Abstract: An apparatus for continuously manufacturing organometallic compounds is provided where the apparatus has a source of a first reactant stream wherein the first reactant comprises a metal; a source of a second reactant stream; a laminar flow contacting zone for cocurrently contacting the first reactant stream and the second reactant stream; a mixing zone comprising a turbulence-promoting device; and a heat transfer zone.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a non-contact real time micro Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) system comprising; a chip having a reaction chamber for holding a sample and an embedded metal heater below the reaction chamber for heating the sample; an optical unit comprising an associated LED driver and a photo detector amplifier placed above the chip to detect fluorescence; an induction heater mounted around the chip and inductively coupled to the metal heater; an infrared temperature sensor mounted below the chip for measuring a temperature of the metal heater, wherein the infrared temperature sensor is interfaced with a signal conditioner; and a controller interfaced with the signal conditioner and the induction heater for regulating the power to the induction heater based on feedback received from the infrared temperature sensor through the signal conditioner.

Abstract: Platinum nanocatalysts on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) functionalized with citric acid (CA) are disclosed, along with methods for the synthesis thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides a reaction vessel and apparatus for performing heat-exchanging reactions. The vessel has a chamber for holding a sample, the chamber being defined by a plurality of walls, at least two of the walls being light transmissive to provide optical windows to the chamber. The apparatus comprises at least one heating surface for contacting at least one of the plurality of walls, at least one heat source for heating the surface, and optics positioned to optically interrogate the chamber while the heating surface is in contact with at least one of the plurality of walls.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing hydrocarbon-containing gaseous fuel comprises at least three stages. In the first stage water is entered for heating and water steam forming. In the second stage hydrocarbon component is entered and mixed with water steam by injecting The mixture is heated and directed to third and subsequent stages to additional heating for fuel producing. Turbo generator is made as two cylinder tubes, divided on isolated sections. The first section is made with induction heat source for system start-up, the second section is made with injector type mixer. The inner tube cavity forms the firing chamber. In technological cylinder multistage components and mixture heated and additional heating in subsequent sections are realized until forming of hydrogen-containing gaseous fuel. Burning system, worker burner, start-up burner are installed on the firing chamber inlet. Working torch forming element is installed on the firing chamber outlet.

Abstract: A coating treatment apparatus supplying a coating solution to a front surface of a rotated substrate and diffusing the supplied coating solution to an outer periphery side of the substrate to thereby apply the coating solution on the front surface of the substrate includes: a substrate holding part holding a substrate; a rotation part rotating the substrate held on the substrate holding part; a supply part supplying a coating solution to a front surface of the substrate held on the substrate holding part; and an airflow control plate provided at a predetermined position above the substrate held on the substrate holding part for locally changing an airflow above the substrate rotated by the rotation part at an arbitrary position.

Abstract: A fuel cell system according to the present invention comprises a hydrogen generator including a burner which is detachably accommodated in the hydrogen generator in a manner to allow the burner to be detached from and attached to the hydrogen generator through the top of the hydrogen generator, a stack configured to generate power by causing hydrogen generated by the hydrogen generator and an oxidizing gas to react with each other, and a main body package which includes at least a top plate and within which the hydrogen generator and the stack are disposed. Detachable piping, which is detachably configured, is provided above the hydrogen generator. Space that is formed above the burner when the detachable piping is removed from the main body package has a size larger than or equal to the size of the burner.

Abstract: [Problems to be Solved] Provided is a presaccharification treatment device, which can yield from lignocellulosic biomass as a substrate a presaccharification treatment product without heating and thereby at a reduced cost. [Solution] A presaccharification treatment device (1) comprises a treatment unit (2), which mixes lignocellulosic biomass and ammonia water and treats a yielded substrate mixture in a wet powder state for yielding a presaccharification treatment product, and an ammonia separation unit (3), which separates ammonia from the presaccharification treatment product. The treatment unit (2) comprises a treatment vessel (21) and a storage unit (25), in which a presaccharification treatment product is yielded during retention therein for a predetermined time period from the substrate mixture without heating. The ammonia separation unit (3) is installed direct below the storage unit (25).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst for the thermochemical generation of hydrogen from water and/or the thermochemical generation of carbon monoxide from carbon dioxide comprising a solid solution of cerium dioxide and uranium dioxide.

