Abstract: A light emissive or photovoltaic device comprising: a cathode structure for injecting electrons, the cathode structure having one or more constituent regions; an anode structure for injecting holes, the anode structure having one or more constituent regions; and an organic light emissive component located between the anode structure and the cathode structure; the refractive indices and the thicknesses of the or each constituent region of the cathode and anode structures and of the light emissive component being such that the emission or absorption spectrum of the device is substantially angularly dependent.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting display device. An organic light-emitting display device may include, for example, a thin-film transistor (TFT) including a gate electrode, an active layer insulated from the gate electrode, source and drain electrodes insulated from the gate electrode and contacting the active layer and an insulating layer disposed between the source and drain electrodes and the active layer; and an organic light-emitting diode electrically connected to the TFT. The insulating layer may include, for example, a first insulating layer contacting the active layer; and a second insulating layer formed of a metal oxide and disposed on the first insulating layer.

Abstract: A thin film transistor in which an effect of photo current is small and an On/Off ratio is high is provided. In a bottom-gate bottom-contact (coplanar) thin film transistor, a channel formation region overlaps with a gate electrode, a first impurity semiconductor layer is provided between the channel formation region and a second impurity semiconductor layer which is in contact with a wiring layer. A semiconductor layer which serves as the channel formation region and the first impurity semiconductor layer preferably overlap with each other in a region where they overlap with the gate electrode. The first impurity semiconductor layer and the second impurity semiconductor layer preferably overlap with each other in a region where they do not overlap with the gate electrode.

Abstract: A polymer photodetector has an inverted device structure that includes an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) cathode that is separated from an anode by an active layer. The active layer is formed as a composite of conjugated polymers, such as PDDTT and PCBM. IN addition, a cathode buffer layer formed as an matrix of ZnO nanowires is disposed upon the ITO cathode, while a MoO3 anode buffer layer is disposed between a high work-function metal anode and the active layer. During operation of the photodetector, the ZnO nanowires allows the effective extraction of electrons and the effective blocking of holes from the active layer to the cathode. Thus, allowing the polymer photodetector to achieve a spectral response and detectivity that is similar to that of inorganic photodetectors.

Abstract: Polymer solar cells with enhanced efficiency utilize an active layer formed of a composite of polymer/fullerene and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. During the formation of the solar cell, the composite mixture is subjected to an external magnetic field that causes the nanoparticles to align their magnetic dipole moments along the direction of the magnetic field, so as to form a plurality of Fe3O4 nanochains. These nanochains serve to adjust the morphology and phase separation of the polymer/fullerene, and also serve to induce an internal electrical field by spin-polarization of the nanochains serve to increase the charge separation and charge transport processes in the solar cell, enhancing the short-current density (Jsc) and ultimately, the photoelectric converted efficiency (PCE) of the solar cell.

Abstract: A method for forming an electronic device having a semiconducting active layer comprising a polymer, the method comprising aligning the chains of the polymer parallel to each other by bringing the polymer into a liquid-crystalline phase.

Abstract: Disclosed is an organic EL device which comprises: a pixel electrode that is arranged on a substrate; a hole injection layer that is arranged on the pixel electrode and has a photocatalytic function; an organic functional layer that is formed on the hole injection layer by a coating method; a bank made of a fluorine-containing resin and defines the region where the organic functional layer is arranged; and a counter electrode that is arranged so as to cover the bank and the organic functional layer. Due to the photocatalytic function of the hole injection layer, the bank residuals can be removed by low-energy ultraviolet light that has a longer wavelength (300-400 nm) than conventional high-energy ultraviolet light that has a short wavelength (254 nm or 172 nm).

Abstract: An organic light-emitting display device includes a pixel electrode and a pixel defining layer which are formed by using one mask process. A method for manufacturing the display includes thermally reflowing a remaining portion of a photo-sensitive organic film that is used as a mask to form the pixel electrode to be the pixel defining layer.

