Abstract: A lateral-flow assay device includes a substrate having a sample addition zone and a wash addition zone downstream thereof along a fluid flow path through which a sample flows. The fluid flow path is configured to receive a wash fluid in the wash addition zone. A hydrophilic surface is arranged in the wash addition zone. Flow constriction(s) are spaced apart from the fluid flow path and arranged to define, with the hydrophilic surface, a reservoir configured to retain the wash fluid by formation of a meniscus between the hydrophilic surface and the flow constriction(s). The fluid flow path draws the wash fluid from the reservoir by capillary pressure. Apparatus for analyzing a fluidic sample and methods of displacing a fluidic sample in a fluid flow path of an assay device are also described.

Abstract: A reagent container is disclosed that is installed in an analyzer for use and stores a reagent supplied to the analyzer via an aspiration tube. The reagent container includes a container body. The container body includes a tubular member with an opening into which the aspiration tube is inserted from above, and a bag-shaped member joined to the tubular member and storing the reagent. The container body comprises a penetration prevention member that prevents a tip of the aspiration tube 90 inserted through the opening from penetrating the container body.

Abstract: A microfabricated sheath flow structure for producing a sheath flow includes a primary sheath flow channel for conveying a sheath fluid, a sample inlet for injecting a sample into the sheath fluid in the primary sheath flow channel, a primary focusing region for focusing the sample within the sheath fluid and a secondary focusing region for providing additional focusing of the sample within the sheath fluid. The secondary focusing region may be formed by a flow channel intersecting the primary sheath flow channel to inject additional sheath fluid into the primary sheath flow channel from a selected direction. A sheath flow system may comprise a plurality of sheath flow structures operating in parallel on a microfluidic chip.

Abstract: Magnetic assisted separation apparatuses for separating a target substance from a medium in which the target substance is suspended, and related methods, are provided. According to one aspect, a magnetic separator may include a frame having an opening configured to receive one or more containers containing the medium. Additionally, the magnetic separator may include first and second magnetic field generating elements mounted on opposing sides of the frame such that one or more containers can be positioned between the first and second magnetic field generating elements. According to another aspect, a workstation includes a work surface for receiving one or more containers containing the medium, a fluid transfer member, an automated manipulator configured to move the fluid transfer member, and a plurality magnetic field generating elements each being moveable between a position remote from the one or more containers and another position adjacent to the one or more containers.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for preparing a sample to be introduced in a chromatographic analysis system from the headspace of a vial, by introducing a pressurized inert gas in said headspace, controlling the pressure or flow, and subsequently by discharging said pressure from the headspace through a loop having constant volume and through a discharge duct provided with a valve, the discharge duct branching with respect to the feed duct. To eliminate the drawbacks of the known methods, during the step of discharging the pressure, the feed duct is kept open and the pressure in said loop is controlled by detecting the feed and/or discharge pressure.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods for drawing-off liquid from individual droplets which are in a predefined arrangement on a flat substrate and have sedimented material enclosed in them. A mask of an absorbent material comprising a pattern of indentations or holes which corresponds at least partially to the regular arrangement of the individual droplets, or a stiff, rigid plate of an absorbent material is positioned above the flat substrate in such a way that the droplets come into contact with the absorbent material peripherally so that liquid is drawn off there-into. The invention also relates to a mask of an absorbent material with a substantially rectangular shape which has a predefined pattern of indentations or holes for the purpose of separating liquid and sedimented material enclosed therein.

Abstract: A method for operating a dosing device comprising a control unit, a dosing unit with a cannula of a first volume, and a sampling container connected to the cannula. The method comprises moving the dosing unit in a first direction along an axis to move the cannula into a vessel containing a liquid; constantly aspirating fluid through the cannula with a predetermined volumetric flow; measuring at least one optical parameter of the aspirated fluid; when a change of the optical parameter is detected, storing a first position of the dosing unit on the axis and interrupting the movement of the dosing unit; and calculating a second position of the dosing unit on the axis at which the tip of the cannula has penetrated a first phase boundary upon immersion into the liquid. The calculation is performed on the basis of the first position, the predetermined speed, the first volume and the predetermined volumetric flow.