Abstract: A steam cooled chemical reactor (1) comprising a vertical vessel (2), a plate heat exchanger embedded in a catalytic bed, to cool the catalytic bed by evaporation of a cooling water flow, wherein a water inlet and a steam outlet are located underneath the heat exchanger, and the plates and related piping are arranged so that the path of the cooling flow comprises a first ascending path from bottom to top of the catalytic bed, and a second descending path from top to the bottom of catalytic bed, and wherein internal evaporation channels of the plates provide the second descending or the first ascending path, and water upcomers or respectively steam downcomers provide the other of said first and second path.

Abstract: A system for applying a melted polymer/hot melt adhesive includes structure for adding one or more components to the polymer/hot melt stream at selected locations of the stream depending on the desired final characteristics of the polymer/hot melt adhesive, the heat histories of the polymer/hot melt adhesive and the modifying component, and the physical or chemical characteristics of the modifying component. The modifying component can be supplied in a fluid carrier.

Abstract: A system includes a quench ring assembly, which includes a quench ring, a throat ring coupled to the quench ring, and a dip tube coupled to the quench ring. The quench ring assembly is self-retained as a unit. The system also includes a support assembly configured to support the quench ring assembly. The support assembly includes a removable mount.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a reactor for the decomposition of ammonium dinitramide-based liquid monopropellants into hot, combustible gases for combustion in a combustion chamber, and a rocket engine or thruster comprising such reactor, which reactor further comprises an inner reactor housing accommodating a heat bed and a catalyst bed, and separating the heat bed and catalyst bed from contact with the inner surface of the reactor housing.

Abstract: A radial-flow plate heat exchanger (5) embedded in the catalytic bed of an isothermal chemical reactor (1) has heat exchange plates (10) comprising fluid passages (13) between a first metal sheet (20) and a second metal sheet (21) joined by perimeter weld seams (23) on a first surface (A) of the plate, a feeding channel (14) and a collecting channel (15) for the heat exchange fluid are formed with suitable metal sheets which are seam welded (25) directly to the opposite surface (B) of the plate, this structure allows the manufacturing of the plate (10) with an automated seam welding process, such as laser beam welding.

Abstract: An apparatus for preparing aqueous chlorine dioxide solutions is described, comprising (a) a reactor (1), (b) a first reservoir unit (8) comprising a first reactant for preparation of chlorine dioxide, the first reactant being in solid form, having an inlet (15) for water and a separate outlet (21), the first reservoir unit (8) being exchangeable, (c) a second reservoir unit (4) for storing a second reactant for preparation of chlorine dioxide. Additionally described are an exchangeable reservoir unit for such an apparatus, a kit comprising or consisting of one or more exchangeable reservoir units and a process for preparing a chlorine dioxide-containing solution usable directly for water treatment.

Abstract: An apparatus for reforming a hydrocarbon stream is presented. The apparatus involves changing the design of reformers and associated equipment to allow for increasing the processing temperatures in the reformers and heaters. The reformers are operated under different conditions to utilize advantages in the equilibriums, but require modifications to prevent increasing thermal cracking and to prevent increases in coking.

Abstract: A reactor (1) for preparing phosgene by gas-phase reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine in the presence of a solid-state catalyst, which is provided in a plurality of catalyst tubes (2) which are arranged parallel to one another in the longitudinal direction of the reactor (1) and are welded at each of their two ends into a tube plate (3), with introduction of the starting materials at the upper end of the catalyst tubes (2) and discharge of the gaseous reaction mixture at the lower end of the catalyst tubes (2), in each case via a cap, and also with introduction and discharge facilities for a liquid heat transfer medium (7) in the space (4) between the catalyst tubes (2) within the shell, where the flow of the heat transfer medium (7) in the space (4) between the catalyst tubes (2) within the shell is meandering as a result of deflection plates (5), each alternative deflection plate (5) leaves two openings (6) having the shape of a segment of a circle free on opposite sides at the interior wall of the rea

Abstract: Process and apparatus is disclosed for providing a chemical reaction between calcium oxide containing grit particles to produce calcium hydroxide and heat, capturing the heat of hydration and using it to preheat water initially at ambient temperature, to rise to an elevated temperature to increase the amount of lime present in the water to a supersaturated lime suspension level, with the chemical reaction running to completion, followed by cooling. Heat from a water jacket may be used to raise the temperature in the lime slaker. A process and apparatus is also provided for dissolving scale on internal surfaces of a lime slaker, a lime aging tank, grit separation device and piping and dosing sub-systems, by adding acid into the system with rinse water. A pressurized delivery system that is substantially closed to atmosphere delivers treating dosing under sufficient pressure conditions to maintain a relatively constant back pressure, by means of valving.

