Abstract: An integrated microchannel reactor and heat exchanger comprising: (a) a waveform sandwiched between opposing shim sheets and mounted to the shim sheets to form a series of microchannels, where each microchannel includes a pair of substantially straight side walls, and a top wall formed by at least one of the opposing shim sheets, and (b) a first set of microchannels in thermal communication with the waveform, where the waveform has an aspect ratio greater than two.

Abstract: Multiple catalytic processing stations couple with a system which produces volatile gas streams from biomass decomposition at discrete increasing temperatures. These catalytic processing stations can be programmed to maximize conversion of biomass to useful renewable fuel components based on input feedstock and desired outputs.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for synthesizing nanoscale materials are provided, including semiconductor nanowires. Precursor solutions include mixed reagent precursor solutions of metal and chalcogenide precursors and a catalyst, where such solutions are liquid at room temperature. The precursor solutions are mixed by dividing a solution flow into multiple paths and converging the paths to form a uniform solution. A thermally controlled reactor receives the uniform solution to form semiconductor nanowires. Various electronic, optical, and sensory devices may employ the semiconductor nanowires described herein, for example.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a solution reaction apparatus and solution reaction method using the same, and more particularly a solution reaction apparatus and a solution reaction method using the same, wherein a reaction vessel is made by using a sealing member, a reaction vessel forming member, and a substrate serving as the bottom part of the reaction vessel so as to cause one side of a reaction solution only to contact the solution, thereby adjusting the temperature of the substrate differently from the temperature of the solution. The solution reaction apparatus of the present invention can control temperature of the substrate and temperature of the reaction solution separately, thereby it can control the temperature of the solution above the boiling point of the solution, and can react the solution while constantly maintaining the concentration of the solution by the solution circulatory device. Accordingly, it has an effect of freely forming various nanostructures on the substrate.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator including an initiator assembly having one or more contact members within a compressible member, and a removable fuel unit adjacent a surface of the compressible member. The fuel unit contains a hydrogen containing material that can release hydrogen gas when heated and an exothermic mixture that can react exothermically upon initiation by the initiator assembly. When no fuel unit is in the hydrogen generator, the compressible member is uncompressed and the contact members are at or below its surface, and when a fuel unit is disposed in the hydrogen generator, the compressible member is compressed so the contact members extend beyond the surface to make thermal contact with the fuel unit. Energy from the initiator assembly is conducted by the contact members to corresponding quantities of the exothermic mixture to initiate an exothermic reaction, providing heat for the release of hydrogen gas from the hydrogen containing material.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and a method for manufacturing composite nanoparticles. The apparatus comprises: a first precursor supply unit vaporizing a first precursor and supplying it to a reaction unit; a second precursor supply unit vaporizing a second precursor and supplying it to the reaction unit; the reaction unit producing composite nanoparticles by reacting the vaporized first precursor with the vaporized second precursor; an oxygen supply line supplying an oxygen source to the reaction unit; and a collection unit collecting the composite nanoparticles produced by the reaction unit. Since gas phase synthesis occurs in different stages using the U-shaped reaction chamber, aggregation is prevented and composite nanoparticles of uniform size and high specific surface area can be produced easily.

Abstract: A system for the production of conversion products from synthesis gas, the system including a mixing apparatus configured for mixing steam with at least one carbonaceous material to produce a reformer feedstock; a reformer configured to produce, from the reformer feedstock, a reformer product comprising synthesis gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide from the reformer feedstock; a synthesis gas conversion apparatus configured to catalytically convert at least a portion of the synthesis gas in the reformer product into synthesis gas conversion product and to separate from the synthesis gas conversion product a tailgas comprising at least one gas selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane; and one or more recycle lines fluidly connecting the synthesis gas conversion apparatus with the mixing apparatus, the reformer, or both.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for treating liquid and/or pasty hydrocarbon materials, more particularly fuel oil, more particularly still heavy fuel oil, in which the hydrocarbon materials are firstly brought to the autoignition temperature, then mixed with a controlled amount of oxygen in order to obtain a first gaseous stream and a non-gaseous mass, more particularly a solid mass, comprising solid hydrocarbon molecules which are then oxidized by a gaseous stream of CO2 in order to obtain a second gaseous stream. The first and second gaseous streams are then mixed in order to obtain a third gaseous stream comprising carbon monoxide having a high energy value. The invention also relates to a system implementing the process according to the invention and an installation implementing such a system.

