Abstract: A catalyst comprising a promoted mixed metal oxide is useful for the vapor phase oxidation of an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to an unsaturated carboxylic acid and for the vapor phase ammoxidation of an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to an unsaturated nitrile.

Abstract: Partial oxidation products and/or ammoxidation products of an olefinic hydrocarbon A′ are prepared by a process in which said olefinic hydrocarbon is produced during normal operation by partial dehydrogenation and/or oxydehydrogenation of hydrocarbon A and fed in from another source during partial or complete nonoperation of the dehydrogenation and/or oxydehydrogenation.

Abstract: A catalyst comprising a mixed metal oxide is useful for the vapor phase oxidation of an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to an unsaturated carboxylic acid and for the vapor phase ammoxidation of an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to an unsaturated nitrile.

Abstract: A catalyst comprising a promoted mixed metal oxide is useful for the vapor phase oxidation of an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to an unsaturated carboxylic acid and for the vapor phase ammoxidation of an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to an unsaturated nitrile.

Abstract: A process increasing the yield of both HCN and acetonitrile produced during the manufacture of acrylonitrile comprising introducing a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of propylene and propane, a crude ketone and/or a mixture of at least two ketones, ammonia and air, into a reaction zone containing an ammoxidation catalyst, reacting the. hydrocarbon, the ketone, ammonia and oxygen over said catalyst at an elevated temperature to produce acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile, and recovering the acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile from the reactor.

Abstract: A catalyst comprising a mixed metal oxide is useful for the vapor phase oxidation of an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to an unsaturated carboxylic acid and for the vapor phase ammoxidation of an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to an unsaturated nitrile.

Abstract: A catalyst comprising a mixed metal oxide is useful for the vapor phase oxidation of an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to an unsaturated carboxylic acid and for the vapor phase ammoxidation of an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to an unsaturated nitrile.

Abstract: An improved catalyst comprising a mixed metal oxide is prepared by the use of a sol-gel technique. The catalyst is useful for the conversion of an alkane, or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene, to an unsaturated carboxylic acid by vapor phase oxidation, or to an unsaturated nitrile by vapor phase oxidation in the presence of ammonia.

Abstract: A process increasing the yield of both HCN and acetonitrile produced during the manufacture of acrylonitrile comprising introducing a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of propylene and propane, a crude ketone and/or a mixture of at least two ketones, ammonia and air, into a reaction zone containing an ammoxidation catalyst, reacting the hydrocarbon, the ketone, ammonia and oxygen over said catalyst at an elevated temperature to produce acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile, and recovering the acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile from the reactor.

Abstract: This invention is directed towards an improved process for the selective gas phase oxidation of a organic reactant using a metal oxide redox catalyst, wherein the organic reactant and air feeds are at a substantially continuous level, the improvement comprising adding a fluctuating flow of oxygen at alternating relatively high and relatively low levels. The invention also teaches means by which a gas may be provided to a reaction process on a fluctuating basis.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for producing an oxide catalyst comprising, as component elements, molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), at least one element selected from the group consisting of the two elements of antimony (Sb) and tellurium (Te), and niobium (Nb), wherein the process comprises providing an aqueous raw material mixture containing compounds of the component elements of the oxide catalyst, and drying the aqueous raw material mixture, followed by calcination, and wherein, in the aqueous raw material mixture, at least a part of the niobium compound as one of the compounds of the component elements is present in the form of a complex thereof with a complexing agent comprising a compound having a hydroxyl group bonded to an oxygen atom or a carbon atom. Also disclosed is a process for producing (meth)acrylonitrile or (meth)acrylic acid, which comprises performing the ammoxidation or oxidation of propane or isobutane in the gaseous phase in the presence of the oxide catalyst.

Abstract: A composition, a process for producing the composition, and a process for producing a nitrile are disclosed. The composition is substantially anhydrous or free of water and comprises ammonia and an anti-foaming agent. The composition can be produced by contacting substantially anhydrous ammonia with an anti-foaming amount of an anti-foaming agent. The process for producing a nitrile comprises contacting a hydrocarbon with the composition disclosed herein.

