Abstract: A silver halide photographic material comprising a support having thereon at least one silver halide emulsion layer coated on at least one side of the support. The at least one silver halide emulsion layer comprises a silver halide emulsion containing colloidal silica. 70% or more of the total projected area of all of the silver halide grains contained in the emulsion are tabular grains having an aspect ratio of 3 or more. The mean iodide content of all of the silver halide grains contained in the emulsion is 0.6 mol % or less. The photographic material provides pressure resistance, without lowering the photographic sensitivity of the chemically-sensitized tabular silver halide grains in the emulsion layer.

Abstract: A method for hardening gelatin comprises the step of mixing gelatin with a compound represented by the following formula (I), (II) or (III): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 combine with each other to form a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring; J represents an organic group; 1 represents an integer of 2 to 5; and m represents an integer of 1 to 5.

Abstract: A method of gelation of a photographic emulsion, oil in water emulsion, or a gelatin-containing solution comprising continuously rapidly cooling the photographic emulsion, oil in water emulsion, or the gelatin-containing solution, which has good thermal efficiency and requires no adjustment of the amount of water contained in the rapidly cooled product prior to use, and a unit therefor comprising a static mixer-installed double pipe for rapidly cooling the photographic emulsion, oil in water emulsion, or the gelatin-containing solution by a conduction type heat exchange system, and a double pipe without static mixer for conveying the rapidly cooled product to a storage vessel while avoiding adhesion of the rapidly cooled product transformed into a gel state to the inside surface of the inner pipe of the double pipe by warming the inner pipe with water kept at 30.degree. C., although transformation of the rapidly cooled product to a gel state successively proceeds in an inner portion of the inner pipe.

Abstract: Hydrophilic colloids, such as gelatin, which are employed in the manufacture of photographic elements are commonly treated with a hardening composition, among the most useful of which are hardening compositions containing vinyl sulfone hardening agents such as bis(vinylsulfonyl)methane. In accordance with this invention, citric acid or salts of citric acid are utilized as an effective inhibitor of homopolymerization in such hardening compositions.

Abstract: According to this invention an assortment is offered of at least five silver halide industrial X-ray photographic materials, to be processed in the processing cycle of an automatic processing machine following the steps of developing, rinsing, fixing, rinsing and drying, wherein each of said film materials comprises at least one gelatino silver halide emulsion layer and at least one non-sensitive protective antistress coating on at least one side of a support, characterised in that for each of said materials belonging to the assortment the total amount of silver halide, expressed as the equivalent amount of silver nitrate, per square meter and per side is lying in the range from 7.

Abstract: The present invention provides an imaging element comprising in the order given on a hydrophilic surface of a support (i) an image receiving layer containing physical development nuclei, (ii) a photosensitive layer containing a silver halide emulsion being in water permeable relationship with said image receiving layer and (iii) an antistress composition in water permeable relationship with said image receiving layer, said antistress composition comprising unhardened gelatin in an amount ranging from 0.60 to 1.75 g/m.sup.2, characterized in that at least 50% by weight of said unhardened gelatin belongs to one or more gelatin species whereof a 10% by weight aqueous solution at 36.degree. C. and pH 6 has a viscosity lower than 35 mPa.s at a shearing rate of 1000 s.sup.-1.

Abstract: This invention describes gelatin thickening compounds for photographic coating melts with the general structure: ##STR1## wherein: A is an aromatic or heteroaromatic group;X is SO.sub.3 M or CO.sub.2 MM is H or an alkali metal, ammonium or pyridinium ion; each R1 and R2 is independently an alkyl or substituted alkyl group, each alkyl group being straight or branched chain and having 1 to 30 carbon atoms;each R3 and R4 is independently H or an alkyl or substituted alkyl group, each alkyl group being straight or branched chain and having 1 to 30 carbon atoms;each of a, b, c and e is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3, with the proviso that a+b+c+e is at least 1; andd is 1, 2, or 3;with the further proviso that when A is phenyl, X is SO.sub.3 M, d is 1 and any one of a, c, or e is 1, the sum of a+b+c+e is at least 2; and wherein there is a substantial absence of a compound containing one or more --SO.sub.2.sup.- groups in the composition.

