Abstract: A method of manufacturing a thin layer detector for integrating solid state dosimeters, in particular for thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD's), from thermoluminescent powder material, comprising the simultaneous application of high pressure and elevated temperature to the powder layer at selected values (working point) sufficient to cause physico-chemical bonding of the layer with a suitably prepared substrate by plastic flow of the powder grains.

Abstract: An input screen and method of forming one for an image intensifier tube including a substrate in which a plurality of crystal grains of aluminum or aluminum alloy are formed in a plane with the crystal grains having non-directional shapes in the plane. The crystal grains are formed by heating in a vacuum or non-oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature between 450.degree. C. and 650.degree. C. The oxidized layer is next removed by an etchant, and a phosphor layer formed on the crystal grains by vapor-deposit.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a radiographic intensifying screen comprising a support and a phosphor layer, which comprises:preparing a coating dispersion containing phosphor particles, a particulate hydrophobic silica in an amount of not more than 2% by weight of the phosphor particles, and a binder; andapplying the coating dispersion onto the support to form a phosphor layer.

Abstract: Process for obtaining luminescent glass layers, application to the production of devices provided with said layers and to the construction of photoscintillators.The process comprises projecting onto a support, by cathodic sputtering, the material of at least one target, each target including silica and at least one chemical compound able to give luminescent centers, such as a cerium oxide, so as to form at least one luminescent glass layer of the said support. The layer or layers formed preferably undergo a heat treatment such as annealing in order to increase the luminous efficiency thereof. It is in this way possible to form a scintillating glass layer on the previously frosted entrance window of a photomultiplier in order to obtain an integrated photoscintillator.

Abstract: An improved X-ray lithography mask has been fabricated by forming an X-ray absorbing lithography pattern on a supporting foil of hydrogenated amorphous carbon. The substrate foil is formed by depositing a carbon film in the presence of hydrogen onto a surface having a temperature below 375.degree. C. The hydrogen concentration is maintained sufficiently high that the resulting film has at least one atom percent of hydrogen. A film having about 20 atom percent of hydrogen is preferred. While impurities are permitted, impurities must be maintained at a level such that the optical bandgap of the resulting film is at least one electron volt. A film with an optical bandgap of about 2 electron volts is preferred.

Abstract: A phosphor screen is produced by a vacuum deposition process using a planetary structure for simultaneously rotating and revolving structured substrates within a chamber. A thermal radiation shield is provided at the central axis and, because of the offset positions of the substrates, the deposited phosphor layers are formed with thicker edges than centers to thereby inherently exhibit uniformity correction characteristics. The process allows for single-layer depositions of relatively great thicknesses which, when annealed for relatively short periods of time, are comprised primarily of columnar fibers aligned normally to the substrate to inhibit lateral scattering of generated light within the screen.

Abstract: In an X-ray image intensifier consisting of a scintillator screen associated with a photocathode, an electron-optical system and an output screen on which a strong visible image appears, resolution is improved by providing the scintillator screen, formed by a layer of cesium iodide doped with sodium deposited onto the substrate, a structure of needles approximately micrometers in diameter which are kept in the form of separate needles during the subsequent heat treatment by virtue of the presence of silicon oxide in the cesium iodide lattice.

Abstract: An X-ray tube including a tubular envelope having therein an anode target provided with a surface portion made of X-ray emissive material and with another surface portion coated with amorphous carbon material, and an electron emitting cathode disposed to beam electrons onto the surface portion of the target made of X-ray emissive material.

Abstract: An X-ray tube including a tubular envelope having therein an anode target provided with a surface portion made of X-ray emissive material and with another surface portion made of heat emissive material comprising at least one of the members from the group consisting of hafnium boride, hafnium oxide, hafnium nitride, hafnium silicide, and hafnium aluminide; and an electron emitting cathode disposed to direct a beam of electrons onto the anode surface portion made of X-ray emissive material.

Abstract: A screen for converting an electron image to an optical image is made by coating a transparent substrate with 1 micron mean particle size phosphor in fluid thermoplastic material using a spinning method. When the thermoplastic is set it is heated to near melting and additional fine phosphor is driven into its surface with an ultrafine sponge. After baking, this first layer is coated with a slurry of coarser grain phosphor suspended in water and a silicate compound and the substrate is centrifuged. After this second layer is dry, a thin coat of lacquer is applied and dried followed by aluminizing the lacquer. The coated screen is then baked to drive off the lacquer volatiles.

Abstract: Methods for constructing radiation sensitive detectors are described. In one method, distinct layers of optical cement and plastics material are disposed between a semiconductor photodiode and a layer of rare earth phosphor in order to permit the phosphor and the plastics material to be peeled from the optical cement without damaging the photodiode in the event of a problem arising with the deposition of the phosphor layer. The phosphor layer may be loaded with heavy metal such as lead or tin. In the event that an array of semiconductive photodiodes is used, with stopper channels between adjacent diodes, the plastics material is preferably provided with markings overlying the stopper channels so as to reduce optical cross-talk between adjacent detectors.