Abstract: A method of fabricating an organic photovoltaic device. The method includes providing a first electrode which by applying a layer of conductive material onto a transparent substrate. The conductive material forms the first electrode. The method also includes placing an active layer of organic photovoltaic material on top of the first electrode. The active layer is configured to convert photonic energy into electrical energy. Placing an active layer of organic photovoltaic material includes placing an active layer of organic photovoltaic material having ferroelectric dipoles dispersed therein. The method further includes applying a second electrode on top of the active layer of organic photovoltaic material.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion device includes a first substrate, a first electrode, an organic layer, a second electrode and a second substrate that are provided in this order. An auxiliary electrode is interposed between the first electrode and the organic layer. When the photoelectric conversion device is seen in a cross section taken in a thickness direction of the first substrate, a thickness of the auxiliary electrode is greater than a thickness of the organic layer.

Abstract: A method of producing a transparent electrode suitable for use in an organic semiconductor photovoltaic device. First and second silanes (3) are deposited from the vapour phase on a substrate (1) and bind to the surface of the substrate. A metal film (4) is then deposited from the vapour phase and binds to both the first and second silanes so as to produce a transparent metal layer having a thickness which is no greater than about 15 nanometres. The first silane is a non-amino functional silane and the second silane is an aminofunctional silane. The electrode may be flexible, using a polymer substrate (1). The metal film (4) may be provided with a plurality of apertures (5), provided for example by masking the substrate with microspheres (2) while depositing the metal and subsequently removing the microspheres, and/or annealing the metal so that apertures appear.

Abstract: A light-emitting device includes a substrate and a planarizing film above the substrate. The planarizing film has a recessed portion between non-recessed portions. A bottom electrode layer is above the non-recessed portions. A semiconductor interlayer is above the bottom electrode layer. A filling layer is above the recessed portion. The filling layer comprises a same material as the semiconductor layer and has an inner portion between outer portions. A bank is above the recessed portion of the planarizing film and edge portions of the bottom electrode layer, with each of the edge portions of the bottom electrode layer neighboring the recessed portion of the planarizing film. The filling layer inner portion has a thickness of t1, the filling layer outer portions have a thickness of t2, and t1 is greater than t2.

Abstract: An organic semiconductor device includes, between a pair of electrodes of a first metal electrode and a second electrode, at least, a light-emitting layer, a hole injection layer which removes holes from the first metal electrode, a hole transporting layer formed on the light-emitting layer on a side of the first metal electrode for transporting the holes removed by the hole injection layer to the light-emitting layer, and an electron transporting layer formed on the light-emitting layer on a side of the second electrode for removing electrons from the second electrode and transporting the electrons to the light-emitting layer, wherein the organic semiconductor device further includes a crystallinity controlling member which is a series of discontinuous clusters along the contact surface of the hole injection layer that is in contact with the first metal electrode, for controlling an orientation of crystalline molecules.

Abstract: The present invention relates in a first aspect to methods for producing a nanofibres-containing layer for use as an active layer in an organic electronic device. The method comprising the steps of: a) first heating up a nanofibre-forming polymer in a solvent at a temperature T1, then b) cooling said solution down to a temperature T2 at a rate less than 40° C./h thereby forming a dispersion comprising crystalline nanofibres of said nanofibre-forming polymer, then c) raising the temperature of said dispersion to a temperature T3 higher than T2, but lower than said temperature T1, and then d) coating said dispersion on a substrate at said temperature T3 thereby forming a layer for use as an element of said organic electronic device, wherein before step (d), a step of adding an electron acceptor to the solution or dispersion is performed.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, there is provided a method for manufacturing a photovoltaic cell. The method includes forming a structure including a pair of electrodes which are arranged apart from each other, and a hetero-junction type photoelectric conversion layer interposed between the electrodes and containing a p-type semiconductor and a n-type semiconductor, and annealing the photoelectric conversion layer thermally while applying an AC voltage having a frequency of 0.01 kHz or more and less than 1 kHz to control a mixed state of the p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor in the photoelectric conversion layer.

Abstract: An organic light emitting display apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same wherein in the organic light emitting device, each of the first to third sub pixels includes: a thin film transistor; a pixel electrode electrically connected to the thin film transistor; and an organic light emitting layer electrically connected to the pixel electrode; and an opposite electrode formed on each of the organic light emitting layers. A pad part is disposed on the non-display region, the pad part including at least one side exposed. The first sub pixel includes a first transmissive conductive layer and a second transmissive conductive layer sequentially stacked between the pixel electrode of the first sub pixel and the organic light emitting layer. The second sub pixel includes the first transmissive conductive layer between the pixel electrode of the first sub pixel and the organic light emitting layer.