Abstract: A photographic film construction at least one side of which is coated with an antistatic layer comprising a binder of gelatin grafted to a poly(ethylenic) polymer having acid functional groups on the polymer and a dispersion of vanadium oxide particles in the grafted gelatin binder.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a silver halide photographic material comprising a support and at least one silver halide emulsion layer coated thereon, wherein said silver halide photographic material comprises tabular silver halide grains having an average aspect ratio higher than 3:1 dispersed in highly deionized gelatin, and a pyridinium carbamoyl hardener having the following formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each independently represents an alkyl group having from 1 to carbon atoms, an aryl group having from 6 to 15 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having from 7 to 15 carbon atoms, or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 together form the atoms required to complete a heterocyclic ring, R.sub.3 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a carbamoyl group, a ureido group, and R.sub.4 represents an alkylene group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a single chemical bond.

Abstract: Photographic emulsions are quickly chilled to a homogeneous, particulate gel by injection of carbon dioxide coolant, while the emulsion is agitated. This process is carried out in a housing having a pair of parallel auger screws to transport emulsion circuitously within the housing. Carbon dioxide coolant is injected through a plurality of nozzles in the housing and is then removed from the housing through a vent line.

Abstract: This invention is related to improved hardeners for proteinaceous materials. More specifically this invention is related to improved imidazolium hardeners for crosslinking a proteinaceous material for use in a photographic film.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing silver halide grains containing tabular grains having a thickness of from 0.02 to 0.3 .mu.m and an aspect ratio (diameter/thickness) of from 2 to 50 at a proportion of from 75 to 100% of the total projected area of silver halide grains, which comprises at least nucleation, ripening and growing steps in a dispersion medium solution consisting of water and a dispersion medium, wherein gelatin having the following characteristics (a) occupies from 30 to 100 wt % of said dispersion medium used in said growing step:characteristics (a)the relation between the number percentage of a chemically modified --NH.sub.2 group in the gelatin and the methionine content of the gelatin is in the region a.sub.1 depicted in FIG. 1.Also disclosed is a silver halide emulsion comprising at least a dispersion medium and silver halide grains produced by the above-described method.

Abstract: Certain synthetically prepared biopolymers are useful as peptizers in the preparation of photographic silver halide emulsions and elements. Such materials can be used as either nucleation or growth peptizers in place of common peptizing colloids, such as gelatins. The biopolymers can be prepared using recombinant or chemical synthetic methods and designed to have a particular affinity (either high or low) for silver ions. Thus, they can be used to control silver halide grain morphology in the emulsions.

Abstract: A silver halide photographic element with enhanced sensitivity and improved pressure resistance is disclosed, comprising a support having, on at least one side thereof, hydrophilic colloidal layers including a light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer and a nonlight-sensitive hydrophilic colloidal layer, wherein the nonlight-sensitive layer contains organic material-aggregation particles; and gelatin contained in the total hydrophilic colloidal layers provided on one side of the support amounts to a range of 1.3 to 2.5 g per m.sup.2.

Abstract: The invention describes silver halide packet emulsion grains or crystals that are conventionally precipitated using gelatin of a given isoelectric pH, surrounded by a layer of gelatin-grafted-polymer particles wherein the grafted gelatin has a different isoelectric pH and the said gelatin-grafted-polymer particles are optionally chemically bonded to the gelatin surrounding the silver halide microcrystals. Such packet emulsions can form the basis for a mixed-packet color photographic system.

Abstract: A silver halide photographic material and a method for processing the same are disclosed. The silver halide photographic material has a support and a silver halide emulsion layer. The emulsion layer contains polymer latex bonded with gelatin and not less than 70 wt. % of the polymer latex is present. Dimensional stability is improved by the combination of a high portion of polymer latex with the gelatin.