Abstract: In a urine sampling container 1, a retaining mechanism 15 is provided on opening end sides of a urine collection tube 3 and a cover tube 4 to prevent the cover tube 4 from being removed from the urine collection tube 3 in a state in which the urine collection tube 3 is inserted to and fitted in the cover tube 4, so as to keep the urine collection tube 3 and a storage tube 2 securely coupled with each other at the time of urine collection and to allow the storage tube 2 to be easily removed from the urine collection tube 3 at the time of examination.

Abstract: The present invention provides systems, devices, and methods for point-of-care and/or distributed testing services. The methods and devices of the invention are directed toward automatic detection of analytes in a bodily fluid. The components of the device can be modified to allow for more flexible and robust use with the disclosed methods for a variety of medical, laboratory, and other applications. The systems, devices, and methods of the present invention can allow for effective use of samples by improved sample preparation and analysis.

Abstract: A system for preparing biological sample contains a body including a proximal side and a distal side, a plurality of mandrels, a plurality of resilient elements, a plurality of fluid dispensers, and one or more samples. The mandrels are moveably positioned within the body, where each resilient element engages a respective one of the mandrels. Each of the fluid dispensers is configured to engage a distal end of a corresponding one of the mandrels. Each sample comprises a solution containing one or more nucleic acid sequences contained within at least one of the fluid dispensers.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an instrument and method of use in which a sample is taken from a sample container with a sampling member (10) and is directly transferred to an inlet of a flow structure that includes a aliquoting chamber for segmenting an aliquot of the sample with high-precision. That is, there is no need to direct the sample over a long passageway in the sampling member (10) before a sample portion could be dispensed by a sampling unit.

Abstract: A washing machine including a module housing that can accommodate a communication module is provided, which includes a front panel on which an inlet port for putting laundry there through is formed, and a control panel arranged on an upper portion of the front panel, wherein the control panel includes a first opening provided thereon to arrange an operation portion for operating the washing machine therein, a circuit board mounted thereon to receive a signal that is input from the operation portion, and a module housing mounted thereon and having an accommodation space for accommodating at least a part of a communication module for the washing machine to communicate with an external device.

Abstract: A system and associated method for concentrating and separating components of different densities from fluid containing cells using a centrifuge includes a container defining a cavity for receiving the fluid. The container has a top, a sidewall extending from the top, and a bottom disposed opposite the top and in sealing engagement with the sidewall. An insert is slidably disposed in the cavity of the container and defines a lumen through the insert. The lumen, which includes a hole and a funnel-shaped upper portion in fluid communication with the hole, forms an open fluid path between opposite ends of the insert. The insert has a density such that upon centrifugation a selected component of the fluid resides within the lumen. A container port is disposed in the top of the container to transfer the fluid into the container and to withdraw a fluid component other than the selected component from the container.

Abstract: A method of using a hand-held miniature device for injecting an agent into a tree with continuous pressure that is adjustable. The device features one-thumb on/off switch operation for a metered dose, precise dose measuring, and air-powered injection in a lightweight device. The on/off switch does not need to be held in the on position by a user.

Abstract: Methods for imaging a substrate include: inducing an electrospray from a nanopipette probe; varying a distance between the nanopipette probe and a surface of the substrate until a predefined electrospray current and/or a predefined distance threshold is reached; and determining a topography of the surface of the substrate based on feedback derived from distance dependency of the electrospray current. Apparatuses for performing scanning electrospray microscopy and methods for spatially controlled deposition of material on surfaces of substrates are described.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a system and method to safely and efficiently store and transport process tubes in a carrier tray comprising prior to and during amplification of nucleotides in the process tubes. The process tube disclosed includes a securement region having an annular ledge, a neck, and a protrusion. The securement region of the process tube can secure the process tube in a port of the carrier tray, but still allows the process tube to adjust or float in order to align the process tube into a rigid heater well of a thermal cycler.

Abstract: Systems and methods for single cell culture and analysis by microscopy and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry are disclosed. The systems and methods isolate a plurality of cells in a plurality of wells such that a predetermined number of the plurality of wells contain one and only one cell. The plurality of wells allow for optical interrogation of the cells and subsequent matrix assisted laser desorption ionizing of molecules within the cells.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure include methods of moving a target fluid in a triphasic fluid arrangement from a vessel into a tube and systems and devices for practicing the same.

