Abstract: A method for increasing blood flow to vital organs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation of a person experiencing a cardiac arrest may include performing standard or active compression decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation on a person to create artificial circulation by repetitively compressing the person's chest such that the person's chest is subject to a compression phase and a relaxation or decompression phase. The method may also include administering one or more vasodilator drugs to the person to improve the artificial circulation created by the cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The method may also include binding at least a portion of the person's abdomen, either manually or with an abdominal compression device. Performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation on a person may include ventilating the person with either an impedance threshold device or a intrathoracic pressure regulator.

Abstract: An improved AED training pad and liner assembly is provided with an electrical lead connection supported on the training pad. The improved training pad has an adhesive surface and a contact surface. The liner has an engagement surface for repeated adhesive engagement with a portion of the training pad adhesive surface during storage of the assembly. The training pad adhesive surface has an electrical switch supported on the adhesive surface and interconnected with the electrical lead connection. The improved liner has a recess positioned for engagement adjacent the electrical switch to prevent activation of the electrical switch by the liner during storage of the assembly when the pad and liner are adhered together.

Abstract: Apparatus for processes of checking anesthesia and ventilation devices, in the form of a test lung, comprising a lung sac (5), elastically deformable lobes (6, 7), an inlet nozzle (1) and adjustment means (8, 9, 10) for adjusting the simulation parameters. The test lung is in the form of a compact unit and permits the simulation of different lung types by adjustment of the lung parameters.

Abstract: Provided is a training box that is a practice tool for learning heart massaging (sternal compression) through experience; is low-cost, small-sized, light weight, and easy to transport; retains durability under repeated use; and on which AED use procedures can also be drilled.

Abstract: A device for simulating cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques including a base coupled to a chest piece in the shape of a human thorax and designed to be elastically deformed towards the base when pressure is placed thereon by a user, where an upper end of the base is articulated to a head piece, the device including a pressure adjustment piece located in a central area of the base designed to occupy a first position in which an upper height stop limits the deformation of the chest piece when pressure is placed thereon, a second position, in which a lower height stop limits the deformation of the chest piece, the limit deformation of the chest piece in the second position being greater than the limit deformation in the first position, and a third position, in which the deformation of the chest piece is not limited.

Abstract: In one aspect, a network-centric processing (NCP) system includes sensors configured to monitor activities associated with testing of an asset, a first system configured to provide the testing on the asset, a second system configured to provide training of personnel using the asset, a third system configured to record problems associated with the testing and the training of the asset as input for an acquisition process and a network connected to the first system, the second system, the third system and the sensors.

Abstract: The method and apparatus disclosed herein are directed to patient resuscitation simulation training and performance tracking. The disclosed method and apparatus includes a high-fidelity simulator with a real-time engine that can simulate real life situations and conditions for training and testing. The simulator also uses an infinitely-variable constraint-based real-time engine to eliminate the issue of “script memorization” by making each case random and/or unique. The simulator can also train users to recognize the characteristics of properly executed resuscitation interventions such as chest compressions and oxygen mask bagging techniques.

Abstract: Apparatus for checking anaesthesia and ventilation devices, in the form of a test lung, comprising a lung sac, elastically deformable lobes, an inlet nozzle and adjustment means for adjusting the simulation parameters, the test lung being in the form of a compact unit and permitting the simulation of different lung types by adjustment of the lung parameters.

Abstract: A cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) simulation load capable of simulating a reactive force of a patient's chest upon chest depression, the cardiopulmonary resuscitation simulation load comprising an active actuator (M) arranged to generate at least part of the reactive force, and a controller (CTRL) arranged to provide a control signal to the active actuator. A CPR simulation manikin comprising such a CPR simulation load is also proposed. Furthermore, a method for simulating a reactive force of a patient's chest during cardiopulmonary resuscitation by means of a simulation manikin, the method comprising: measuring a depression of a simulation manikin chest; calculating a resulting reactive force depending on the measured depression of the simulation manikin chest; applying the resulting reactive force to the patient's chest by means of an active actuator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved pulse simulator and to an improved method for simulating pulse. It comprises a palpation conveyor connected with a flexible pump means. The flexible pump is operatively coupled to a solenoid arranged about a fixed core. The solenoid is magnetized and demagnetized by an electrical energy source causing back and forth motion of the solenoid, with consequential expansion and contraction of the flexible pump means, thereby releasing fluid in back and forth direction to the palpation conveyor for generating pulse sensation.