Abstract: Light-sensitive silver halide photographic element comprising a support bearing at least a light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer and at least a protective layer being further away from the support than every silver halide emulsion layer, said protective layer containing a gelatin having a viscosity lower than 20 milliPascal per seconds in 10 weight % aqueous solution at 40.degree. C., said gelatin being hardened with a carbamoyl pyridinium salt compound having the following formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, which may be the same or different, each represents an alkyl group, an aryl group or an aralkyl group, or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, together, constitute the atoms required to form a heterocyclic ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded,R.sub.3 represents hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a carbamoyl group, or a ureido group, andR.sub.4 represents an alkylene group or a single chemical bond between the pyridinium nucleus and the --SO.sub.3 -- group.

Abstract: A silver halide photographic emulsion comprising silver halide grains which are prepared by a process comprising forming the silver halide grains in the presence of a dispersing medium and chemically sensitizing the silver halide grains formed, wherein, in the step of forming the silver halide grains, at least a part of the dispersing medium is a gelatin having an adenine content of 0.2 .mu.g or less per g of gelatin and the silver halide grains are chemically sensitized in the presence of a compound represented by the following formula.

Abstract: Improved photographic properties are obtained if the photographic silver halide material contains a copolymer with polypeptide segments, wherein the polypeptide segments are derived from polypeptides with an average molecular weight M.sub.w of 2000 to 40000.

Abstract: A color photographic light-sensitive material has excellent smoothness and glossiness on the surface of the light-sensitive material and provides good color developing performance and excellent color reproduction performance as well as less pressure fog in aging and storage.

Abstract: The present invention provides an imaging element comprising in the order given (i) a hydrophilic base, (ii) an image receiving layer containing physical development nuclei and (iii) a photosensitive layer containing a silver halide emulsion being in water permeable relationship with said image receiving layer, characterized in that said photosensitive layer or another optional layer being in water permeable relationship therewith contains at least one gelatin species whereof a 10% by weight aqueous solution at 36.degree. C. and pH 6 has a viscosity lower than 20 mPa.s at a shearing rate of 1000 s.sup.-1.

Abstract: This invention describes the use of gelatin-grafted-polymer particles as peptizers for the preparation of silver halide photographic emulsions, whereby the gelatin-grafted-polymer particles remain attached to the AgX crystals after preparation of the emulsions. In an embodiment of this invention, the core polymer particles are loaded with photographically useful agents. When the photographic agent is a dye-forming coupler, multicolor mixed-packet systems can be constructed using the packet emulsions prepared in the manner of this invention.

Abstract: The present invention provides a photographic material with a pH at 25.degree. C. of at most 7, containing on a support at least one layer, comprising a prefogged direct-positive silver halide emulsion spectrally sensitized with one or more electron-accepting sensitizing dyes in a total amount of at least 0.15 mmole/mole silver halide, the silver halide crystals of said prefogged direct-positive silver halide emulsion containing silver chloride for at least 60 mole %, silver bromide in a range from 0.5 mole % to 39.98 mole % and silver iodide in a range from 0.02 mole % to 2 mole %, characterized in that said silver halide cristals contain silver iodide for at least 0.20 mmole/mole AgX in the outer 10% by weight of said cristals and said layer contains a gelatin species containing Ca.sup.2+ in an amount ranging from 0.2% to 1% by weight.

Abstract: A coating method for producing a photographic light-sensitive element without unevenness of coating, even when coating is carried out with at least one coating composition containing a low boiling point solvent as an outermost layer and coating is carried out at a high speed using a multi-layer simultaneous coating method. In accordance with the invention, the following relationship is maintained:C<0.2Lwhere C (wt %) is the concentration of a low boiling point solvent in a coating composition forming an outermost one of the coating layers, and L (cc/m.sup.2) is a quantity of a wet coating per web unit area in a thickness from an inner surface of the outermost layer adjacent to the outer surface of the silver halide layer to a surface of said outermost layer.

Abstract: A process for producing a silver halide photographic material comprising a polyester support having thereon at least one light-sensitive layer and at least one undercoat layer is described, wherein the undercoat layer is provided by coating a solution containing gelatin for an undercoating binder having a calcium ion (Ca.sup.++) content of from 10 to 2,500 ppm based on dry gelatin.