Abstract: The Invention relates to an apparatus or installation for producing active carbon, in particular by carbonization and subsequent activation of polymeric, organic, preferably sulphonated, starting materials, wherein the apparatus or installation comprises optionally a drying device for drying the starting materials, optionally a sulphonating device, arranged downstream of the optionally present drying device, for sulphonating and/or peptizing the optionally previously dried starting materials, a carbonizing device, arranged downstream of the optionally present drying device and/or the optionally present sulphonating device, for carbonizing the optionally previously dried and/or sulphonated and/or peptized starting materials, as well as an activating device, arranged downstream of the carbonizing device, for activating the starting materials previously carbonized in the carbonizing device, wherein the apparatus or installation also comprises at least one exhaust-gas treatment device for treating the exhaust gas

Abstract: In one aspect, the invention includes a reactor apparatus for pyrolyzing a hydrocarbon feedstock, said apparatus including: a reactor component comprising a refractory material in oxide form, the refractory material having a melting point of no less than 2060° C. and which remains in oxide form when exposed to a gas having carbon partial pressure of 10?22 bar and oxygen partial pressure of 10?10 bar, at a temperature of 1200° C.; wherein said refractory material has no less than 4 vol % formed porosity, measured at 20° C., based upon the bulk volume of said refractory material. In another embodiment, the refractory material has total porosity in the range of from 4 to 60 vol %.

Abstract: A system for generating and purifying hydrogen. To generate hydrogen, the system includes inlets configured to receive a hydrogen carrier and an inert insulator, a mixing chamber configured to combine the hydrogen carrier and the inert insulator, a heat exchanger configured to apply heat to the mixture of hydrogen carrier and the inert insulator, wherein the applied heat results in the generation of hydrogen from the hydrogen carrier, and an outlet configured to release the generated hydrogen. To purify hydrogen, the system includes a primary inlet to receive a starting material and an ammonia filtration subassembly, which may include an absorption column configured to absorb the ammonia into water for providing purified hydrogen at a first purity level. The ammonia filtration subassembly may also include an adsorbent member configured to adsorb ammonia from the starting material into an adsorbent for providing purified hydrogen at a second purity level.

Abstract: A modular flow reactor is formed of a plurality of modules, wherein each module comprises a body having at least one conduit passing therethrough, and wherein a plurality of said modules are aligned along a longitudinal axis such that said conduits of said modules are aligned to form a passage for fluid, wherein each module has a length along said longitudinal axis which is less than the length of the module perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The modules are “slices” rather than “tubes” and a plurality of said modules can be aligned linearly so that the conduits form a tube.

Abstract: A continuous fixed-bed catalytic reactor includes an inflow path for raw material gas for a catalytic reaction and an outflow path for reformed gas, a catalytic reaction container that is connected to the inflow path and the outflow path and holds a clumpy catalyst, catalyst holders that have a ventilation property and hold the clumpy catalyst, and a driving mechanism that moves the clumpy catalyst up and down by moving the catalyst holders up and down.

Abstract: Reactor vessels with pressure and heat transfer features for producing hydrogen-based fuels and structural elements, and associated systems and methods. A representative reactor system includes a first reaction zone and a heat path, a reactant source coupled to the first reaction zone, and a first actuator coupled to cyclically pressurize the first reaction zone. A second reaction zone is in fluid communication with the first, a valve is coupled between the first and second reaction zones to control a flow rate therebetween, and a second actuator is coupled in fluid communication with the second reaction zone to cyclically pressurize the second reaction zone. First and second heat exchangers direct heat from products to reactants in the reaction zones. A controller controls the first and second actuators in a coordinated manner based at least in part on a flow rate of the second product from the second reaction zone.