Abstract: The presence of a cardiac pulse in a patient is determined by evaluating physiological signals in the patient. In one embodiment, a medical device evaluates two or more different physiological signals, such as phonocardiogram (PCG) signals, electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, patient impedance signals, piezoelectric signals, and accelerometer signals for features indicative of the presence of a cardiac pulse. Using these features, the medical device determines whether a cardiac pulse is present in the patient. The medical device may also be configured to report whether the patient is in a VF, VT, asystole, or PEA condition, in addition to being in a pulseless condition, and prompt different therapies, such as chest compressions, rescue breathing, defibrillation, and PEA-specific electrotherapy, depending on the analysis of the physiological signals. Auto-capture of a cardiac pulse using pacing stimuli is further provided.

Abstract: A method for treating a person experiencing a cardiac arrest is disclosed. The method may include providing a kit having four sections and a visual medium. The first section may include a ventilation system. The second section may include a drug delivery system. The third section may include one set of drugs. The fourth section may include another set of drugs. The visual medium may include a two sets of instructions. The method may also include accessing the first section of the kit to ventilate the person and the second section of the kit to provide for drug delivery to the person. The method may include determining whether the person is experiencing a first or second cardiac arrest condition. The method may additionally include accessing the third or fourth section of the kit, based upon the determination, to provide one of the sets of drugs to the person.

Abstract: Methods of selecting a configuration of fixation and compression screws for a bone plate to be installed on a bone of a patient. A computer or website allows a user to load images of a fractured bone and specify a particular configuration of fixation and compression screws with a plate on the loaded bone. The computer replicates stresses imposed on the bone by regular activities using finite element analysis and provide information about the suitability of the selected configuration.

Abstract: A system is described for facilitating correct performance of CPR by providing feedback to a person performing chest compressions during basic life support or CPR training. The device is adapted to give audio signals to the user indicative of chest compressions being within a desired range or being outside of the desired range. In a first aspect the audio signal comprises two tones, a first tone that is substantially constant in pitch and a second tone that has a varying pitch. The pitch of the second tone is varying in response to a parameter of the chest compression performance. When the parameter is within a desired range, the second tone has substantially the same pitch as the first tone and when the parameter is outside the desired range, the pitch of the second tone is different from the first tone. In a second aspect the audio signal is a piece of music.

Abstract: An assistance kit for providing a particular assistance or performing a particular procedure includes a card having first and second flaps hingedly coupled to one another such that the first and second flaps are moveable between an opened and closed position relative one another. An audio instruction unit is affixed to the card and is adapted to provide audible instructions for providing the particular assistance or performing the particular procedure, when activated by moving the first and second flaps of the card from the closed position to the opened position.

Abstract: A simulated mechanical respiratory trigger and test lung have been developed. The trigger in one embodiment is capable of triggering a variety of mechanical ventilators to deliver predetermined respiratory rates that simulate a spontaneously breathing patient. This permits the student/health care provider to respond to this spontaneous effort and optimize mechanical ventilator settings. The test lung in an embodiment is capable of varying the simulated patient pulmonary compliance in increments not previously available.

Abstract: A method of providing instruction on the performance of chest compressions includes providing a series of signals of a first type corresponding to the desired rhythm of delivery of chest compressions in a chest compression series, and providing signals of a second type which indicate a desired point in the first series. The desired point may be a point near the end of the chest compression series. The signals of the second type may be a voiced countdown to the end of the compression series. The signals of the first type may be a series of identical sounds delivered in the desired rhythm for chest compressions, and the signals of the second type may be sounds distinct from those of the first type which correspond to the rhythm of the last N compressions in the series. The desired point in the first series may include a first point at a desired interval from the first compression, where the interval is measured in number of compressions or elapsed time.

Abstract: A medical emergency station having a housing, an automated external defibrillator in the housing, and a video screen incorporated into a single unit. The medical emergency station includes a video regarding the proper use of the automated external defibrillator. The video is activated whenever the automated external defibrillator is removed from the housing. A commercial advertisement and other media appears on the video screen whenever the video regarding the use of the automated external defibrillator is not in use. The commercial advertisements help to offset the cost of the medical emergency station.