Abstract: An electronic device, a transparent display and methods for fabricating the same are provided, the electronic device including a first, a second and a third element each formed of a two-dimensional (2D) sheet material. The first, second, and third elements are stacked in a sequential order or in a reverse order. The second element is positioned between the first element and the third element. The second element has an insulator property, the first and third elements have a metal property or a semiconductor property.

Abstract: A suspension or solution for organic optoelectronic device is disclosed in this invention. The composition of the suspension or solution includes at least one kind of micro/nano transition metal oxide and a solvent. The composition of the suspension or solution can selectively include at least one kind of transition metal oxide ions or a precursor of transition metal oxide. Moreover, the making method and applications of the suspension or solution is also disclosed in this invention.

Abstract: A method of preparing a bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic cell through combinations of thermal and solvent vapor annealing are described. Bulk heterojunction films may prepared by known methods such as spin coating, and then exposed to one or more vaporized solvents and thermally annealed in an effort to enhance the crystalline nature of the photoactive materials.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide an ink for an active layer of an organic solar cell, wherein an active layer having high energy conversion efficiency can be stably and easily formed from the ink; an organic solar cell having high energy conversion efficiency; and a method for producing the organic solar cell.

Abstract: Photovoltaic devices and methods of making the same are disclosed herein. The cell comprises: a first electrically conductive layer; at least one photoelectrochemical layer comprising metal-oxide particles, an electrolyte solution, an asphaltene dye, and a second electrically conductive layer.

Abstract: A photoelectric element 1 includes a first electrode, an electron transport layer supporting a photosensitizer, a hole transport layer, and a second electrode, and these components are stacked in the above order. The electron transport layer is formed of an organic compound produced by electrolytic polymerization of a precursor having, within one molecule thereof, two or more moieties each having a structure represented by the following structural formula (1). The photoelectric element 1 includes a gel layer composed of the organic compound and an electrolyte solution infiltrated into the organic compound.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to form an organic transistor including an organic semiconductor having high crystallinity without loosing an interface between an organic semiconductor of a channel where carriers are spread out and a gate insulating layer and deteriorating a yield. A semiconductor device according to the present invention has a stacked structure of organic semiconductor layers, and at least the upper organic semiconductor layer is in a polycrystalline or a single crystalline state and the lower organic semiconductor layer is made of a material serving as a channel. Carrier mobility can be increased owing to the upper organic semiconductor layer having high crystallinity; thus, insufficient contact due to the upper organic semiconductor layer can be compensated by the lower organic semiconductor layer.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting device cutting off ambient light while keeping emission intensity includes a pair of first and second electrodes opposed to each other; and a plurality of organic semiconductor layers layered and disposed between the first and second electrodes, wherein the organic semiconductor layers include an organic light-emitting layer, the organic semiconductor device further comprising a light-scattering layer layered and disposed between the organic light-emitting layer and at least one of the first and second electrodes. The light-scattering layer includes: organic materials having carrier injection and transport characteristics of transporting electrons and/or holes; and plural particles dispersed among the organic materials so that light emitted from the organic light-emitting layer is passed therethrough.

Abstract: Systems, methods and devices for the efficient photocurrent generation in single- or multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which includes (SWNTs)/poly [3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl] (P3HT) hybrid photovoltaics, and exhibit the following features: photocurrent measurement at individual SWNT/P3HT heterojunctions indicate that both semiconducting (s-) and metallic (m-) SWNTs function as excellent hole acceptors; electrical transport and gate voltage dependent photocurrent indicate that P3HT p-dopes both s-SWNT and m-SWNT, and exciton dissociation is driven by a built-in voltage at the heterojunction. Some embodiments include a mm2 scale SWNT/P3HT bilayer hybrid photovoltaics using horizontally aligned SWNT arrays, which exhibit greater than 90% effective external quantum efficiency, among other things, which advantageously provide carbon nanomaterial based low cost and high efficiency hybrid photovoltaics.

Abstract: Implementations and techniques for producing substrates suitable for growing graphene monolayers are generally disclosed.