Abstract: A pipetting system including a positive displacement sampling pipette as well as a capillary-piston assembly, the piston of which has a top end intended to be held by a gripping device equipping the pipette, the device including a plurality of gripping tongs. The system is designed so that, when the capillary is fitted on the pipette tip and the gripping device is remote from the piston upwards, this device can be displaced downwards with its tongs in an open configuration, up to a determined position in which the tongs, arranged around the top end of the piston, automatically switch into a closed configuration in which they provide a holding of the top end of the piston.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an automatic real-time quantitative amplification system which can perform analysis of various biological samples, and more particularly to an automatic real-time quantitative amplification system in which a plurality of decks for respectively accommodating biological samples are put in a deck storing/transferring device, whereby it is possible to automatically analyze an amount or existence of a target substance containing a target nucleic acid in the biologic sample, such as a particular gene, a particular, a particular pathogenic bacterium and a particular protein, by amplifying the target nucleic acid purified by some processes of purification, purification after culture, or purification after reaction of the target substance contained in the biological sample and then checking an amount of the amplified target nucleic acid.

Abstract: Disclosed are cartridges and modules that may be utilized in diagnostic systems and methods. The cartridge includes a flexible seal that caps the cartridge. The flexible seal has an opening for a pipette tip, and the flexible seal is configured to create a sealed environment when a pipette tip is positioned in the opening of the flexible seal and when the pipette tip is moved in the X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis.

Abstract: An automated analyzer includes a rod-like member 12a, a driving portion 12c, and a control mechanism 30. The driving portion 12c lifts and lowers the rod-like member 12a a direction of being inserted into and removed from the container 24. The control mechanism 30 controls the driving portion 12c so that the rod-like member 12a is lifted after being lowered so that a tip portion of the rod-like member 12a reaches a first position in the liquid L, and at a time when the rod-like member 12a reaches a second position where the tip portion is not separated from the liquid, an upward motion of the rod-like member 12a is stopped for a given period of time to reduce liquid film adhering to the rod-like member.

Abstract: A sample analyzer comprises a reagent container setting part configured to install a reagent-container retainer for retaining a reagent container having an opening, an aspirating tube configured to aspirate a reagent in the reagent container, and an aspirating tube holder configured to hold the aspirating tube. The aspirating tube holder includes a cover, the cover having an open portion provided from a bottom face thereof to a side face thereof, the cover covering the aspirating tube with a region thereof other than the open portion. The aspirating tube holder includes a guide portion configured to guide the aspirating tube holder relative to the reagent-container retainer such that the aspirating tube holder is allowed to reach a state where the aspirating tube has entered the reagent container or a state where the aspirating tube has retreated from the reagent container.

Abstract: A filtering device for fluids includes a filter housing (1) and a filter element (9) received in the filter housing. The filter element has an end cap (17) on at least one end. The end cap forms an enclosure for the corresponding end edge of the filtering material (23, 35) and is fixed on an element receiver (13) interacting with the bottom part (5) of the filter housing (1) to fix the position of the filter element (9) in its functional position. The element receiver forms a fluid path for the cleaned fluid exiting the hollow chamber (19) of the filter element (9). The element receiver (13) contains a valve arrangement (55) blocking the fluid path (35). A control device (79, 83) releasing the valve arrangement (55) in the functional position is on the end cap (17) of the filtering element (9). The end cap is fixed on the element receiver (13).

Abstract: A cylinder-and-piston assembly for a bottle attachment apparatus for handling liquids provides a cylinder attachable to a valve block assembly, a piston, displaceable in a sealed manner in the longitudinal direction within the cylinder, and a cylinder housing connected to the piston and externally encompassing the cylinder. The piston is displaceable in the cylinder and the stroke length of the piston in the cylinder is delimited by a fixed stop, which interacts with a stroke length stop on the cylinder housing. The cylinder housing has a longitudinal slot running in the longitudinal direction and on the external side thereof has a scale assigned to this longitudinal slot. The stroke length stop on the cylinder housing is adjustable in the longitudinal direction and is interlockable in the respective position.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides apparatuses, systems, and methods involving a spotter apparatus for depositing a substance from a carrier fluid onto a deposition surface in an ordered array, the spotter apparatus comprising a loading surface including a first well and a second well; and a different outlet surface, including a first opening and a second opening, where a first microconduit fluidly couples the first well with the first opening and a second microconduit fluidly couples the second well with the second opening. An overlay is sealed to the outlet surface and penetrated by a deposition channel that is situated to communicate carrier fluid among the first opening, the second opening, and the deposition surface when the overlay is pressed against the deposition surface.