Abstract: An abdominal breathing training apparatus, an abdominal breathing training system and the method thereof are provided. The abdominal breathing training apparatus is adapted for training a trainee how to perform an abdominal breathing and includes a trainer unit, a sensor unit, a data acquisition and conversion unit and a display unit. The trainer unit generates training waveforms and indications. The sensor unit directly measures abdominal movement signals from the trainee, and is positioned adjacent to the abdominal portion of the trainee. The data acquisition and conversion unit is coupled to the sensor unit and generates a trainee abdominal movement waveform according to the measured abdominal movement signals of the trainee. The display unit is coupled to the trainer unit, and displays the training waveforms and the indications to the trainee, who follows the training waveforms on the display unit to perform the abdominal breathing.

Abstract: A heart compression simulation device featuring a base; a resistance means disposed on the base; and an actuator operatively connected to the resistance means. The actuator can move between at least a starting position wherein the actuator is positioned at a starting position above the base and an end position wherein the actuator is pushed down near or contacting the base. The actuator is biased in the starting position caused by the resistance means. A tear effect providing mechanism provides resistance when moving the actuator from the starting position to the end position a first time. A lock-out mechanism is adapted to disengage the tear effect providing mechanism after the actuator has been moved from the starting position to the end position such that subsequent movements of the actuator between the starting position and the end position are not hindered by the tear effect providing mechanism.

Abstract: Many people do not have a physical feeling for what normal and abnormal blood pressure levels mean in relation to the forces exerted on the heart and blood vessels. A blood pressure simulation apparatus provides human subjects a means to physically feel simulated blood pressure levels through tactile feedback. Both normal and abnormal blood pressure cycles are simulated. Interfacing of the apparatus to an electronic blood pressure monitor is provided.

Abstract: A system and method of delivering CO2 in a respiration closed-loop control system to a respiratory simulator includes (a) providing a CO2 supply to a respiratory simulator having a piston/cylinder arrangement; (b) providing flow control hardware between the CO2 supply and the piston/cylinder arrangement; (c) generating a first control signal representative of a predefined amount of CO2; and (d) providing the predefined amount of CO2 into the piston/cylinder arrangement. Thereafter, either (i) an end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (EtCO2) value is determined based on an amount of CO2 emptied from the piston/cylinder arrangement during an exhalation phase of the respiratory simulator or (ii) an EtCO2 value is calculated via an equation. A second control signal is generated that is representative of a tidal volume and a breathing frequency representative of a physiological response to the EtCO2 value to effect corresponding movement of the piston in a next inhalation and exhalation phase.

Abstract: A method and system for expediting the rescue of victims experiencing sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) when used in conjunction with an automated external defibrillator (AED). The system involves an apparatus that calls for help (i.e. 911), detects SCA and cardiac arrhythmias, locates an AED, guides the rescuer through CPR and connection of the AED. A second apparatus is in the enclosure that contains the AED, sends location information to the other apparatus, triggers audible and visual indicators, and provides information on the victim's location.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for managing rescue training includes registering a plurality of individuals as potential rescue trainees through a central computer server system, receiving from computing devices that are remote from the central server system information indicative of rate and depth of compression for ones of the potential rescue trainees, and generating comparative data that reflects performance of CPR chest compressions for a first rescue trainee against other rescue trainees. The method also includes providing the comparative data over a network for review by one or more of the rescue trainees.

Abstract: A heart compression simulation device featuring a base with a compression spring; an actuator atop the compression spring that can move between an extended and fully compressed position; two pedestals atop the base opposite each other; actuator prongs on the actuator facing each pedestal; a hub attached to each pedestal that can pivot between a disengaged position and engaged position; leaf springs disposed on each hub adapted to engage the actuator prongs when the hubs are in the disengaged position and the actuator is moved to the fully compressed position, which causes a cracking sound to be produced; and a lock-out mechanism for securing the hubs in the engaged position keeping the leaf springs out of range of the actuator prongs, the lock-out mechanism is activated when the actuator is moved to the fully compressed position.

Abstract: In an emergency medical alert and response system, the method including the step of providing on a display of a communication device a plurality of individually selectable topics or medical alert choices. The method further includes the step of providing, in response to the selection of each of the plurality of topics or medical alert choices, instructions as to the proper procedure to be used in supplying initial care to a victim for the specific selected topic or medical alert choice of the plurality of topics or medical alert choices. The instructions for each of the specific selected topics or medical alert choices of the plurality of topics or medical alert choices includes step-by-step procedures for the specific selected topic or medical alert choice in simultaneous graphic and sound presentations.