Abstract: A catalyst comprising a promoted mixed metal oxide is useful for the vapor phase oxidation of an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to an unsaturated carboxylic acid and for the vapor phase ammoxidation of an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to an unsaturated nitrile.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for producing an oxide catalyst for use in producing (meth)acrylonitrile from propane or isobutane by ammoxidation in the gaseous phase, the oxide catalyst comprising a compound oxide containing Mo, V and Sb as essential component elements, which process comprises subjecting a solution or slurry, in water and/or an alcohol, of a raw-material mixture comprising a Mo compound, a V compound and an Sb compound as essential raw materials to a specific oxidation treatment using an oxidizing gas and/or an oxidizing liquid before subjecting the solution or slurry to drying and subsequent calcination. Further, also disclosed is a process for producing a base-treated oxide catalyst by treating the above-mentioned oxide catalyst with an aqueous basic solution.

Abstract: A promoted multi-metal oxide catalyst is useful for the vapor phase oxidation of an alkane, or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene, to an unsaturated carboxylic acid and for the vapor phase ammoxidation of an alkane, or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene, to an unsaturated nitrile.

Abstract: A process increasing the yield of both HCN and acetonitrile produced during the manufacture of acrylonitrile comprising introducing a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of propylene and propane, a crude ketone and/or a mixture of at least two ketones, ammonia and air, into a reaction zone containing an ammoxidation catalyst, reacting the hydrocarbon, the ketone, ammonia and oxygen over said catalyst at an elevated temperature to produce acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile, and recovering the acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile from the reactor.

Abstract: A catalyst comprising a promoted mixed metal oxide is useful for the vapor phase oxidation of an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to an unsaturated carboxylic acid and for the vapor phase ammoxidation of an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to an unsaturated nitrile.

Abstract: A catalyst comprising a promoted mixed metal oxide is useful for the vapor phase oxidation of an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to an unsaturated carboxylic acid and for the vapor phase ammoxidation of an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to an unsaturated nitrile.

Abstract: A process for preparing a catalyst is disclosed. The catalyst is useful for the gas phase oxidation of alkanes to unsaturated aldehydes or carboxylic acids or for the ammoxidation of alkanes to unsaturated nitrites.

Abstract: In a method for separating isophthalonitrile from a gas produced by causing m-xylene to react with ammonia and oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a catalyst, the gas is brought into contact with an organic solvent having a boiling point lower than that of isophthalonitrile; a liquid in which isophthalonitrile is trapped in a trapping step is distilled, to thereby recover isophthalonitrile and the organic solvent from the top of the column and separate at the bottom of the column impurities having boiling points higher than that of isophthalonitrile; and the organic solvent is recovered from the top of the rectification column and liquefied isophthalonitrile of high purity is recovered at the bottom of the column.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improvement in a process and apparatus for manufacturing acrylonitrile by the vapor phase ammoxidation of a hydrocarbon. The invention comprises contacting the gaseous product stream with a quench fluid in a reverse jet scrubber. The quenching fluid is injected counter-current to the gas flow, and the gas velocity is sufficient to reverse the flow direction of the water, thereby forming a standing wave or froth zone wherein the quench is rapidly achieved. The quench fluid may be obtained from many sources, but is preferably obtained from a waste process stream emanating from a subsequent recovery or purification step. The quench fluid may contain acid to facilitate removal of ammonia from the gas stream. The quench fluid that is not vaporized may be recirculated. Impurities and contaminants may be removed from the quench fluid prior to recycle.

Abstract: A process increasing the yield of both HCN and acetonitrile produced during the manufacture of acrylonitrile comprising introducing a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of propylene and propane, a crude ketone and/or a mixture of at least two ketones, ammonia and air, into a reaction zone containing an ammoxidation catalyst, reacting the hydrocarbon, the ketone, ammonia and oxygen over said catalyst at an elevated temperature to produce acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile, and recovering the acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile from the reactor.

Abstract: A composition, a process for producing the composition, and a process for producing a nitrile are disclosed. The composition is substantially anhydrous or free of water and comprises ammonia and an anti-foaming agent. The composition can be produced by contacting substantially anhydrous ammonia with an anti-foaming amount of an anti-foaming agent. The process for producing a nitrile comprises contacting a hydrocarbon with the composition disclosed herein.