Abstract: Described herein are embodiments of systems and methods for oxidizing gases. In some embodiments, a reaction chamber is configured to receive a fuel gas and maintain the gas at a temperature within the reaction chamber that is above an autoignition temperature of the gas. The reaction chamber may also be configured to maintain a reaction temperature within the reaction chamber below a flameout temperature. In some embodiments, heat and product gases from the oxidation process can be used, for example, to drive a turbine, reciprocating engine, and injected back into the reaction chamber.

Abstract: The present invention provides isothermal multitube reactors suitable for the production of chlorinated and/or fluorinated propene and higher alkenes from the reaction of chlorinated and/or fluorinated alkanes and chlorinated and/or fluorinated alkenes. The reactors utilize a feed mixture inlet temperature at least 20° C. different from a desired reaction temperature.

Abstract: A method and a device for reducing iron-oxide-containing feedstocks, in which a reducing gas is fed to a reducing unit (1) containing the iron-oxide-containing feedstocks. The reducing gas is generated by introducing a process gas having reduction potential into a heating appliance (3) for heating the process gas, which is withdrawn as reducing gas therefrom. In the heating appliance (3), heat energy is transferred to the process gas. The heat energy is formed by combustion of a fuel gas containing organic substances, including coke oven gas with addition of technically pure oxygen. The flames of the combustion have an adiabatic flame temperature of above 1000° C., wherein, in the combustion of the fuel gas, at least some of the organic substances present in the fuel gas are cracked.

Abstract: A method for producing silicon fine particles of the present invention comprises: a step A of heating a precursor obtained by drying a mixture containing a silicon source and a carbon source by using a heating means in an inert atmosphere in a part formed by non-carbon substances 20, a step B of rapidly cooling a gas generated by heating the precursor in the inert atmosphere in the part formed by non-carbon substances 20, wherein at least one of the silicon source and the carbon source is liquid form.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heat exchanger mixing system comprising at least one heat exchanger zone, at least one connection plate having one or more mixing units, at least four corners per connection plate, wherein each corner being either blind passage corner, a through-passage corner, a single passage corner, or a double passage corner, and the one or more mixing units are provided with static mixing elements. Present invention relates further to use of a heat exchanger mixing system, and a process for mixing fluids.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the concurrent production of hydrogen and sulphur from a H2S-containing gas stream, with zero emissions. The method comprises the thermal oxidative cracking of H2S so as to form H2 and S2. Preferably, the oxidation is conducted using oxygen-enriched air, preferably pure oxygen. The ratio H2S/O2 in the feedstock is higher than 2:1, preferably in the range of 3:1-5:1.

Abstract: An approach is provided for generating red mercury (II) sulfide from elemental mercury. Elemental mercury is combined with sulfur and heated until vaporized. At least a portion of the elemental mercury reacts with the vaporized sulfur to form the mercury (II) sulfide. Un-reacted elemental mercury is drawn off and condensed by a condenser.

Abstract: Provided is a multi-stack cure system. The system includes a chamber having an inlet port and an outlet port. A magazine is mounted in the chamber. A plurality of substrates having encapsulants are loaded in the magazine. A heater is mounted at the chamber and serves to heat the plurality of substrates having the encapsulants. A loading unit is positioned adjacent the inlet port. The loading unit has a transfer device and a push bar. A substrate recognition device is mounted in the loading unit. A control device is connected to the substrate recognition device. The inlet port has a size larger than each of the plurality of substrates having the encapsulants and smaller than the magazine.

