post metal deposition. Embodiments include forming a first, a second, and a third metal structure in a first, a second, and a third adjacent die of a wafer; performing a SPR on the first, second, and third metal structures inline; detecting a first, a second, and a third SPR wavelength corresponding to the first, second, and third metal structures, respectively; comparing a difference between the first SPR wavelength and the second SPR wavelength and a difference between the third SPR wavelength and the first SPR wavelength against a threshold value; and determining a presence or an absence of a buried void in the first metal structure based on the comparison.

Abstract: A mobile computing device may include a biometric sensor in proximity with a color-controlled layer. Where the color of the color-controlled layer may be changed, a processor of the mobile computing device may control the color of the color-controlled layer responsive to sensing various conditions. For example, the color of the color-controlled layer may be controlled, by default, to match the housing of the mobile computing device. Responsive to sensing an approaching user finger, the color-controlled layer may be controlled to change color. The color-controlled layer may be controlled to change color again upon contact of the finger, upon removal of the finger and upon determining authentication success. The color-controlled layer may be structured as a mix of heating elements and thermochromic polymer elements.

Abstract: A document administration system includes an administration unit, a discrimination information image discriminating unit, and an image forming apparatus which, forms an image on a recording medium in case that the discrimination information image discriminating unit discriminates that the recording medium has the discrimination information image before the image is formed on the recording medium, and forms the image and the discrimination information image based on the discrimination information connected to the image on the recording medium in case that the discrimination information image discriminating unit discriminates that the recording medium does not have the discrimination information image before the image is formed on the recording medium.

Abstract: A system for and method of investigating changes in optical properties of a porous effective substrate surface related to, for instance, effective surface depth and refractive index, pore size, pore volume and pore size distribution at atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a light-emitting apparatus includes disposing a substrate on a support; disposing a light-emitting package including a light-emitting device on the substrate so as to allow the light-emitting package to be positioned at a target position on the substrate; applying energy to the light-emitting package to make the light-emitting device emit light; and analyzing the light that is emitted from the light-emitting device due to the energy, and determining a position where the light-emitting package is actually disposed. Thus, the light-emitting apparatus may be easily and inexpensively manufactured, and may generate a limited number of spots and provide improved uniform brightness.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of inputting light into a core layer of a multimode optical waveguide. The optical waveguide includes an under-cladding layer; and the core layer formed so that at least a part of the core layer is adjacent to the under-cladding layer. The method includes inputting the light into the core layer so that a spot of the light at an input port-side end surface of the multimode optical waveguide completely includes an input port of the core layer; a spot area of the light at the input port-side end surface of the multimode optical waveguide is twice or more of an area of the input port of the core layer; and an angle of input range of the light at an input port end surface of the core layer is from 10° to 30°.