Abstract: A composition for forming a semiconducting device includes an organic semiconducting material, an agent capable of inhibiting and/or preventing dewetting, and an additional substance, wherein the additional substance is provided in an amount capable of preventing initial crystallization of the composition and reducing the melting point or glass transition temperature of the composition below the melting point or glass transition temperature of the organic semiconducting material. The additional substance may be naphthalene, phenylnaphthalene, anthrance, or diphenylanthrance.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting display panel is provided that improves luminous efficiency and luminescent color by adjusting the difference in film thickness between layers of different luminescent colors, such as intermediate layers, when the intermediate layer and light-emitting layers are formed by a wet method. By varying the film thickness of an interlayer insulation film, which is a lower layer of an organic light-emitting element, the volume of a contact hole is varied by color, thereby adjusting the volume of a concavity in each anode plate. When ink that includes material for the intermediate layer, or like, is sprayed by an inkjet method, the film thickness of the intermediate layer, or like, changes in accordance with the amount of ink filing the concavity. Therefore, by adjusting the difference in volume between concavities of different colors, the difference in film thickness between the intermediate layers, or like, is finely adjusted.

Abstract: The invention provides an organic solar cell, including: a substrate having a first electrode formed thereon; a hole transport layer overlying the first electrode; a metal layer having a first pattern in the hole transport layer; a photoactive layer, including: a first organic semiconductor film having a second pattern complementary to the first pattern and overlying the metal layer and the hole transport layer; a second organic semiconductor film having a first pattern substantially aligned to the first pattern of the metal layer and overlying the first organic semiconductor film, wherein the first organic semiconductor film and the second organic semiconductor film have opposite conductive types; a second electrode overlying the photoactive layer. The invention further provides a method for forming the organic solar cell.

Abstract: Methods for selectively placing carbon nanotubes on a substrate surface by using functionalized carbon nanotubes having an organic compound that is covalently bonded to such carbon nanotubes. The organic compound comprises at least two functional groups, the first of which is capable of forming covalent bonds with carbon nanotubes, and the second of which is capable of selectively bonding metal oxides. Such functionalized carbon nanotubes are contacted with a substrate surface that has at least one portion containing a metal oxide. The second functional group of the organic compound selectively bonds to the metal oxide, so as to selectively place the functionalized carbon nanotubes on the at least one portion of the substrate surface that comprises the metal oxide.

Abstract: A semiconductor composite film includes a semiconductor thin film layer containing an organic semiconductor material, an insulating thin film layer formed from a polymer material phase-separated from the organic semiconductor material in the film thickness direction, and a fine particle material dispersed in at least one of the semiconductor thin film layer and the insulating thin film layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for forming banks during the fabrication of electronic devices incorporating an organic semiconductor material that includes preparing an aqueous coating composition having at least a water-soluble polymer, a UV curing agent and a water-soluble fluorine compound. This coating composition is applied to a substrate, exposed using UV radiation and then developed using an aqueous developing composition to form the bank pattern. Because the coating composition can be developed using an aqueous composition rather than an organic solvent or solvent system, the method tends to preserve the integrity of other organic structures present on the substrate. Further, the incorporation of the fluorine compound in the aqueous solution provides a degree of control over the contact angles exhibited on the surface of the bank pattern and thereby can avoid or reduce subsequent surface treatments.

Abstract: A composite material is described. The composite material comprises semiconductor nanocrystals, and organic molecules that passivate the surfaces of the semiconductor nanocrystals. One or more properties of the organic molecules facilitate the transfer of charge between the semiconductor nanocrystals. A semiconductor material is described that comprises p-type semiconductor material including semiconductor nanocrystals. At least one property of the semiconductor material results in a mobility of electrons in the semiconductor material being greater than or equal to a mobility of holes. A semiconductor material is described that comprises n-type semiconductor material including semiconductor nanocrystals. At least one property of the semiconductor material results in a mobility of holes in the semiconductor material being greater than or equal to a mobility of electrons.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing a highly efficient organic/inorganic hybrid solar cell using fully aqueous phase-synthesized semiconductor nanocrystals and conducting polymer. The method mainly includes three steps: synthesizing nanocrystals in an aqueous phase, synthesizing a conjugated polymer precursor in an aqueous phase, and producing a device of solar cell. The nanocrystal material required for producing a solar cell by the method is widely available, diversified and size-controlled, and the used conjugated polymer has regulated molecular structure and molecular weight, which contributes to increase the absorption of sunlight. The processing of cell device can be performed at room temperature in air, and has advantages of no pollution, short processing period, and low cost.