Abstract: The present invention provides a heat exchange type prereformer comprising a shell side having a channel to which cathode exhaust gas is supplied and through which cathode exhaust gas flows so that heat can be exchanged between the cathode exhaust gas and the mixture gas supplied for preforming; a catalyst layer arranged so as to overlap one area of the shell side and formed to cause the mixture gas to have a prereforming reaction; and a tube side connected to the catalyst layer and arranged so as to overlap the other area of the shell side and formed to cause the prereformed mixture gas to exchange heat with the cathode exhaust gas.

Abstract: A bubble column reactor includes a reactor body which contains a slurry having solid catalyst particles suspended in a liquid, an inflow port which is provided at the bottom of the reactor body and allows a synthesis gas including a carbon monoxide gas and a hydrogen gas as the main components to flow into the slurry therethrough, and an outflow port which is provided at the top of the reactor body and allows gaseous hydrocarbons synthesized by a chemical reaction between the synthesis gas and the slurry, an unreacted synthesis gas, and the like to flow out therethrough. The distance in a vertical direction between the liquid surface of the slurry and the outflow port is 1.4 m or more and 10 m or less.

Abstract: In one aspect, a method to convert a fuel into energy and specialized fuel includes, in a reactor, dissociating a fuel to produce hot carbon and hydrogen, the hot carbon having a temperature state in a range of 700 to 1500° C., in which the dissociating includes providing heat and/or electric energy to produce the hot carbon and the hydrogen; and removing the hot carbon and the hydrogen from the reactor, the removing including depositing the hot carbon to a chamber, in which the hot carbon includes an increased chemical potential energy and is capable of storing energy from an external source. In some implementations, the method can further include supplying an oxygen- and hydrogen-containing reactant to contact the hot carbon to produce carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2); and obtaining the produced CO and H2, which, after the supplying, remaining deposited carbon forms a durable carbon-based good or product.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator (30) and fuel cell system are disclosed. The hydrogen generator (30) includes a housing (32) and a flexible feed member (56) including a flexible carrier (64) and a hydrogen-containing reactant (62) disposed on the carrier. The flexible feed member (56) may include a reactant having a braided carrier on the outside or a flexible strip having a carrier with reactant disposed thereon. The hydrogen-containing reactant (62) will release hydrogen gas when heated. The hydrogen generator further includes a heating system including a heater (48) and a pinch roller system (40) for feeding the flexible feed member (56) to position the flexible feed member in proximity to the heater (48), such that the heater is capable of heating the hydrogen-containing reactant to release hydrogen gas. The fuel cell system includes a fuel cell having a hydrogen gas input port and a hydrogen generator.

Abstract: Provided is a gasoline production device capable of effectively using heat of reaction generated in the synthesis of gasoline and also capable of readily cooling heat generated by synthesizing gasoline. A device 30 for producing gasoline from methanol includes a plurality of reaction tubes 34 configured to synthesize gasoline from methanol and a duct 36 configured to allow air to flow outside the reaction tubes, and heat exchange is carried out between synthesis heat generated within the reaction tubes 34 and the air which flows through the duct 36.

Abstract: An example system includes a combustion chamber including at least one inlet and at least one outlet, and at least one reflective surface to direct shock waves in a pattern that meets at a midline nodal point. The example system also includes an ignition source to generate high enthalpy colliding and reverberating shock pressure waves and detonation gasses for dynamic pressurization. An example method for using high enthalpy colliding and/or reverberating shock pressure waves for chemical and material processing. The example method includes providing a combustion chamber including at least one inlet and at least one outlet, and at least one reflective surface to direct shock waves in a pattern that meets at a midline nodal point. The example method also includes colliding reflected or opposing combustion-induced or detonation-induced wave fronts within the combustion chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to an ethylene cracking furnace having a multi-pass radiant coil, comprising at least one radiant section. In the radiant section there are provided with bottom burners and/or sidewall burners, and at least one set of multi-pass radiant coil longitudinally arranged in the radiant section. The multi-pass radiant coil is a four- to ten-pass type radiant coil. At least one tube of the multi-pass radiant coil is arranged to be spatially adjacent to a tube which is not consecutive to said at least one tube. With this arrangement, the thermal radiation influence between tubes with high temperature can be reduced, so that the tubes with low temperature can absorb the radiation heat from the tubes with high temperature. Therefore, the surface temperature of the tubes with high temperature can be reduced, thus extending the lifetime of the radiant coil and the operational cycle of the cracking furnace.