Abstract: A method for a gas phase catalytic oxidation reaction of a hydrocarbon, which comprises: subjecting an alkane having a carbon number ranging from 3 to 8 and/or an alkene having a carbon number ranging from 2 to 8 to a gas phase catalytic oxidation reaction to produce a vapor phase oxidation product in the presence of a mixed metal oxide catalyst, wherein the reacion is conducted in the presence of particles substantially inert to the reaction in an amount within a range of the same amount as the amount of catalyst to 99 wt. % in all particles.

Abstract: The invention is a method for the reduction of ammonia breakthrough during the manufacture of acrylonitrile comprising introducing a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of propane and isobutane; ammonia and an oxygen-containing gas into a lower portion of a fluid-bed reactor containing an ammoxidation catalyst to react in the presence of said catalyst to produce acrylonitrile. The method comprises introducing into the reactor at least one C2 to C5 olefin which will react with at least a portion of the unreacted ammonia and oxygen present in the reactor to substantially reduce the amount of ammonia present in the reactor effluent exiting the reactor.

Abstract: A process for increasing the yield of one or both co-products HCN and acetonitrile produced during the manufacture of acrylonitrile comprising introducing a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of propylene and propane, a mixture comprising one or more alcohols selected from crude methanol, crude ethanol or crude propanol, ammonia and air into a reaction zone containing an ammoxidation catalyst, reacting the hydrocarbon, alcohol, ammonia and oxygen over said catalyst at an elevated temperature to produce acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile, and recovering the acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile from the reactor.

Abstract: A process of manufacturing acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile by the catalytic reaction in the vapor phase of a paraffin selected from propane and isobutane with molecular oxygen and ammonia by catalytic contact of the reactants in a reaction zone with a catalyst, the feed composition having a mole ratio of the paraffin to ammonia in the range of from about 2.5 to 16 and a mole ratio of paraffin to oxygen in the range of from about 1.0 to 10, wherein said catalyst has the elements in the proportions indicated by the empirical formula:VSb.sub.m A.sub.a D.sub.b Q.sub.q R.sub.r O.sub.xwhereA is one or more of Ti, Sn, Fe, Cr and Ga;D is one or more of Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Co, Ni, Zn, Ge, Zr, Cu, Ta, Bi, Ce, In, B and Mn;Q is one or more of Mo, W, and Nb;R is one or more of As, Te, and Se;m equals 0.8 to 4;a equals 0.01 to 2;d is 0 to 2;0.ltoreq.q<0.01; preferably 0<q<0.01, especially 0<q<0.005q+r are greater than 0;x is determined by the oxidation state of the cations present.

Abstract: A process of manufacturing acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile by the catalytic reaction in the vapor phase of a paraffin selected from propane and isobutane with molecular oxygen and ammonia by catalytic contact of the reactants in a reaction zone with a catalyst, the feed composition having a mole ratio of the paraffin to ammonia in the range of from about 2.5 to 16 and a mole ratio of paraffin to oxygen in the range of from about 1.0 to 10, wherein said catalyst has the elements in the proportions indicated by the empirical formula:VSb.sub.m A.sub.a Mo.sub.b D.sub.d O.sub.xwhereA is one or more of Ti, Sn, Fe, Cr and Ga;D is one or more of Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Co, Ni, Zn, Ge, Nb, Zr, W, Cu, Te, Ta, Se, Bi, Ce, In, As, B and Mn;m equals 0.8 to 4;a equals 0.01 to 2;0<b<0.005;d is 0 to 2;x is determined by the oxidation state of the cations present, and the catalyst has been heat treated at a temperature of at least 780.degree. C.

Abstract: An ammoxidation catalyst for use in producing acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile from propane or isobutane, which comprises a compound oxide and a silica carrier having supported thereon the compound oxide, wherein the compound oxide comprises molybdenum, vanadium, niobium and at least one element selected from the group consisting of tellurium and antimony, and wherein the alkali metal content of the ammoxidation catalyst is extremely small or substantially zero, and a process for producing acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile by using the ammoxidation catalyst. By the use of the ammoxidation catalyst of the present invention, acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile can be produced in high yield, as compared to the yield achieved by conventional ammoxidation catalysts containing a silica carrier.