Abstract: A method comprises providing a bottom electrode, depositing, on the bottom electrode, an active material comprising a first structural portion having an absorption peak at a UV wavelength, wherein such first structural portion is photo-activatable at such wavelength and which is constituted by monomers or oligomers that, when irradiated at said wavelength, undergo a photo-polymerization and/or photo-cross-linking reaction, or constituted by a polymer that at a UV wavelength undergoes a photo-degradation reaction, and a second electrically active or activatable structural portion which is substantially transparent to such predetermined UV wavelength; exposing a portion of the active material, through a photomask, to UV radiation having such UV wavelength, with photo-activation of the exposed portion of such film; selectively removing either the exposed photo-activated portion or the non-exposed portion, with exposure of a respective portion of the bottom electrode; depositing a head electrode.

Abstract: A species for use, for example, in a charge transfer layer of a photovoltaic device, the species comprising an acceptor group to which is fused a tuning group. The species can be a small molecule, polymer or oligomer, and monomers for producing said polymer, photovoltaic devices comprising said species, and methods for producing said device, are also provided.

Abstract: An organic optoelectronic device is disclosed. The organic optoelectronic device includes a carrier substrate, an anode electrode layer disposed at least partially on the carrier substrate, an organic electronic active region including one or more organic layers and disposed at least partially on the anode electrode layer, and a cathode electrode layer disposed at least partially on the organic photoactive layer. The anode electrode layer has a periodic array of sub-wavelength nanostructures. Methods of manufacturing an organic optoelectronic device are also disclosed.

Abstract: A photovoltaic structure having an electrode of a glass substrate coated with a high work function metal to which a film of a combination of a non-conjugated conductive polymer and an electron acceptor such as fullerene, carbon, iodine, or potassium iodide is applied. The structure has a second electrode of a low work function metal that has been coated on the glass substrate. This glass substrate with the low work function metal is applied to the film. Among the non-conjugated polymers are polyisoprene, poly(?-pinene), cis-polyisoprene, styrene-butadiene-rubber copolymer, polynobornene and polyalloocimene. When light strikes this photovoltaic structure it is capable of generating electric voltage greater than 100 mV for a light intensity of about 5 mW/cm2.

Abstract: Organic photosensitive optoelectronic devices are disclosed. The devises are thin-film crystalline organic optoelectronic devices capable of generating a voltage when exposed to light, and prepared by a method including the steps of: depositing a first organic layer over a first electrode; depositing a second organic layer over the first organic layer; depositing a confining layer over the second organic layer to form a stack; annealing the stack; and finally depositing a second electrode over the second organic layer.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting display device and a method of manufacturing the same. The organic light-emitting display device includes a first film formed of an inorganic material, a second film that is formed of an organic material and formed on the first film, and includes a first surface and a second surface facing each other and lateral surfaces at boundaries of the first surface and the second surface, with the first surface contacting the first film, a third film that is formed of an inorganic material and covers the second surface and lateral surfaces of the second film, with a first sealing region contacting the first film being formed at a boundary between the second film and the third film, an organic light-emitting unit that is disposed on the third film to overlap with the second film, and a fourth film that covers the organic light-emitting unit, with a second sealing region contacting the third film being formed at a boundary of the fourth film.

Abstract: A light-emitting device which includes a first semiconductor layer of a first conductivity type; a second semiconductor layer of a second conductivity type; and a light emitting layer provided between the first and second semiconductor layers, the device comprises a first electrode formed on the first semiconductor layer; a second electrode formed on the second semiconductor layer; and a light-transmissive electrode covering the second semiconductor layer and the second electrode, wherein contact between the second electrode and the second semiconductor layer is non-ohmic, and the second electrode has a stacked structure including a lower layer and an upper layer whose contact resistance with the light-transmissive electrode is lower than that of the lower layer, part of the second electrode being exposed through an opening formed in the light-transmissive electrode.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent element includes an electron-transport layer composed of a heterocyclic compound, a negative electrode composed of a metal material, and a transition-metal-complex layer arranged between the electron-transport layer and the negative electrode.