Abstract: A reactor for carrying out a chemical reaction in a three phase slurry system providing a horizontal reaction vessel with a cross sectional area which is dependent on the vessel length, vessel diameter, and axial position. The vessel has a gas inlet at or near the bottom of the reaction vessel and a gas distributor. The gas product exits the vessel by conduit means at or near the top of the reaction vessel. The vessel includes a plurality of horizontal cooling coils to provide a cooling medium to the slurry. In the reaction vessel, the synthesis gas has an average linear velocity which is a function of the vessel cross sectional area.

Abstract: Disclosed are a process and a system for synthesis gas conversion. The process includes contacting a synthesis gas feed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide having a H2/CO ratio from 0.5 to 3.0 with a hybrid catalyst of particles having a particle size from 50 to 500 ?m and having at least one zeolite and a Fischer-Tropsch component wherein the ratio of zeolite to Fischer-Tropsch component is from 0.1:1 to 30:1 and the hybrid catalyst includes from 0.5 to 40 wt % Fischer-Tropsch component. The process is conducted in a compact heat exchange reactor having a set of reaction passages disposed between a synthesis gas feed header and a products header and a set of coolant passages disposed between a coolant inlet header and a coolant outlet header. The set of coolant passages conducts a coolant therethrough, and the set of reaction passages contains the hybrid catalyst therein and conducts synthesis gas and reaction products therethrough. The process is conducted at a temperature from 200 to 2800° C.

Abstract: An apparatus for purifying an organic compound and a method of purifying an organic compound, the apparatus including an inner tube that receives a purification target material therein; a heater that heats the purification target material received in the inner tube; an evacuator that evacuates the inner tube into a vacuum; and a driving device that drives the inner tube.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator including an initiator assembly having one or more contact members within a compressible member, and a removable fuel unit adjacent a surface of the compressible member. The fuel unit contains a hydrogen containing material that can release hydrogen gas when heated and an exothermic mixture that can react exothermically upon initiation by the initiator assembly. When no fuel unit is in the hydrogen generator, the compressible member is uncompressed and the contact members are at or below its surface, and when a fuel unit is disposed in the hydrogen generator, the compressible member is compressed so the contact members extend beyond the surface to make thermal contact with the fuel unit. Energy from the initiator assembly is conducted by the contact members to corresponding quantities of the exothermic mixture to initiate an exothermic reaction, providing heat for the release of hydrogen gas from the hydrogen containing material.

Abstract: Mechanically fluidized systems and processes allow for efficient, cost-effective production of silicon. Particulate may be provided to a heated tray or pan, which is oscillated or vibrated to provide a reaction surface. The particulate migrates downward in the tray or pan and the reactant product migrates upward in the tray or pan as the reactant product reaches a desired state. Exhausted gases may be recycled.

Abstract: A reactor in the form of a cylinder or prism wherein the interior of the reactor is divided by a cylindrical or prismatic gastight housing G which is arranged in the longitudinal direction of the reactor into an inner region having one or more catalytically active zones, in which in each case a packing composed of monoliths stacked on top of one another, next to one another and behind one another and before each catalytically active zone in each case a mixing zone having solid internals are provided, and an outer region B arranged coaxially to the inner region A, wherein the inner region A is insulated from the outer region B of the reactor by means of a microporous high-performance insulation material having a thermal conductivity 1 at temperatures up to 700° C. of less than 0.05 W/m*K is proposed.