Abstract: A medical training device with an improved clam shell type torso arrangement. An improved two-piece tiltable head feature, including mechanical mounting structure for secure attachment of an improved lung bag or face shield. The head also includes an improved nose feature to provide a more realistic representation of nasal cartilage, and an improved neck assembly. Additionally, an electro-mechanical indicator device is provided to show real time feedback of the CPR compression rate being administered by a student on the training manikin of the present application. The feedback by the device may be provided preferably by visual indicators, but may also have, or alternatively have, audio indicators or signals, such as words or sounds, to indicate whether or not the student is compressing within the preferred rate range, and/or the degree of variance in the student's compression sequences.

Abstract: A device for practicing mask ventilation, comprising a first passage and a second passage. The first passage is designed to provide communication between a source of air and the interior of a patient mask. The patient mask is designed for placement over a person's mouth and/or nose. The second passage is designed to provide communication between the air source and a back pressure means. The back pressure means is adapted to simulate the resistance of a human airway. The device can also comprise a third passage designed to provide communication between a breathing person and the surroundings. The passages may be formed in one integrated adapter to be placed between a patient valve and the mask.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an electromechanical pumping system for simulating the beating of heart in a cardiac surgery training environment. A computer-controllable linear actuator is used to control the electromechanical pumping system. In a preferred embodiment, the electromechanical pumping system is linked to a porcine heart. The heart is made to beat by inserting intra-ventricular balloons placed inside the heart and connected to the pumping system. When controlled by the electromechanical pumping system, the porcine heart is able to display normal and abnormal beating rhythms, as well as ventricular fibrillation. In addition, an electronic pressure sensor incorporated into the pumping system can be used to trigger a ventricular fibrillation mode when the porcine heart attached to the pumping system is handled by a trainee surgeon.

Abstract: The invention relates to a defibrillator with integrated means for chest compression feedback. The defibrillator is shaped and sized such as to be directly placeable on the patient's chest.

Abstract: A medical device of the type used for assisting a user in manually delivering repetitive therapy to a patient (e.g., chest compressions or ventilations in cardiac resuscitation), the device comprising a feedback device configured to generate feedback cues to assist the user in timing the delivery of the repetitive therapy, at least one sensor or circuit element configured to detect actual delivery times, at which the user actually delivers the repetitive therapy, and a processor, memory, and associated circuitry configured to compare the actual delivery times to information representative of desired delivery times to determine cue times at which the feedback cues are generated by the feedback device.

Abstract: A medical device of the type used for assisting a user in manually delivering repetitive therapy to a patient (e.g., chest compressions or ventilations in cardiac resuscitation), the device comprising a feedback device configured to generate feedback cues to assist the user in timing the delivery of the repetitive therapy, at least one sensor or circuit element configured to detect actual delivery times, at which the user actually delivers the repetitive therapy, and a processor, memory, and associated circuitry configured to compare the actual delivery times to information representative of desired delivery times to determine cue times at which the feedback cues are generated by the feedback device.

Abstract: A medical device of the type used for assisting a user in manually delivering repetitive therapy to a patient (e.g., chest compressions or ventilations in cardiac resuscitation), the device comprising a feedback device configured to generate feedback cues to assist the user in timing the delivery of the repetitive therapy, at least one sensor or circuit element configured to detect actual delivery times, at which the user actually delivers the repetitive therapy, and a processor, memory, and associated circuitry configured to compare the actual delivery times to information representative of desired delivery times to determine cue times at which the feedback cues are generated by the feedback device.

Abstract: A CPR coaching device is designed for placement on the chest of a patient during CPR. Chest compressions are delivered to the patient by a rescuer by pressing on the device. A force sensor and an accelerometer are located in the device and are responsive to the chest compressions. When the patient's body is stationary there will be a high correlation of a depth signal produced by doubly integrating the acceleration signal of the accelerometer and the force signal, and the depth signal is deemed reliable. When the patient's body is subject to motion such as by the motion of a vehicle transporting the patient, there will be a low correlation of the depth and force signals, with the force signal being relatively immune to this motion. In such cases, the force signal is used in association with the previously determined relationship between depth and force in the absence of motion to produce an indication of chest compression depth.