Abstract: Method for the production of urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide in a urea plant containing a high-pressure synthesis section with a horizontal pool condenser, wherein the method comprises exchanging heat from a high pressure process medium received in a shell section of the pool condenser to a medium pressure urea containing solution received in a first heat exchanging section provided in the pool condenser to at least decompose ammonium carbamate into NH3 and CO2, wherein the method further comprises exchanging heat from the high pressure process medium to a low pressure steam condensate received in a second heat exchanging section provided in the pool condenser to produce low pressure steam. The invention also relates to an apparatus for the production of urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide.

Abstract: The present invention provides a technique by which heat can be efficiently recovered from a coolant used to cool a reactor, and contamination with dopant impurities from an inner wall of a reactor when polycrystalline silicon is deposited within the reactor can be reduced to produce high-purity polycrystalline silicon. With the use of hot water 15 having a temperature higher than a standard boiling point as a coolant fed to the reactor 10, the temperature of the reactor inner wall is kept at a temperature of not more than 370° C. Additionally, the pressure of the hot water 15 to be recovered is reduced by a pressure control section provided in a coolant tank 20 to generate steam. Thereby, a part of the hot water is taken out as steam to the outside, and reused as a heating source for another application.

Abstract: Described herein are embodiments of systems and methods for oxidizing gases. In some embodiments, a reaction chamber is configured to receive a fuel gas and maintain the gas at a temperature within the reaction chamber that is above an autoignition temperature of the gas. The reaction chamber may also be configured to maintain a reaction temperature within the reaction chamber below a flameout temperature. In some embodiments, heat and product gases from the oxidation process can be used, for example, to drive a turbine, reciprocating engine, and injected back into the reaction chamber.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus and method for manufacturing SiO, which may lower a manufacturing cost of SiO by collecting SiO continuously. The apparatus for manufacturing SiO includes a reaction unit configured to receive a SiO-making material and bring the received material into reaction by heating to generate a SiO gas; and a collecting unit configured to maintain an internal temperature lower than an internal temperature of the reaction unit, the collecting unit including a rotating member in an inner space thereof, wherein the collecting unit collects a SiO deposit by introducing the SiO gas generated by the reaction unit through an inlet formed at least at one side thereof and allowing the introduced SiO gas to be deposited to a surface of the rotating member.

Abstract: Open-loop thermal management systems and open-loop thermal management processes are disclosed. The process includes providing an open-loop thermal management system, saturating a reactor of the system with gas while a flow control unit prevents flow of the gas from the reactor, and maintaining a gas dissociation pressure range of the gas within the reactor. The system includes the reactor being arranged to receive a heat load. The reactor contains metal hydrides, metal organic framework, or a combination thereof. The reactor includes at least one venting line extending from the reactor. Also, the flow control unit is configured to adjustably control the flow of gas from the reactor to maintain the gas dissociation pressure range.

Abstract: A Fischer Tropsch (“FT”) unit that includes an FT tube that is packed with a catalyst. The catalyst is designed to catalyze an FT reaction to produce a hydrocarbon. An insert that is positioned within the FT tube. The insert comprises at least one cross-piece that contacts an inner surface of the FT tube and at least one cross-fin extending from the cross-piece. There may be a corresponding second cross-fin adjacent each cross-fin. Both the cross-fins and the second cross-fins may be disposed radially outwardly such that the edge of the cross-fins are closer to the inner surface of the FT tube than is the base of the cross-fins.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the autothermal gas-phase dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon-comprising gas stream by means of an oxygen-comprising gas stream over a heterogeneous catalyst configured as a monolith to give a reaction gas mixture and regeneration of the catalyst in a reactor in the form of a cylinder or prism, wherein the reactor is operated alternately in the production mode of the autothermal gas-phase dehydrogenation and in the regeneration mode.

Abstract: The present disclosure is generally directed to process of gasification of carbonaceous materials to produce synthesis gas or syngas. The present disclosure provides improved methods of gasification comprising: adding one or more carbonaceous materials, adding a molecular oxygen-containing gas, adding carbon dioxide gas and optionally adding water into said gasifier. This disclosure is also directed to process of production of one or more alcohols from said syngas via fermentation or digestion in the presence of at least one microorganism.