Abstract: A process and apparatus is disclosed for recovering dichlorohydrins from a hydrochlorination reactor effluent stream comprising dichlorohydrins, one or more compounds selected from esters of dichlorohydrins, monochlorohydrins and/or esters thereof, and multihydroxylated-aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds and/or esters thereof, and optionally one or more substances comprising water, chlorinating agents, catalysts and/or esters of catalysts. The reactor effluent stream is distilled to produce a dichlorohydrin-rich vapor phase effluent stream. The dichlorohydrin-rich vapor phase effluent stream is cooled and condensed in two unit operations conducted at two different temperatures and a portion of the liquid phase effluent stream produced by the first unit operation is recycled to the distillation step for reflux. Product streams produced by the process and apparatus are suitable for further processing in a further unit operation, such as dehydrochlorination.

Abstract: A method of producing DEMN eutectic comprises reacting a reactant mixture comprising ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine with aqueous nitric acid to form a reaction mixture comprising diethylentriamine trinitrate and ethylenediamine dinitrate. The reaction mixture is combined with methylnitroguanidine and nitroguanidine to form an aqueous slurry. Water is removed from the aqueous slurry. A method of producing an energetic composition, and a system for producing DEMN eutectic are also described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process to prepare tetrahalopropenes, such as 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (1233xf). The process comprises atomizing a feed material, such as 1,1,2,3-tetrachloropropene (1230xa) and the like, and mixing it with superheated HF to form a vaporized composition of feed material and HF with substantially instantaneous contact with a vapor phase fluorination catalyst. The invention extends catalyst life and forestalls catalyst deactivation.

Abstract: A compound useful for reducing fouling in a hydrocarbon refining process is provided. A method for preparing the compound includes converting a polymer having a vinyl chain end to obtain an aldehyde containing terminal group, and reacting the terminal group with a polyamine. Methods of using the compound and compositions thereof are also provided.

Abstract: The thermochemical conversion of biomass material to one or more reaction products includes generating thermal energy with at least one heat source, providing a volume of feedstock, providing a volume of supercritical fluid, transferring a portion of the generated thermal energy to the volume of supercritical fluid, transferring at least a portion of the generated thermal energy from the volume of supercritical fluid to the volume of feedstock, and performing a thermal decomposition process on the volume of feedstock with the thermal energy transferred from the volume of supercritical fluid to the volume of the feedstock in order to form at least one reaction product.

Abstract: A powder lime calcining process comprises: transporting fine granules of limestones having a water content less than 4%, and a granule size less than 15 mm, from a raw material storing bin to a small material bin, transporting the materials from the small material bin into an airflow pipe by a belt conveyer, heating and drying the materials, sieving the materials by a sieving device, transporting granules into a cyclone cylinder deduster and a clothbag deduster in turn by airflow pipes, the fine powders of limestones after dedusted are transported into an intermediate bin; the materials within the intermediate bin are transported to four preheating cyclone cylinders by a pneumatic lift pump and airflow pipes, and are preheated and separated; the materials after separated are transported into three cooling cyclone cylinders for cooling and separating the materials, finally transported into a finished product bin by a finished product transporting system.

Abstract: A continuous process and system for manufacturing beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) and salts thereof is provided. The continuous process includes providing at least one oxidant and diacetone alcohol, and combining the at least one oxidant with the diacetone alcohol in a first flow reactor to produce a product stream comprising HMB or a salt thereof. Optionally, the process includes a second flow reactor for the acidification of a salt of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate to produce beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate in free acid form.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for pyrolytic destruction of polymer products including whole vehicle vulcanised rubber tires is disclosed. The apparatus 111 has a reaction chamber 153 into which a tire can be placed, and immersed for pyrolytic decomposition in a molten alloy of zinc with a minor proportion of aluminium. The apparatus 111 has a heated reservoir 155 in which the alloy is maintained in a molten state, and from where it can be transferred to the reaction chamber 153 to immerse the tire. Fluid hydrocarbon byproducts are drawn off for condensation and recovery, and solid zinc sulphides are also recovered. Where steel belted tires are processed, carbon and steel residues are also recovered.