Abstract: According to embodiments, disclosed is an inflation and deflation device for an inflatable medical device, comprising: an inflation tubing disposed between an access block and a roller configured to rotate about an axis of a roller head; wherein the inflation tubing provides fluid communication between a container and the inflatable medical device; wherein the access block and the roller are configured to restrict flow through the inflation tubing at the area of pressure between the roller and the access block; and wherein the rotation of the roller about the axis of the roller head is configured to transport a fluid within the inflation tubing.

Abstract: Pipette for operating a syringe with a bar-shaped housing, a fixture with an opening at the lower end of the housing for putting in a syringe with a fastening portion on the upper edge of a cylinder, a fixture body with a further fixture and a further opening on the lower end of the housing, for putting in a further fastening portion of a piston of the syringe, means for detachably holding the fastening portion in the fixture and the further fastening portion in the further fixture, means for displacing the fixture body within the housing in the longitudinal direction of the housing, which have a draw-up lever activated from the outside of the housing, which is connected to the fixture body via a connection element which grips through a straight slit extending in the longitudinal direction of the housing, wherein below the slit in the housing, a cover stripe covering the slit is held in the housing at two positions spaced apart from each other in the longitudinal direction of the slit, and wherein the connect

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of performing microchemical reactions and electro-wetting-on-dielectric devices (EWOD devices) for use in performing those reactions. These devices and method are particularly suited for preparing radiochemical compounds, particularly compounds containing 18F.

Abstract: Apparatuses for analyzing total carbon and chemical oxygen demand in a sample are disclosed. Also disclosed is a method for analyzing carbon and chemical oxygen demand.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a guiding device for guiding a dispenser to draw solution from at least one well on a microplate. The guiding device includes a column body whereon a first opening and a second opening are formed on opposite sides, and a slotting structure passing through the column body and communicating with the first opening and the second opening. A pipe of the dispenser passes through the first opening, the slotting structure and the second opening to reach inside the at least one well on the microplate for drawing the solution contained in the at least one well.

Abstract: A pipette receiver and its variations are discussed for use in a multi-channel pipetting device typically used for medical, biological or biochemical research and development. There is a plurality of individual positive air displacement channels that are fitted to individual disposable pipette tips intended to pipette into associated “plates”. These “plates” may be Micro-titer plates, wells or vials each typically containing 96 wells in an 8×12 array usually spaced 9 mm apart. Other common plates contain 384 wells 4.5 mm apart in the same footprint of the 96, or a 1536 well plate fitting the same footprint.

Abstract: A hand-held, multi-channel pipettor has an electronically controlled motor to reposition pipette tips for different center to center spacing. Each repositionable tip fitting assembly has a cam following pin that is driven by cam tracks in a motor driven roller drum. Stationary ports for the multiple aspiration cylinders are strategically placed to simplify management of flexible tubes leading to the repositionable pipette tip fitting assemblies. The pipettor has a user interface that can be operated conveniently by one hand to reposition pipette tips. It has a pipette tip ejection mechanism with a sinusoidal stripper bar.

Abstract: A metering device for use in syringes and pipetting piston-cylinder arrangements; the metering device includes a sealing component and at least one pretensioning component. The sealing component includes a sealing section which has a sealing surface formed on a working surface formed on either the outer surface of the piston rod facing toward the inner wall of the cylinder or on the inner side of the cylinder facing towards the piston rod. The sealing section also has a pretensioning surface for engaging with a plurality of identical pretensioning components for transferring the radial pretensioning force. The plurality of identical pretensioning components are arranged one after the other in the axial direction. The identical pretensioning components include a spring carrier and a plurality of separately formed radial spring segments compliantly supported at least in the radial direction on the spring carrier.