Abstract: A device for preparing bio-oil, a system for preparing bio-oil and a method for preparing bio-oil using the same are provided. Biomass is supplied to an inclined portion of a reactor, and high-temperature hot sand is supplied to an upper side of the biomass supplied to the inclined portion. Then, a heater heats the inclined portion. Thus, the fast pyrolysis performance of the biomass can be enhanced, thereby increasing the yield of bio-oil. Also, combustion gas produced from the heater is supplied to the interior of the reactor, so that the interior of the reactor can be simply formed under a nonoxidizing atmosphere. Accordingly, the device for preparing bio-oil can be manufactured into a very simple structure.

Abstract: A method of continuously manufacturing organometallic compounds is provided where two or more reactants are conveyed to a reactor having a laminar flow contacting zone, a heat transfer zone, and a mixing zone having a turbulence-promoting device; and causing the reactants to form the organometallic compound.

Abstract: Systems and processes of providing novel thermal energy sources for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) reactors are described herein. According to various implementations, the systems and processes use concentrated solar thermal energy from a focused high-energy beam to provide sufficient energy for driving the HTL biomass-to-biocrude process. In addition, other implementations convert biowaste, such as municipal biosolids and grease and food waste, to biocrude using anaerobic digesters, and a portion of the biogas generated by the digesters is used to produce the thermal and/or electrical energy used in the HTL reactor for the biomass-to-biocrude process. Furthermore, alternative implementations may include a hybrid system that uses biogas and solar radiation to provide sufficient thermal energy for the HTL reactor.

Abstract: A system and method for air temperature control in an oxygen transport membrane based reactor is provided. The system and method involves introducing a specific quantity of cooling air or trim air in between stages in a multistage oxygen transport membrane based reactor or furnace to maintain generally consistent surface temperatures of the oxygen transport membrane elements and associated reactors. The associated reactors may include reforming reactors, boilers or process gas heaters.

Abstract: Provided are methods for aqueous isolation of depolymerized lignin in high yield from a lignin-containing biomass composition, comprising positioning a lignin-containing biomass composition into a flowthrough thermal reactor chamber to provide for passage of an aqueous fluid therethrough, contacting the lignin biomass composition with the aqueous fluid under elevated temperature conditions sufficient to provide for lignin release and depolymerization, flowing the aqueous fluid through the reactor chamber under the elevated temperature conditions, to provide an output aqueous fluid comprising released depolymerized lignin, and collecting the depolymerized lignin.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and apparatus for incinerating waste, wherein the waste is one or more of an organic waste and an inorganic waste. The apparatus includes a grinder for grinding a mixture of the waste and calcium carbonate. The ground mixture is then fed to a molten metal bath contained within a crucible. Thereafter, a heating member configured proximal to the crucible combusts the mixture of the waste and the calcium carbonate to form one or more of slag and one or more acidic gases. On combustion, the one or more acidic gases are neutralized by calcium hydroxide produced as a result of combusting the calcium carbonate. Additional metal compounds usable as fertilizers are also produced in response to reacting with the one or more acidic gases.

Abstract: Methods and systems for temperature-controlled, on-site generation of peracids, namely peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions are disclosed. In particular, methods for using an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system overcome the limitations of temperature on the kinetics of the peracid generation and/or peracid decomposition inside an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system. The methods include the controlling of the temperature of at least one raw starting material, namely water, to improve upon methods of on-site generation of peracids. The methods allow for the generation of user-selected chemistry without regard to the ambient temperatures of the raw starting materials and/or the biocide formulator or generator system.

Abstract: There is described a device for rotatably supporting at least one reaction vessel in a microwave heating apparatus. The described device comprises (a) a base plate comprising at least one through-hole, and (b) at least one tubular member having a longitudinal axis and being adapted to receive a reaction vessel and to be coupled to the base plate in such a way that the longitudinal axis of the at least one tubular member passes through the at least one through-hole, wherein the at least one tubular member comprises metal. Furthermore, there is described a system for performing digestion or synthesis comprising a microwave heating apparatus and a device as described above.

Abstract: A fuel processor with a floating catalyst has a reactant gas passage and a product gas passage separated by a separating wall which is fixed at one end and free at the other end, to permit differential thermal expansion. The catalyst is received inside the separating wall proximate to the free end. An outer wall at least partially surrounds the separating wall and the fixed end of the separating wall may be joined to the outer wall. The fuel processor may comprise a plurality of concentric tubes, and may include a third tube located inside the separator wall. The gas passages are provided with gas permeable support structures such as turbulizers or fins which support the separating wall relative to the outer wall, but the support structures are bonded to only one tube in order to permit differential thermal expansion of the walls.