Abstract: The invention relates to a reactor for the catalytic conversion of reaction media (1) in a reaction chamber (4) with the aid of a catalyst, wherein the reactor is equipped with at least one plate heat exchanger (6) in a reactor container (2). The plate heat exchanger (6) is substantially composed of heat-exchange plates (5) separated from each other by packings (7). The heat-exchange plates (5) define, between each other, the reaction chamber (4) through which the reaction medium (1) flows. According to the invention, the respective packing (7) is constructed as a catalyst support (7) that is structurally independent of the plate heat exchanger (6). In this case, the support (7) in question may be optionally inserted into a plate interstice (4) defining the reaction chamber (4) and removed again therefrom.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator includes a housing, a pellet strip with a plurality of pellets disposed on a flexible carrier, the pellets including a hydrogen containing material that will release hydrogen gas when heated. A feed system feeds the pellet strip to sequentially position one or more pellets in proximity to a heater that heats the pellets to release hydrogen gas. The pellet strip can be folded or wound on a reel, stored in a compartment in the hydrogen generator or in a user-replaceable container. The hydrogen generator can be part of a fuel cell system that includes the hydrogen generator and a fuel cell battery.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing a production gas and an apparatus using the same with which a load may be increased in biomass treatment and the quality of the production gas may be improved. According to the present invention, a raw material fluid (F2) containing a biomass (M1) is supplied from an upstream end (22a) toward a downstream end (22b) in a raw material passage (22) separated from the outside by a reaction tube wall (21), and the raw fluid (F2) of the raw material passage (22) is heated from the outer side of the raw material passage (22) through the reaction tube wall (21) by a first heating means (F1). The raw material passage (22) comprises a first gasification region (23) where a first gasification reaction occurs in which at least part of the biomass is gasified by heating conducted by the first heating means (F1), and a second gasification area (25) disposed closer to the downstream end (22b) than to the first gasification region (23).

Abstract: Devices and methods are presented in which heat transfer from the surface of a high-temperature exothermic reaction mass is removed while largely maintaining the temperature of the mass at a desired level by allowing heat to radiate from the surface of the reaction mass to a first absorber that forms part of a reactor vessel, from which the heat is then removed using a second absorber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing a methane-containing gas from synthesis gas, wherein a synthesis gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen is fed for methanation to a reactor system (1) having a catalyst material, wherein the process gas stream leaving the reactor system (1) is divided into a product gas stream and a recycle gas stream, and wherein the recycle gas stream, for compensation of the pressure drop, is transported through an ejector (5) and for cooling is passed together with the synthesis gas into the reactor system (1). According to the invention, the product gas stream is compressed to a pressure which is greater than the pressure of the synthesis gas that is fed to the reactor system (1). Either compressed product gas or industrial gas from an industrial gas pipe system (9) is fed as propellant medium to the ejector (5). The invention also relates to a methane production plant for carrying out the process.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator includes: a water evaporation unit configured to mix water with a raw gas; a burner; a combustion exhaust gas flow channel provided on an inner side than the water evaporation unit and through which a combustion exhaust gas from the burner flows; a reforming catalyst layer configured to produce a reformed gas; and a carbon monoxide reduction unit configured to reduce an amount of carbon monoxide contained in the reformed gas. The water evaporation unit includes a flow channel member defining a flow channel through which the raw gas and the water flow. A pitch of the flow channel member is changed according to at least one of an amount of heat exchange between the combustion exhaust gas flow channel and the water evaporation unit and an amount of heat exchange between the water evaporation unit and the carbon monoxide reduction unit.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an apparatus for a reduction reaction of carbon dioxide using solar energy and a reducing method of carbon dioxide for reacting carbon dioxide gas and hydrogen gas with each other by using solar energy.