Abstract: A fluidized-bed reactor for ammo-oxidation or oxidation and an ammo-oxidation or oxidation process using the reactor. The reactor comprises a vessel, a sparger for supplying and dispersing a gas containing an organic material, and a distributor for supplying and dispersing an oxygen-containing gas, the sparger comprising a header and a plurality of dispersion pipes connected laterally to the header, the dispersion pipes each having a plurality of orifices, wherein the hole size of an orifice farthest from the header is larger than the hole size of an orifice nearest the header, and the hole size of one orifice is larger than or equal to the hole size of adjacent orifice that is nearer the header than the one orifice.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of mixed vanadium, antimony and iron oxides and to their use as catalysts for the ammoxidation of alkanes. The process for the preparation of a mixed oxide defined above is characterized in that:respective vanadium, antimony and iron compounds are dissolved in at least one saturated alcohol or in water,the alcoholic .epsilon.olution or the aqueous solution thus obtained is brought into contact with an aqueous solution containing an ammonium salt, in order to precipitate the mixed oxide,the mixed oxide obtained is separated and calcined.

Abstract: Process for producing acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile from propane or isobutane by ammoxidation at a temperature in the range of from 380 to 500.degree. C. in a fluidized-bed reactor containing a catalyst composition preheated to a temperature of not lower than 300.degree. C.

Abstract: Mixed oxide vanadium/antimony/titanium ammoxidation catalysts, particularly suited for the ammoxidation of alkanes and exhibiting X-ray diffraction spectra which are characteristic of a crystallographic phase of rutile TiO.sub.2, are prepared by (a) dissolving respective soluble compounds of vanadium, of antimony and of titanium in at least one saturated alcohol, (b) contacting the alcoholic solution thus obtained with water and precipitating the mixed oxide therefrom, and (c) separating and calcining the mixed oxide thus precipitated.

Abstract: An ammoxidation catalyst comprising a compound oxide of Mo, V, Nb, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Te and Sb, wherein the compound catalyst exhibits an X-ray diffraction pattern satisfying the following relationship:0.40.ltoreq.R.ltoreq.0.75wherein R represents the intensity ratio defined by the following formula:R=P.sub.1 /(P.sub.1 +P.sub.2)wherein P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 represent the intensities of peak 1 and peak 2 appearing at diffraction angles (2.theta.) of 27.3.+-.0.3.degree. and 28.2.+-.0.3.degree., respectively.By the use of the ammoxidation catalyst of the present invention, not only can acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile be produced in high yield, but also oxidative decomposition of ammonia feedstock into nitrogen can be effectively suppressed, thereby enabling an improved utilization of ammonia as a feedstock.

Abstract: Petrochemicals are produced by the vapor phase reaction of a hydrocarbon with air in the presence of a suitable catalyst. The petrochemical product is removed from the product gas stream, and part or all of the remaining gas stream is passed through a bed of hydrophobic adsorbent, which adsorbs mainly the unreacted hydrocarbon from the gas stream without adsorbing water vapor. The adsorbed hydrocarbon is purged from the bed with air, and the air-hydrocarbon mixture is recycled to the partial oxidation reactor.

Abstract: Process for producing acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile from propane or isobutane by ammoxidation at a temperature in the range of from 380 to 500.degree. C. in a fluidized-bed reactor containing a catalyst composition preheated to a temperature of not lower than 300.degree. C.

Abstract: Preparation of aromatic or heteroaromatic nitrites of the formula I ##STR1## where X is nitrogen or C-R.sup.6 and all of the R substituents represent hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, nitro, amino or similar groups, provided at least one substituent is a cyano or alkylcyano group. The nitrites I are produced by reacting aromatic or heteroaromatic hydrocarbons of the formula II ##STR2## where X is nitrogen or C-R.sup.6, provided at least one substituent is C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, with ammonia and oxygen at 200 to 600.degree. C. under a pressure of 0.1 to 5 bar in the gas phase over a supported catalyst containing 0.5 to 20% by weight of vanadium oxide. The supported catalyst consists of from 2 to 30 particle fractions whose mean diameters differ by from 10 to 80% and the supporting carrier of the catalyst has a bulk density of 0.6 to 1.2 kg/liter.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of unreacted ammonia from the reactor effluent obtained from a reaction zone used to produce acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile comprising quenching the reactor effluent with an aqueous solution of ammonium phosphate wherein the ratio of ammonium ions to phosphate ions in the solution is between about 0.7 to about 1.3, preferably between about 0.9 to 1.2.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of (meth)acrylonitriles following ammoxidation process comprising catalytically oxidizing at least one saturated hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of propane and isobutane with a mixed gas containing mole-cular oxygen and ammonia in the presence of a catalyst, is provided, the method being characterized by the use of a catalyst composed of complex oxide which is expressed by the general formula (I) below:Cr.alpha.Sb.beta.W.gamma.Ox (I)(in which .alpha., .beta. and .gamma. denote the number of atoms of Cr, Sb and W, respectively, and when .alpha. is 1, .beta. is 0.5-5 and .gamma. is 0.2-2; and x is a value determined by valence of the existing elements).According to this method, the object nitriles can be prepared at high yields with industrial advantages.