Abstract: A CPR training mannequin includes a humanoid torso, the torso composed of a material having a degree of transparency. A humanoid head is connected to the torso and has a mouth opening connected to a ventilation tube within the head. The torso is supported by resilient elements from the base to simulate resistance to chest compressions. A simulated heart and simulated lungs are arranged within the torso and are visible through the front surface of the torso. Sensors measure the air flow during CPR ventilation and depth of CPR chest compressions. Lights within the heart, brain and lungs indicate the chest compressions and ventilation are adequate to resuscitate the simulated victim.

Abstract: A device for the determination of at least one compression parameter during administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on a patient comprising: a field generator, a field detector, and a processor. Position information and the compression parameter are determined from the field detected by the field detector. One of the field generator and the field detector is a position sensor and the other is a reference sensor.

Abstract: A method is described and disclosed for harvesting and preparing porcine hearts that may be used, among other things, as an improved analog of the human heart in cardiac simulator systems for training surgical personnel for performing beating heart surgery.

Abstract: A system is provided for the validation of training by a validation authority of trainees located at remote locations. The training is delivered to the trainees electronically by the validation authority, generally, over the Internet. The training generally includes a theoretical component and a practicum. The practicum comprises the application of forces by the trainees on a mannequin such as in the case of CPR training or therapeutic massage training. The theoretical component of the training session is completed by the trainees on-line and the trainees are examined on-line. Examination results are transmitted to the verification authority. During the practicum examination, a mannequin is provided that is instrumented to measure forces applied by the trainees creating a dataset. The dataset is transmitted to the verification authority for comparison with therapeutically correct values. The verification authority will generate a pass or fail signal.

Abstract: A simulation apparatus and teaching system utilizing the apparatus are disclosed which includes a computer with input and output devices and a simulation apparatus including a housing, where the housing includes a tactile output subsystem for simulating pressure pulses corresponding to a pulse, an audio output subsystem for simulating heart sounds or other bodily sounds and a visual output subsystem for simulating visual attributes associated with a given condition. The output subsystem are under computer control and via interaction with a user, the computer will instruct the output subsystem to generate the symptoms associated with a given condition in a temporally correlated or simultaneous manner so that a user will be able to experience the visual, audio and tactile attributes associated with a given condition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to systems and methods for training, testing and/or certifying one or more subjects (e.g., at the same time (e.g., in the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED) and/or cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR))). In particular, the present invention relates to remote bi-directional communications (e.g., data delivery, acquisition, and/or maintenance). For example, the present invention provides communication between a handheld AED simulation device (e.g., comprising a processor) and one or more simulation devices (e.g., a mannequin (e.g., comprising a processor and/or one or more sensors) connected thereto and/or components (e.g., controls and/or sensors) associated therewith. The present invention also provides a system configured to relay information (e.g., instructions and/or performance data) between one or more processors (e.g., housed on a personal computer or other device) and one or more additional processors (e.g., housed on a simulation device (e.g.

Abstract: A training apparatus (500) for use with an external defibrillator is provided, the external defibrillator being responsive to a first electrode and a second electrode, including: a transparent layer having a first electrode attachment region defining an opening sized to receive the first electrode; a signal conductor disposed proximate the first electrode attachment region, the signal conductor having a transfer path, the transfer path operable to provide communication between the first electrode and the second electrode, when the first electrode and the second electrode are disposed on the training apparatus; and a two-dimensional representation of an anterior portion of a defibribation subject, identificable through the transparent layer, having the first electrode attachment region arranged thereon in a manner that defines a preferred plancement area of the first electrode on the defibrillation subject.

Abstract: An apparatus for teaching proper technique for the Heimlich or Abdominal Thrust maneuver. When the Heimlich or Abdominal Thrust maneuver is applied to the apparatus by a user, an indicator is provided to show the user whether proper technique was used. The apparatus can take the form of a wearable garment or a form, either of which may mimic the shape of a person. The apparatus is scalable, and may be made to mimic the shapes of persons of various sizes, including infants and animals, if desired. Indicators can be included to measure the effectiveness of other techniques often used in conjunction with the Heimlich or Abdominal Thrust maneuver.

Abstract: A resuscitation system for the administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation of asthma patients, and for teaching the cardiopulmonary resuscitation of asthma patients to simulate the cardiovascular and gas exchange effects of dynamic hyperinflation and to train healthcare workers to detect the adverse cardiovascular effects of dynamic hyperinflation.