Abstract: A method is disclosed of preparing washed silver halide photographic emulsions wherein silver halide grain formation is effected in the presence of an acid-coagulable gelatin derivative or a mixture of gelatin and an acid-coagulable gelatin derivative and coagulation of the emulsion occurs in the presence of ionic copolymers of styrene sulfonic acid and maleic acid.

Abstract: Disclosed is a silver halide color photographic light-sensitive material comprising a reflective support comprising polyolefin resin coated paper and provided on one side thereof with photographic component layers comprising a hydrophilic colloidal layer containing a white pigment, a non-sensitive hydrophilic colloidal layer, and a silver halide emulsion layer, wherein at least one of said photographic component layers contains an oil-soluble dye or a colored pigment, either of which is not substantially incapable of being decolorized on a photographic-processing.

Abstract: A silver halide photographic light-sensitive material comprises a support and provided thereon, a photographic component layer comprising a silver halide emulsion layer and a hydrophilic colloid layer other than the emulsion layer, wherein the photographic component layer contains a hydrazine derivative, a nucleation accelerating agent and polymer latex containing as a protective colloid a hydrophilic polymer having an average number molecular weight of 1,000 to 1,000,000 and having a solubility of not less than 0.1 g in 100 g of water at 20.degree. C., provided that the hydrophilic polymer is not gelatin.

Abstract: A modified gelatin is disclosed wherein part of the free carboxyl groups is replaced by modifiers having more acid end-standing groups chosen from --SO.sub.3 M, --OSO.sub.3 M, --SSO.sub.3 M, --OPO(OH).sub.2, --OPO(OH)(OR.sup.2), --PO(OH).sub.2, --PO(OH)(OR.sup.2).In a preferred embodiment such a modified gelatin is incorporated in a DTR photographic material which after processing can serve as a lithographic printing plate. Thanks to the more hydrophilic character of the modified gelatin the differentiation between printing and non-printing areas is improved and toning at printing start-up is reduced.

Abstract: A coating composition suitable for use in the preparation of a photographic material comprises an aqueous solution of a hydrophilic colloid and a surface active coating aid having the formulaCF.sub.3 (CF.sub.2).sub.n CH.sub.2 O(glycidyl).sub.m Hwhereinn is an integer from 4 to 7; and,m is an integer from 6 to 45.

Abstract: Hardeners for hydrophilic colloid defined by the formula: ##STR1## The hardeners are for crosslinking proteinaceous materials for use in photographic films.

Abstract: A silver halide photographic material is disclosed which is processed by an automatic processor having a drying zone where drying is conducted by a heat transfer medium of 75.degree. C. or higher, wherein the photographic material has at least one silver halide emulsion layer, and at least one silver halide emulsion having a tabular degree of at least 25 is contained in at least one layer of the silver halide emulsion layers.

Abstract: An improved imidazolium hardener is described. These novel hardners are specifically advantageous for hardening, or crosslinking, a hydrophilic colloid in a photographic element. The advance in the art is realized in A hardening agent chosen from the set consisting of: ##STR1## wherein: Y.sup.1 represents an alkyl of 6-24 carbons, aryl of 6-24 carbons, aralkyl of 7 to 25 carbons, the atoms chosen from C, N, O, and S necessary to form a 5- or 6-membered ring, or --L.sup.1 CR.sup.13 CH.sub.2 ;L.sup.1 is a linking group;R.sup.1 is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 24 carbons, aryl of 6 to 24 carbons, aralkyl of 7 to 25 carbons or halogen;R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 independently represent alkyl of 1-24 carbons, aryl of 6-24 carbons, aralkyl of 7 to 25 carbons or R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 independently may represent, or be taken together to represent the atoms chosen from C, N, O and S necessary to form a 5- or 6-membered ring;R.sup.4 and R.sup.

Abstract: A silver halide light-sensitive photographic material comprising a support having on at least one side thereof a silver halide emulsion layer comprising a silver halide emulsion, wherein the silver halide emulsion is prepared by chemically-ripening the silver halide emulsion containing silver halide grains and a hydrophilic colloid in amounts of at least 7% by volume and at least 5% or more by weight, respectively, and preferably in the presence of iodide containing silver halide fine grains.