Abstract: A multi-layer film body comprises a plastic substrate strip conveyed in a first direction in a roll-to-roll process for printing electronic organic components on the substrate. A first electrically conducting layer is on the substrate, a semiconductor layer is on the first layer, an insulator layer is on the semiconductor layer and a second electrically conducting layer is on the insulator layer, the layers comprising a first interconnection assembly portion and a second electronic assembly portion successively positioned in the first direction, each portion comprising a central zone and a respective conductor tract input zone and conductor tract output zone bordering the respective central zones, the input, central and output zones of each portion each comprising parallel conductor tracts in the first conducting layer. Electrical connectors in the second conducting layer interconnect selected ones of the conductor tracts in the two portions.

Abstract: Provided herein are embodiments of a three-dimensional bicontinuous heterostructure, a method of producing same, and the application of this structure. The three-dimensional bicontinuous heterostructure includes two interpenetrating layers which are spatially continuous, include only protrusions or peninsulas, and have no islands. The method of producing the three-dimensional bicontinuous heterostructure includes forming an essentially planar continuous bottom layer of a first material; forming a layer of this first material on top of the bottom layer that is textured to produce protrusions for subsequent interpenetration with a second material, coating this second material onto this structure, and forming a coating with the second material that ensures that only the second material is contacted by subsequent layer. One of the materials includes visible and/or infrared-absorbing semiconducting quantum dot nanoparticles, and one of materials is a hole conductor and the other is an electron conductor.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for making a conjugated polymer. In the method, polyacrylonitrile, a solvent, and a catalyst are provided. The polyacrylonitrile is dissolved in the solvent to form a polyacrylonitrile solution. The catalyst is uniformly dispersed into the polyacrylonitrile solution. The polyacrylonitrile solution with the catalyst is heated to induce a cyclizing reaction of the polyacrylonitrile, thereby forming a conjugated polymer solution with the conjugated polymer dissolved therein.

Abstract: A method for sealing an organic light emitting diode (OLED) device is disclosed wherein the OLED device comprises a color filter. A color filter is deposited on a first glass plate or substrate and a glass-based frit is then deposited in a loop around the color filter, The deposited fit loop is then heated by electromagnetic energy to evaporate organic constituents and to sinter the fit in a pre-sintering step. An OLED device may then be assembled by positioning a second glass plate comprising an organic light emitting material deposited thereon in overlying registration with the first glass plate, with the color filer and the organic light emitting material positioned between the plates. The fit is then heated with a laser to form a hermetic seal between the first and second glass plates.

Abstract: Conductive material grids or lines embedded or partially embedded in a transparent substrate of a solar cell. The grids or lines can have a higher conductivity than the anode or they can have the same conductivity. The grids or lines increase the volume of the anode and, thus decrease sheet resistance of the same.

Abstract: A display panel is disclosed. The display panel includes a data line, a scan line, a first switch connected to a first voltage, a second switch connected to a second voltage, and a pixel.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a method for fabricating an InGaAlN light-emitting semiconductor structure. During the fabrication process, at least one single-crystal sacrificial layer is deposited on the surface of a base substrate to form a combined substrate, wherein the single-crystal sacrificial layer is lattice-matched with InGaAlN, and wherein the single crystal layer forms a sacrificial layer. Next, the InGaAlN light-emitting semiconductor structure is fabricated on the combined substrate. The InGaAlN structure fabricated on the combined substrate is then transferred to a support substrate, thereby facilitating a vertical electrode configuration. Transferring the InGaAlN structure involves etching the single-crystal sacrificial layer with a chemical etchant. Furthermore, the InGaAlN and the base substrate are resistant to the chemical etchant. The base substrate can be reused after the InGaAlN structure is transferred.

Abstract: An organic EL display panel includes a wiring layer, a planarizing film above the wiring layer, and a plurality of light-emitting cells in a row. A pair of first banks are above the planarizing film to delimit lateral surfaces of the light-emitting cells. The planarizing film includes a plurality of recesses that are each formed between adjacent ones of the light-emitting cells and extend between the first banks. A plurality of organic light-emitting layers are each in one of the light-emitting cells between the pair of first banks. A plurality of second banks are connected to the first banks, and each comprise a same material as the first banks. Each of the second banks is above one of the recesses and has a shape that conforms to a profile of the one of the recesses so that the second banks are lower in height than the first banks.