Abstract: A metering device for use in syringes and pipetting piston-cylinder arrangements, including a sealing component working together with at least one pretensioning component. The sealing component comprises a sealing segment extending in the axial direction and in the circumferential direction. The sealing segment has a sealing surface facing in a first radial direction for sealing and sliding contact in at least the axial direction, is formed on a working surface formed on the outer surface of the piston rod facing toward the inner wall of the cylinder. The sealing segment also has a pretensioning surface extending in a second radial direction opposite to the first for engaging with the pretensioning component for transferring the radial pretensioning force, where the pretensioning component includes a spring carrier and a plurality of separately formed radial spring segments compliantly supported at least in the radial direction on the spring carrier.

Abstract: The invention provides for a method of pipetting samples using a pipetting device including more than one pipetting unit. Each of the pipetting units are independently movable in Y and Z directions and includes an upper and a lower frame. Two adjacent pipetting units include a module arranged in a staggered manner in either of the respective upper and lower frames.

Abstract: A testing cartridge for metering of a sample to be tested. The testing cartridge includes a casing defining a casing opening and a sliding member defining a sliding member opening. The casing opening or the sliding member opening can define a specified volume, wherein the casing opening and the sliding member opening collectively define a sample application region dimensioned to accommodate receiving an amount of sample exceeding the specified volume. The sliding member is movable transversely to the casing opening by having the sliding member and the casing traverse across each other's respective openings to remove excess sample from the received amount of sample and retain the specified volume from the received amount of sample.

Abstract: A liquid measuring unit includes a first capillary tube, a second capillary tube, and a holding portion that holds the first capillary tube and the second capillary tube, wherein a distance between a liquid contact portion of the first capillary tube and the holding portion is longer than a distance between a liquid contact portion of the second capillary tube and the holding portion.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention is to provide a system for sorting cell particles in a liquid flow, which comprises a flow-defining block including a flow chamber receiving a sample conduit and a flow cell having a flow channel. The system also comprises a strobe block including a imaging device for taking an image of a jet flow ejected from the flow-defining block and a plurality of droplets in a given image area. The flow-defining block and the strobe block are detachably connected each other. Further the strobe block includes a nozzle plate having a nozzle channel between a receiving end and a nozzle. The flow-defining block includes a discharge end opposite to the receiving end and a channel enlarged portion of which cross section taken along a predetermined plane perpendicular to a flow direction has an area increasing towards the discharge end. The discharge end and the receiving end have substantially the same open distance in the predetermined plane perpendicular to the flow direction.

Abstract: The device for the transfer of a medium comprises a magazine (2) and at least one transfer element (3) for transfer of said medium, said transfer element (3) comprising a duct (45) for transfer of said medium provided at one end with a needle (31), a septum (32), and a maneuvering unit (33) of said needle (31), said transfer element (3) also comprising means for locking (61, 65) adapted to cooperate with complementary locking means (15) of said magazine (2) to lock said needle (31) in a waiting position, said locking means (61, 62, 65) belonging to said maneuvering unit (33) and cooperating with said complementary locking means (15) at a location of said magazine (2) distinct from the location through which said duct (45) issues from the cavity (20), at the opposite end from the needle (31).

Abstract: A specimen analyzing method and a specimen analyzing apparatus capable of measuring interference substances before analyzing a specimen. The method comprises a step for sucking the specimen stored in a specimen container (150) and sampling it in a first container (153), a step for optically measuring the specimen in the first container, a step for sampling the specimen in a second container (154) and preparing a specimen for measurement by mixing the specimen with a reagent in the second container, and a step for analyzing the specimen for measurement according to the results of the optical measurement of the specimen.

Abstract: The invention relates to a pipetting apparatus, and a method for producing the same, comprising: —a valve arrangement having at least one valve device for setting a pipetting pressure, wherein the valve device comprises a valve chamber; —at least one pump device, which is connected to the valve chamber to generate a chamber pressure in the valve chamber; —a pipetting channel, to which the pipetting container can be connected, and; —a bypass channel, which is open to the surrounding environment; wherein the pipetting channel and the bypass channel are each connected to the valve chamber; —and wherein the at least one valve device is designed such that, to generate the desired pipetting pressure in the pipetting channel, the chamber pressure is distributed in a metered manner by the valve device between the pipetting channel and the bypass channel.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a device for sampling blood by capillarity for separating a plasma phase of the blood from the cell phase. The device is a strip and includes a filter having a membrane with no clumping agents, a prefilter for spreading blood over the surface of the membrane; and an absorbent paper downstream from the filter. The membrane is dimensioned to cover only a part of the surface of the prefilter and the migration of blood by capillarity within the prefilter takes place essentially lengthwise relative to the strip before blood comes into contact with the membrane.