Abstract: This invention describes the use of gelatin-grafted-polymer particles as peptizers for the preparation of silver halide photographic emulsions, whereby the gelatin-grafted-polymer particles remain attached to the AgX crystals after preparation of the emulsions. In an embodiment of this invention, the core polymer particles are loaded with photographically useful agents. When the photographic agent is a dye-forming coupler, multicolor mixed-packet systems can be constructed using the packet emulsions prepared in the manner of this invention.

Abstract: New types of modified gelatins are disclosed, modified at part of the free carboxyl groups of the polypeptide chain, by the introduction of a new end-standing amino, sulphinic acid or thiol group. The modified gelatins show an enhanced reactivity towards vinylsulphonyl hardeners. The invention further includes hardened modified gelatin types and hydrophilic elements containing them. In particular, a differentially hardened multilayer element, preferably a photographic element, is disclosed.

Abstract: There is disclosed a silver halide color photographic material and a method for forming a color image using said photographic material. The silver halide color photographic material comprises photosensitive emulsion layers each containing silver halide emulsion grains having 95 mol % or more of silver chloride and a hydrophilic colloid layer containing a white pigment that is applied between the support and the photosensitive emulsion layer nearest to the support, the weight ratio of the white pigment in said hydrophilic colloid layer being 40 wt % or more, and the ratio of the total amount of the hydrophilic colloid applied on the support to the total coating amount of the photosensitive silver halide in the photographic material being in the range from 5.0 to 30.0.

Abstract: A coating composition for applying a layer to a photographic element which comprises gelatin, water and from 0.35 to 1 percent by weight based on the total weight of the composition of a surfactant mixture comprising from 20 to 60 percent by weight of a mixture of anionic surfactants, from 30 to 75 percent by weight of a nonionic surfactant and from 3 to 13 percent by weight of a cationic surfactant based on the total weight of surfactant mixture; the mixture of anionic surfactants comprising from 30 to 85 percent by weight of di- and tri-isopropyl naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salts and from 15 to 70 percent by weight of a dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium salt; a di-fluoroalkyl sulfosuccinate, sodium salt where alkyl is C.sub.4 -C.sub.6 ; perfluoro-octyl sulfonate(tetraethyl ammonium salt) or a perfluoro-alkyl carboxylate ammonium salt where alkyl is a mixture of C.sub.5 -C.sub.

Abstract: The method for preparing high grade gelatin with a specific methionine content and with reduced methionine variability from batch to batch and within a single extraction includes controlling the amount of and variability of oxidant present during processing of bone stock into gelatin. Such controls include control of oxidant concentration and range in process water, control of volume of process water used in gelatin-making process and restriction of the range of gelatin extracts used in the product gelatin. Once the aim level of oxidant has been set, the total range of oxidant around the set point should be less than 220 meq per 100 kg dry bone.

Abstract: A silver halide photographic light-sensitive material comprising a support having thereon a silver halide emulsion layer containing a silver halide emulsion comprising silver halide grains, which is prepared by a process comprising(i) forming the silver halide emulsion by mixing a silver salt and a halide salt in a dispersion medium,(ii) subjecting the emulsion formed to washing to remove water-soluble salts, and then(iii) carrying out chemical sensitization of the emulsion wherein in (ii), the washing is carried out by coagulating the emulsion by a gelatin coagulant selected from of a modified gelatin or a polymeric coagulant represented by the following formula [I]; and in (iii), iodide-containing silver halide fine grains are added at a time during the course of the chemical sensitization, ##STR1##

Abstract: The invention describes silver halide packet emulsion grains or crystals that are conventionally precipitated using gelatin of a given isoelectric pH, surrounded by a layer of gelatin-grafted-polymer particles wherein the grafted gelatin has a different isoelectric pH and the said gelatin-grafted-polymer particles are optionally chemically bonded to the gelatin surrounding the silver halide microcrystals. Such packet emulsions can form the basis for a mixed-packet color photographic system.

Abstract: A photographic element comprising a modified gelatin whereby the modification results in carbamoyl groups by forming peptide bonds using fast-acting hardener. The derivatization involves initial reaction with a carboxyl activator followed by addition of a substituted amine thereby forming an amide linkage on the polypeptide chain. The resulting gelatin and photographic elements comprising such gelatin have a decreased propensity for water absorption without the loss of sensitometric properties.