Abstract: The invention relates to a reactor for gasifying and/or cleaning a starting material (12), especially for depolymerizing plastic material (12), wherein the reactor comprises: a reactor vessel (14) for receiving the starting material (12), especially the plastic material (12); a metal bath (26) which is arranged in the reactor vessel (14) and includes a liquid metallic material having a metal bath melting temperature (TSchmelz); a plurality of filling elements (25) which are at least partially arranged in the metal bath (26); and a heater, especially an induction heater (18) for heating the starting material in the reactor vessel (14).

Abstract: A microreactor includes: a reaction passage to flow a fluid as a reaction object; and a medium passage provided in parallel with the reaction passage to flow a heat medium to exchange heat with the fluid in the reaction passage. A cross-sectional area of the medium passage adjacent to a location of the reaction passage where any of heat generation and heat absorption associated with a reaction of the fluid is relatively large is smaller than a cross-sectional area of the medium passage adjacent to a location of the reaction passage where any of the heat generation and the heat absorption associated with the reaction of the fluid is relatively small.

Abstract: The reactor is used for producing nano-particles of metal from volatile moieties in flow through mode. The reactor comprises at least a first feeder and a second feeder on one end of the vessel. The first feeder feeds the moiety in the form of an educt fluid into the reactor. This fluid is a mixture of metal moieties and a bearer fluid, entering the reactor in a vaporized state, in which the bearer fluid is used as a carrier gas. The second feeder is used as a radiator means to heat up the educt fluid within the reactor. By providing the heating fluid through the second feeder control over some environmental conditions like ambient temperature within the reactor is achieved and dissociation of the metal moieties under such controlled conditions leads to quantitative production of selected nano-particle morphologies.

Abstract: A method of reacting compounds can include directing a liquid into a helical constrained flow (37) having an inner circumferential flow surface and an outer circumferential flow surface. The helical constrained flow (37) can be formed around an axial interior volume (38). At least a portion of the helical constrained flow can be exposed to a sparging portion (35) to allow a fluid to be sparged into the liquid along the helical constrained flow (37). The fluid reactant can be sparged through the helical constrained flow so as to form a fluid product.

Abstract: An apparatus 1 for manufacturing trichlorosilane includes a decomposition furnace 2 into which polymers and hydrogen chloride are introduced, the decomposition furnace 2 includes: a heating device 11 which heats an interior of the decomposition furnace 2; a reaction chamber 4 which is formed in the decomposition furnace; a center tube 3 which is inserted in the reaction chamber 4 along a longitudinal direction of the reaction chamber and has a lower-end opening portion 3a; raw-material-supply pipes 5 and 6 which supplies the polymer and the hydrogen chloride to the reaction chamber 4 at an exterior of the center tube 3; and a gas-discharge pipe 7 which leads out reacted gas from the center tube 3, the apparatus 1 further includes a fin 14 that leads the polymer and the hydrogen chloride to the lower-end opening portion 3a of the center tube 3 so as to stir the polymer and the hydrogen chloride.

Abstract: Described herein are embodiments of systems and methods for oxidizing gases. In some embodiments, a reaction chamber is configured to receive a fuel gas and maintain the gas at a temperature within the reaction chamber that is above an autoignition temperature of the gas. The reaction chamber may also be configured to maintain a reaction temperature within the reaction chamber below a flameout temperature. In some embodiments, heat and product gases from the oxidation process can be used, for example, to drive a turbine, reciprocating engine, and injected back into the reaction chamber.

Abstract: Described herein are embodiments of systems and methods for oxidizing gases. In some embodiments, a reaction chamber is configured to receive a fuel gas and maintain the gas at a temperature within the reaction chamber that is above an autoignition temperature of the gas. The reaction chamber may also be configured to maintain a reaction temperature within the reaction chamber below a flameout temperature. In some embodiments, heat and product gases from the oxidation process can be used, for example, to drive a turbine, reciprocating engine, and injected back into the reaction chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for continuously carrying out chemical reactions. The device comprises a microwave generator, a microwave applicator accommodating a microwave-transparent tube, and an isothermal reaction section which is arranged such that the material to be reacted is guided inside the microwave-transparent tube through a microwave applicator which is used as the heating zone and in which it is heated to reaction temperature by means of microwaves that are emitted from the microwave generator into the microwave applicator. The material to be reacted, which is heated and optionally under pressure, is transferred from the microwave applicator to an isothermal reaction zone once it has left the heating zone, said reaction zone being arranged downstream of the heating zone, and is cooled once it has left the isothermal reaction zone.