Abstract: A method of providing instruction on the performance of chest compressions includes providing a series of signals of a first type corresponding to the desired rhythm of delivery of chest compressions in a chest compression series, and providing signals of a second type which indicate a desired point in the first series. The desired point may be a point near the end of the chest compression series. The signals of the second type may be a voiced countdown to the end of the compression series. The signals of the first type may be a series of identical sounds delivered in the desired rhythm for chest compressions, and the signals of the second type may be sounds distinct from those of the first type which correspond to the rhythm of the last N compressions in the series. The desired point in the first series may include a first point at a desired interval from the first compression, where the interval is measured in number of compressions or elapsed time.

Abstract: A breathing apparatus simulator unit (BASU) comprises a mouthpiece/noseclip subassembly and a cartridge subassembly. The mouthpiece/noseclip subassembly includes the same mouthpiece/noseclip subassembly that is utilized in an actual self-contained self-rescuer (SCSR) device. The cartridge subassembly comprises a container containing a reactionary material. The reactionary material reacts with at least one product of a user's exhalation to generate heat and resistance, thereby providing sensations to simulate the use of an actual SCSR.

Abstract: A wearable cardiopulmonary resuscitation assist device or system including: a wearable article to be worn by a cardiopulmonary resuscitation performer or a patient, for assisting administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by the performer; at least one sensor for measuring at least one parameter to assist in cardiopulmonary resuscitation; at least one feedback component for conveying feedback information based on the parameter to the performer for assisting the performer in performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation; and a processing unit, the processing unit being configured to receive the at least one parameter from the at least one sensor and to send information based on the parameter to the at least one feedback component. Also a method for training or improving cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedures using the device.

Abstract: A system for processing chest compression signals is disclosed including a processing unit, a depth signal device, and a threshold device comprising upper and lower thresholds. The system may also include a force signal device. The processing unit is adapted to output a signal depending on values of depth and force signals with respect to the thresholds.

Abstract: A simulator for simulating a pulse in a manikin comprises a manikin body. The simulator further comprises a first magnet and a second magnet disposed opposite to each other and spaced apart from each other. The first magnet and second magnet comprise two juxtaposed first and second sub-magnets. The first and second juxtaposed sub-magnets in each magnet are oriented substantially in opposite directions. The first magnet and the second magnet are positioned such that the first sub-magnet of the first magnet is oriented substantially in a same direction as the first sub-magnet of the second magnet and such that the second sub-magnet of the first magnet is oriented substantially in a same direction as the second sub-magnet of the second magnet. The transducer further comprises an armature movably disposed between the first and second magnets. The armature comprises a frame and a solenoid wound adjacent a periphery of the frame. The transducer also comprises a rod attached to the frame of the armature.

Abstract: Computer-based system adapted to create a representation of mechanical and flow-mechanical function of a ?V-pump. A mathematical modeling algorithm is used based upon a transforming element adapted to connect different physical domains via a transforming value. The system comprises an upper transforming element (TF1) and a lower transforming element (TF2) each having a flow domain (fd1, fd2) and a mechanical domain (md1, md2), the upper transforming element is provided with a transforming value A1 and the lower transforming element is provided with a transforming value A1+A2, wherein A1 and A2>0. The upper and lower transforming elements are interconnected such that their mechanical domains are connected, said mechanical domains are provided with a control value representing a directional measure (F) arranged to intermittently and simultaneously activate said mechanical domains of the transforming elements. By interconnecting two ?V-pump representations the pumping action of a heart may be simulated.

Abstract: An inexpensive take-home training aid for practicing human cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is contained in a non-humanoid shaped housing. When placed in a prominent location in the home, such as a child's room, the CPR training aid reminds users of the CPR sills they have learned and encourages them to practice with the training aid. The internal mechanism consists of a simulated airway, a compression mechanism, a compression feedback mechanism, a metronome, a breast plate and back plate with simulated anatomical landmarks, and/or an external landmark for identifying the proper location for placing a hand, hands, or fingers on the chest. Voice prompts on the steps of CPR and/or actual CPR performance may also be included. The chest plate and back plate are connected by one or more telescoping posts and a resistance device is between the two plates to simulate the resistance of a human chest to compression.