Abstract: A catalyst having the atomic ratios set forth in the empirical formula below:A.sub.a B.sub.b C.sub.c Ge.sub.d Bi.sub.e Mo.sub..sub.12 O.sub.xwhereA=two or more of alkali metals, In and TlB=one or more of Mg, Mn, Ni, Co, Ca, Fe, Ce, Sm, Cr, Sb, and W; preferably B equals the combination of Fe and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ni and Co and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Mn, Ca, Ce, Sn, Cr, Sb, and WC=one or more of Pb, Eu, B, Sn, Te and Cua=0.05 to 5.0b=5 to 12c=0 to 5.0d=0.1 to 2.0e=0.1 to 2.0x=the number of oxygen atoms required to satisfy the valency requirements of the other elements andb>a+c.

Abstract: Acetonitrile is produced directly from alkanes or alkenes by ammoxidation over a catalyst which is a silica-alumina exchanged with a metal of Period 4, Groups VIIA and VIII of the Periodic Table. The silica-alumina can be amorphous but is preferably crystalline zeolite. Preferred zeolite include ZSM-5, beta, NU-87 and USY. Cobalt is the favored metal for exchange. Particularly good results are obtained when the zeolite has been modified with a surface coating of silicon oxides prior to the metal exchange or modified with a boron or phosphorous containing compound followed by calcination. Ammoxidation of alkanes produce alkenes as a byproduct which can be recycled to the reaction to increase acetonitrile yield.

Abstract: A method for producing a nitrile, which comprises a gas phase catalytic oxidation reaction of an alkane with ammonia in the presence of an oxide catalyst of the empirical formula (1):Mo.sub.a V.sub.b Sb.sub.c X.sub.x O.sub.n (1)wherein X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Nb, Ta, W, Ti, Zr, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pd, Pt, B, In, Ce, an alkali metal and an alkaline earth metal; when a=1, 0.1.ltoreq.b<0.99, 0.01.ltoreq.c<0.9, 0.ltoreq.x<0.89, and 0.11.ltoreq.(b+c+x)<1; and n is a number determined by the oxidized states of other elements.

Abstract: Polymetal oxide materials of the general formula I?A!.sub.p ?B!.sub.q (I),where ##STR1## X.sup.1 is W, Nb, Ta, Cr and/or Ce, X.sup.2 is Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn and/or Zn,X.sup.3 is Sb and/or Bi,X.sup.4 is Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and/or H,X.sup.5 is Mg, Ca, Sr and/or Ba,X.sup.6 is Si, Al, Ti and/or Zr,X.sup.7 is Mo, W, V, Nb and/or Ta,a is from 1 to 8,b is from 0.2 to 5,c is from 0 to 23,d is from 0 to 50,e is from 0 to 2,f is from 0 to 5,g is from 0 to 50,h is from 4 to 30,i is from 0 to 20,x and y are each a number which is determined by the valency and frequency of the elements other than oxygen in I and p and q are non-zero numbers whose ratio p/q is from 160:1 to 1:1,and their use as catalysts.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process comprising the heat treatment of certain V and Sb-containing catalysts at a lower temperature than the previous calcination temperature of the base catalyst to improve catalytic performance; the catalysts resulting from such process; and certain oxidation and ammoxidation reactions in the presence of such a catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed is an ammoxidation catalyst composition for use in producing acrylonitrile from propylene, or methacrylonitrile from isobutene or tert-butanol, by ammoxidation of the propylene or of the isobutene or tert-butanol, comprising an oxide catalyst composition represented by the formula:Mo.sub.12 (Bi.sub.1-a A.sub.a).sub.b Fe.sub.c Co.sub.d X.sub.e Y.sub.f O.sub.g,wherein A is at least one rare earth element, X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of nickel, magnesium, zinc and manganese, Y is at least one element selected from the group consisting of potassium, rubidium and cesium, a is a number of from 0.6 to 0.8, b is a number of from 0.5 to 2, c is a number of from 0.1 to 3, d is a number of from more than 0 to 10, e is a number of from 0 to 8, f is a number of from 0.01 to 2, and g is a number determined by the valence requirements of the other elements present.