Abstract: A self-contained assay facility housed in a fixed-wing or rotary wing aircraft that is completely equipped to melt and assay precious metals, particularly gold and silver. An induction furnace melts the metal that is then poured into an ingot. The ingot is weighed and analyzed using an XRF alloy analyzer and the percentage of gold and/or other metals recorded. The value of the gold at current market prices is calculated and the assay and the value of the ingot is printed and given to the seller. The seller may opt to receive the ingot and pay the assayer an assay fee. Alternately, the seller may ask to be paid in cash, in bullion, by wire transfer, or by an open hedge. A transfer or hedge is initiated and confirmed from the assay facility. The ingots are securely stored in a safe within the assay facility.

Abstract: Provided is a cell concentration and purification device, having: a function of continuously concentrating cells; a function of then subsequently disposing the cells continuously in a specific region of a channel; a function of simultaneously recognizing, based on an image, the shape and fluorescence emission of each single cell; and a function of recognizing the cells and then separating and purifying the same based on the data relating to the shape and fluorescence emission thereof.

Abstract: Chemical indicator apparatuses containing one or more chemical indicators for use in monitoring the quality of water in an aquatic environment. The apparatuses are designed and configured to be submersible in the water that is being monitored. In some embodiments, each apparatus includes a plurality of immobilized-dye-based chemical indicators that undergo a physical change as levels of one or more constituents of the water change. Such indicators can be read by one or more suitable optical readers. These and other embodiments are designed and configured to be movable by a corresponding monitoring/measuring apparatus, for example, via a magnetically coupled drive. Also disclosed are a variety of features that can be used to provide a chemical indicator apparatus with additional functionalities.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods, systems, and devices for detecting and/or identifying one or more specific microorganisms in a culture sample. Indicator particles, such as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-active nanoparticles, each having associated therewith one or more specific binding members having an affinity for the one or more microorganisms of interest, can form a complex with specific microorganisms in the culture sample. Further, agitating magnetic capture particles also having associated therewith one or more specific binding members having an affinity for the one or more microorganisms of interest can be used to capture the microorganism-indicator particle complex and concentrate the complex in a localized area of an assay vessel for subsequent detection and identification. The complex can be dispersed, pelleted, and redispersed so that the culture sample can be retested a number of times during incubation so as to allow for real-time monitoring of the culture sample.

Abstract: Provided herein is a bioprocessing device, bioprocessing card, and fluidics cartridge for performing automated bioprocessing of a sample. The bioprocessing card may include a plurality of pipette tips; and at least one pump in fluid communication with the plurality of pipette tips. In some embodiments, the pumps and the pipette tips are in fluid communication through a processing channel which may be a microscale channel. Also provided herein is an automated bioprocessing device comprising: at least one bioprocessing card; at least one fluidic cartridge; and an automated control system configured to control automated bioprocessing of a sample. Further provided herein are methods of use of the device, card, and cartridge.

Abstract: Provided are a valve unit and a microfluidic device including the valve unit. The valve unit includes: a valve substance container containing a valve substance, the valve substance including a phase change material that is solid at ambient temperature and melts by absorbing energy; a valve connection path connecting the valve substance container to a channel forming a fluid passage; and a pair of drain chambers formed along the channel at both sides of the valve connection path.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a cation exchange capacity titration unit comprising a titration cell having a closed bottom end in fluid communication with an open top end; a recirculation loop comprising a pump and a sensing unit, wherein the pump comprises a pump inlet in fluid communication with the bottom end of the titration cell, and a pump outlet in fluid communication with a sensing unit inlet, the sensing unit inlet being in fluid communication with a sensing unit outlet, wherein the sensing unit outlet is in fluid communication with the top end of the titration cell such that operation of the pump results in an analyte sample flowing from the bottom end through the pump, through the sensing unit, and back into the top end of the titration cell in a continuous loop. A method of determining the cation exchange capacity of a sample is also disclosed.