Abstract: In an X-ray image intensifier consisting of a scintillator screen associated with a photocathode, an electron-optical system and an output screen on which a strong visible image appears, resolution is improved by providing the scintillator screen, formed by a layer of cesium iodide doped with sodium deposited onto the substrate, a structure of needles approximately micrometers in diameter which are kept in the form of separate needles during the subsequent heat treatment by virtue of the presence of silicon oxide in the cesium iodide lattice.

Abstract: A process is disclosed whereby there is formed a high resolution screen in which laterally directed back reflections of light produced within a luminous layer, which reflections have heretofore been generally laterally directed so as to result in decreased resolution, are minimized by the inclusion of an antireflecting surface at the back side of the luminous layer. In the present process, the antireflecting surface is formed by subjecting a substantially planar aluminum surface on a support layer to a steam treatment to convert the aluminum surface to a microstructured surface of boehmite, a hydrated aluminum oxide, having a plurality of randomly positioned leaflets extending from the surface.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an input screen for an image intensifier which comprises the steps of thermally depositing a phosphor layer of alkaline metal halide on one side of a substrate to provide a phosphor layer formed of columnar crystals extending in a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane of the substrate; treating the surface of the phosphor layer by a liquid material of low boiling point and incapable of dissolving the phosphor, thereby producing cracks extending in a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane of the substrate in said phosphor layer; and forming a photoemissive layer on the surface of the phosphor layer, thereby enabling the phosphor layer to have a high light-guiding property and ensuring the prominent elevation of the resolving power of an image intensifier.

Abstract: There is disclosed a soft x-ray source comprising (a) a substrate formed of a thermally conductive material, such as copper or a copper alloy, which tends to generate predominantly hard x-rays upon the collision of an electron beam, (b) an intermediate layer formed on the substrate, the intermediate layer being at least one of rhodium, silver, palladium, and molybdenum, and (c) a silicon film formed on the intermediate layer. There is also disclosed an x-ray lithographic apparatus comprising (a) an electron beam source, (b) the soft x-ray source described above, and (c) means for irradiating an object with the emitted soft x-rays. The method for manufacturing the soft x-ray source comprises (a) preparing a substrate, (b) setting the substrate in a vacuum chamber, (c) introducing a gas or vapor-containing silicon in a vacuum chamber, and (d) forming a silicon film on the intermediate layer by generating a plasma within the vacuum chamber.

Abstract: X-ray image intensifying screen including at least one fluorescent layer comprising phosphor particles dispersed in a binder and on top of such layer a protective layer containing a crosslinked polymer mass obtained by an acid-catalyzed reaction of a polymer or mixture of polymers containing reactive hydrogen atoms and a crosslinking agent, the crosslinking agent being an organic compound containing a plurality of etherified N-methylol groups.

Abstract: A sheet containing the apertures to be filled is coated with a layer of crystalline material. A localized heat source heats small portions of the layer at a time. The crystalline material in each portion is melted and allowed to flow into the apertures. The localized heat source is then moved to heat a different portion of the crystalline layer. In this fashion the layer of crystalline material is scanned with the localized heat source so that the crystalline material melts, flows into the apertures to be filled and then recrystallizes.

Abstract: A heat radiating coating of rhenium for a refractory core which may be used for a rotating X-ray anode, power tube or the like. The coating is characterized by a multiplicity of needle-like radiation-reflecting elements disposed adjacent to each other. The needles have such steep angles that incoming radiation is substantially absorbed thereby by repeated reflection. Since the coating has a high radiation absorption coefficient it has a corresponding high emissivity on the order of 0.9 at elevated temperatures. A process is disclosed for depositing such a heat radiating coating of rhenium by chemical vapor deposition.

Abstract: A photoconductive layer having superior characteristics is made by steps of suspending uniformly photoconductive particles in a viscous solution by stirring, pouring the stirred mixture of the photoconductive particles, binder and solvent on a substrate which is put horizontally at a bottom of a container, precipitating the photoconductive particles on the surface of the substrate so as to form a wet photoconductive layer, removing the clear solution on the wet photoconductive layer, drying the wet photoconductive layer and baking the dried photoconductive layer.

Abstract: In a luminescent layer which is composed of spatially separated areas for reduction of lateral light dispersion in the layer, this subdivision is realized by provision of a crack structure in the luminescent layer.This crack structure is realized by thermal treatment of a layer which is provided on a substratum, and can be made optimum by an appropriate choice of the layer thickness, so that deposition in a plurality of sublayers can be advantageous. The crack structure can also be caused by a pattern which is provided in the substratum surface or by means of a gauze which serves as a substratum.