Abstract: Mixed oxide vanadium/antimony/titanium ammoxidation catalysts, particularly suited for the ammoxidation of alkanes and exhibiting X-ray diffraction spectra which are characteristic of a crystallographic phase of rutile TiO.sub.2, are prepared by (a) dissolving respective soluble compounds of vanadium, of antimony and of titanium in at least one saturated alcohol, (b) contacting the alcoholic solution thus obtained with water and precipitating the mixed oxide therefrom, and (c) separating and calcining the mixed oxide thus precipitated.

Abstract: Disclosed is an ammoxidation catalyst composition for use in producing acrylonitrile from propylene, or methacrylonitrile from isobutene or tert-butanol, by ammoxidation of the propylene or of the isobutene or tert-butanol, comprising an oxide catalyst composition represented by the formula:Mo.sub.12 (Bi.sub.1-a A.sub.a).sub.b Fe.sub.c Ni.sub.d X.sub.e Y.sub.f O.sub.g,whereinA is at least one rare earth element,X is at least one element selected from magnesium and zinc,Y is at least one element selected from potassium, rubidium and cesium,a is a number of from 0.6 to 0.8,b is a number of from 0.5 to 2,c is a number of from 0.1 to 3,d is a number of from 4 to 10,e is a number of from 0 to 3,f is a number of from 0.01 to 2, andg is a number determined by the valence requirements of the other elements present.

Abstract: This invention is directed towards an improved process for the selective gas phase oxidation of a organic reactant using a metal oxide redox catalyst, wherein the organic reactant and air feeds are at a substantially continuous level, the improvement comprising adding a fluctuating flow of oxygen at alternating relatively high and relatively low levels. The invention also teaches means by which a gas may be provided to a reaction process on a fluctuating basis.

Abstract: Process for preparing a nitrile of the formula (I) ##STR1## in which R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are for example hydrogen, halogen, cyano, hydroxyl, carboxyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio or arylamino, or R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 together form a substituted or unsubstituted 4-membered carbon bridge,by reacting an aldehyde of the formula (II) ##STR2## with a hydroxylammonium salt followed by dehydration by heating to an elevated temperature, wherein the reaction takes place in the presence of an anhydrous inorganic sulfate and in the absence of diluents from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, strongly polar aprotic solvents, sulfur compounds and heteroaromatic basic nitrogen compounds.The nitriles obtainable by the process of the invention are valuable intermediates for, in particular, the preparation of diketopyrrolopyrrole pigments.

Abstract: The process for the ammoxidation of a C.sub.3 to C.sub.5 paraffinic hydrocarbon to its corresponding .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated hydrocarbon comprising reacting the C.sub.3 to C.sub.5 paraffinic hydrocarbon with ammonia and oxygen in a fluid bed reactor at a temperature of between 250.degree. C. to 600.degree. C. in the presence of a catalyst having the empirical formula as follows:V.sub.v Sb.sub.m A.sub.a D.sub.d O.sub.xwherein A when present is Sn and/or Ti;D when present is one or more of Li, Mg, Na, Ca, Sr, Ba, Co, Fe, Cr, Ga, Ni, Zn, Ge, Nb, Zr, Mo, W, Cu, Te, Ta, Se, Bi, Ce, In, As, B, Al, P and Mn; andwherein v is 1, m is 0.5-75, a is 0 to 25, d is 0 to 25, and x is determined by the oxidation state of the cations present,and a minor quantity of an halogen-containing component, preferably characterized by the following formula:R--X or X.sub.2where R=Hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 alkyland X=F, Cl, Br, I or mixtures thereof.