Abstract: A novel silver halide color photographic material comprising on a support at least one light-sensitive emulsion layer and at least one hydrophilic colloidal layer containing a white pigment between said support and said light-sensitive emulsion layer is provided, wherein (i) said white pigment is incorporated in such an amount that the coated amount thereof in said hydrophilic colloidal layer is in the range of 2 g/m.sup.

Abstract: The invention discloses a continuous method of manufacture of gelled dispersion melts of "small-particle" microprecipitated photographic agents. The continuous melt manufacturing process of this invention provides dispersion melts that are invariant in agent concentration, melt viscosity, and turbidity as a function of the run time and are also very reproducible and robust in repetitive preparations. Many photographic melts of this invention exhibit high photographic activity and light stability of the agents when exposed to light.

Abstract: A process for preparing a thin tabular grain silver halide emulsion comprised of silver halide grains which have a halide content of at least 50 mole percent bromide, wherein tabular grains of less than 0.15 micrometers in thickness and having an aspect ratio of greater than 8 account for greater than 50 percent of the total grain projected area, comprises the steps of nucleating the silver halide grains with a gelatino-peptizer or with the use of certain synthetic polymers that serve as effective nucleation peptizers and then growing the silver halide grains with the use of either a gelatino-peptizer or certain synthetic polymers that serve as effective growth peptizers.

Abstract: A method for processing a first black-and-white silver halide photographic light-sensitive material comprising a hydrazine compound and a second black-and-white silver halide photographic light-sensitive material comprising a tetrazolium compound is disclosed, a photographic layer on the side of a silver halide emulsion layer of each material containing gelatin in an amount of not more than 3.0 g per m.sup.2 of the material, and the process comprising the step of exposing the light-sensitive materials and developing the exposed materials with the same developer having a pH of from 9.5 to 10.7, the developer being replenished with developer replenisher in an amount of not more than 250 cc per m.sup.2 of the light-sensitive materials to be developed.

Abstract: A process for preparing a thin tabular grain silver halide emulsion comprised of silver halide grains which have a halide content of at least 50 mole percent bromide, wherein tabular grains of less than 0.15 micrometers in thickness and having an aspect ratio of greater than 8 account for greater than 50 percent of the total grain projected area, comprises the steps of nucleating the silver halide grains with a gelatino-peptizer or with the use of certain synthetic polymers that serve as effective nucleation peptizers and then growing the silver halide grains with the use of either a gelatino-peptizer or certain synthetic polymers that serve as effective growth peptizers.

Abstract: A photosensitive photographic silver halide colour material comprising at least two dye image-forming units each separated from its neighbouring units by a layer containing a scavenger for oxidised developing agent, each unit comprising at least one silver halide emulsion layer and at least one dye image-forming colour coupler, the material comprising a total silver halide coating weight of less than 300 mg/m.sup.2 (as silver) characterised in that at least one image-forming unit contains extra gelatin either in a layer adjacent to the coupler-containing layer or in the coupler-containing layer itself such that the gelatin content of the unit is more than 800 mg/m.sup.2, in order to decrease the band width of the dye formed from said coupler.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of nucleating silver halide particles wherein said nucleation is carried out in the presence of acid processed ossein (APO) gelatin or chain-extended acid processed ossein (CE-APO) gelatin and the composition formed therefrom.

Abstract: A light-sensitive heat-sensitive recording material is disclosed, which contains microcapsules resulting from a solution containing at least one component capable of undergoing color development or achromatization as a core material of the microcapsules and a volatile solvent which has a water solubility of 10% by volume or less and has a low boiling point such that it volatilizes during a process for preparing said light-sensitive heat-sensitive recording material leaving substantially no trace of the solvent in the resulting recording material. As the microcapsules, ones having a mean particle size of 2 .mu.m or less are preferred, and ones prepared using a modified gelatin as a protective colloid are also preferred. Further, as the support of the light-sensitive heat-sensitive recording material, a polyester support filled with a white pigment can preferably be used.