Abstract: A method of thermal energy recovery from production of at least one solid carbon material comprises reacting at least one carbon oxide material and at least one gaseous reducing material at a temperature of greater than or equal to about 400° C., at a pressure greater than or equal to about 1×105 pascal, and in the presence of at least one catalyst material to produce at least one solid carbon material and a gaseous effluent stream comprising water vapor. Thermal energy is extracted from the gaseous effluent stream comprising water vapor. Other methods of generating recoverable thermal energy are disclosed, as is a solid carbon production system having thermal energy recovery.

Abstract: Process for performing an endothermic reaction in a reactor containing catalyst tubes, the catalyst tubes containing a catalyst promoting the endothermic reaction, the process comprising the steps of, a. contacting the catalyst contained in the catalyst tubes with a feed flow passing through the channels from an entrance end to an exit end, b. contacting an outer surface of the catalyst tubes with a flow of a heating medium having an initial heating temperature and flowing co-currently with the flow of feeds to heat the surface by convection, c. mixing at least part of the heating medium after having been contacted with the catalyst tubes with a flow of fresh heating medium having a start temperature higher than the initial heating temperature to form the co-current heating medium having the initial heating temperature and reactor for carrying out the process.

Abstract: A reactor and process for the production of bio-diesel. The reactor includes one or more coiled reaction lines. The lines are positioned within a tank containing a heat transfer media such as molten salt, maintained at about 750° F. A pump circulates the media within the tank. An emulsion of alcohol; refined feed stock, including glycerides and/or fatty acids; and preferably water is pumped through the reaction lines at temperatures and pressures sufficient to maintain the alcohol in a super-critical state. The curvature of the coils, pump pulsing, and the flow rate of the emulsion keep the emulsion in a turbulent state while in the reactor, ensuring thorough mixing of the alcohol and feed stock. The alcohol reacts with the glycerides and fatty acids to form bio-diesel. The reaction is fast, efficient with regard to energy input and waste generation, and requires minimal alcohol.

Abstract: A method of continuously manufacturing an organometallic compound is provided where two or more reactants are conveyed to a contacting zone of a reactor in a manner so as to maintain a laminar flow of the reactants; and causing the reactants to form the organometallic compound.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a multifunctional module comprising one or more units selected from the group consisting of reactor units, filter units, membrane units, reactor-separator units, clarificator units, purificator units, extractor units, and mixer units. The units are connected parallel or in series or both to each other, and each unit has at least one member having a surface, which surface is rotating with the member. The member is rotating around an axis making the unit operate under centrifugal force. One or more chambers for fluids are co-rotating with the rotating member. The present invention relates further to units which could be used in a spinning multifunctional module, and use of a spinning multifunctional module.

Abstract: A heat sink is used to absorb heat produced by a vehicle. The heat sink uses an endothermic catalytic alcohol dehydrogenation reaction to assist with the absorption of excess heat produced in the electronics of the vehicle. In some embodiments, the alcohol can be pre-heated by absorbing heat from various components of the vehicle. Excess heat from the various components or from the vehicle engine can be used to vaporize the reaction fluids in order to further absorb additional heat. Reaction fluids can also be sent to the vehicle's engine/burner for use as a supplemental fuel.

Abstract: A reformer furnace (1), comprising: at least one triple conduit assembly (200), including a flue gas conduit (220) enclosing a reaction conduit (240) enclosing a product gas conduit (260), wherein: the reaction conduit (240) extends between a lower end (244) defining a reaction gas inlet (245), and a closed upper end (242); the product gas conduit (260) extends between an upper end (262) defining a product gas inlet (263), and a lower end (264) defining a product gas outlet (265); the flue gas conduit (220) extends between an upper end (222) defining a flue gas inlet (223), and a lower end (224) defining a flue gas outlet (225); and an annulus (250) between the reaction conduit (240) and the product gas conduit (260) comprises a catalyst (252); a combustion chamber (100) that encloses an approximate upper half (226, 246, 266) of the at least one triple conduit assembly (200) while an approximate lower half (228, 248, 268) thereof resides outside of and below the combustion chamber, and that includes at least