Abstract: Cyclohexane derivatives of the formula IR.sup.1 --A.sup.1 --Z.sup.1 --A.sup.2 --R.sup.2 Iin whichR.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each an alkyl group having 1-10 C atoms, in which one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups can also be replaced by O atoms and/or --CO-- groups and/or --CO--O-- groups and/or --CH.dbd.CH-- groups, one of the radicals R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 also being H, F, Cl, Br, CN or R.sup.3 --A.sup.3 --Z.sup.2 --,A.sup.1 is --A--, A.sup.4 --A-- or --A--A.sup.4 --,A is a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group which can be substituted in the 2-, 3-, 5- and/or 6-position one or more times by F and/or Cl and/or Br and/or CN and/or an alkyl group or a fluorinated alkyl group which each have 1-10 C atoms and in which one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups can also be replaced by 0 atoms and/or --CO-- groups and/or --CO--O-- groups, and which may also be substituted in the 1- and/or 4-position,A.sup.2, A.sup.3 and A.sup.

Abstract: A novel 3-substituted biphenyl compound useful as a component of chiral liquid crystal compositions useful for light-switching elements by the use of ferroelectric liquid crystals; a chiral liquid crystal composition containing the compound; and a light-switching element utilizing the composition are provided, which compound is expressed by the formula ##STR1## wherein either one of R.sup.1 or R.sup.2 represents an alkyl group of 4 to 18 carbon atoms having a methyl branch and the other thereof represents an alkyl group of 2 to 18 carbon atoms; X represents a halogen atom of F, Cl or Br or cyano group; and l represents 0 to 1.

Abstract: There is provided a chiral compound of the formula ##STR1## where m, 1, and k are integers in the range of 4.ltoreq.m.ltoreq.14, 0.ltoreq.l.ltoreq.7, 0.ltoreq.k.ltoreq.8, respectively, which has the property of being a liquid crystal in itself or can be added to a liquid crystal without any adverse effect on the liquid crystal. The compound induces twisted arrangement when added to a liquid crystal of TN mode or phase change mode, and it increases the spontaneous polarization when added to a SmC* liquid crystal.

Abstract: A novel chiral liquid crystal compound having an optically active group which affords a superior response rate when used as a liquid crystal display element, and a liquid crystal composition containing the same are provided, which chiral liquid crystal compound is expressed by the formula ##STR1## wherein R represents an alkyl group of 1 to 18 carbon atoms; R* represents an optically active alkyl group of 4 to 15 carbon atoms; X represents single bond, --O--, ##STR2## Y represents --CH.sub.2 O-- or --OCH.sub.2 --; Z represents single bond, --O--, ##STR3## and m and n each represent 1 or 2.

Abstract: New anisotropic compounds of the formula (1) are useful in liquid crystal mixtures for electrooptical displays; at least one of the end groups of the compounds (1) is an alkyl group which carries cyano or halogen in a terminal or non-terminal position. This offers advantages for longitudinal polarization and/or cross-polarization of the anisotropic compounds with the aid of the comparatively highly polarizing cyano or halogen substituents, in particular high clear points, low .DELTA..epsilon./.epsilon..perp. values and/or negative .DELTA..epsilon. values.

Abstract: Anisotropic compounds of the formula (1) specified in claim 1 are suitable, owing to their low .DELTA..epsilon./.epsilon..perp. values for liquid crystal displays which have high information densities of for examples up to 10.sup.6 image dots and accordingly need to be highly multiplexible; compared with known compounds they offer improved application properties and are relatively simple to synthesize.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of compounds containing a difluoromethylene group in a position .alpha. to an oxygen atom. An alcohol or a phenol is brought into contact with trifluoroacetic acid or a halide or anhydride thereof in anhydrous liquid hydrofluoric acid, in the presence of boron trifluoride, in a quantity such that the absolute pressure of boron trifluoride is at least about one bar. The compounds obtained according to the invention are used as synthesis intermediates in the pharmaceutical, plant-protection, and dye industries, as anesthetics and as additives for lubricating oils.

Abstract: New anisotropic compounds with a cross-polarizing substituent have the formula (1) ##STR1## The increase in .epsilon..perp. is achieved by the polarizing group X, preferably the cyano group or a halogen atom, which is not laterally on the ring, as with the known compounds, but is on the bridge, that is to say is part of the main bridge bonding rings A and B to one another. Ring A has the formula (1a) or (1b) given herein and is always cycloaliphatic, while ring B can be identical to ring A or is an aromatic ring of the formula (1c) or (1d) herein. R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different end groups of the formula (1e) herein.The radical X on the bridge causes less widening of the molecule than a radical X on a ring, which provides comparatively higher clear points and moreover enables aromatic rings to be omitted from the anisotropic compounds.

Abstract: Substituted [1,1'-biphenyl]-3-ylmethyl compounds carrying leaving groups are intermediates to insecticidal esters.

Abstract: 4-Substituted phenyl crotyl ether derivative is disclosed, which is a novel nematic liquid crystal compound having a comparatively high N-I point and which, when preparing a practically usable mixed liquid crystal having an N-I point higher than 65.degree. C. by mixing this compound with at least one other liquid crystal compound, can minimize the increase range of the viscosity of the resulting mixed liquid crystal.

Abstract: A novel compound usable as a component constituting liquid crystal materials having a positive dielectric anisotropy value and a liquid crystal composition containing the same are provided, which compound is an alcohol derivative expressed by the general formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents a hydroxyalkyl group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms having hydroxyl group at the end or an intermediate position thereof; R.sup.2 represents an alkyl group or an alkoxy group each of 1 to 10 carbon atoms or --C.tbd.N; and ##STR2## represents ##STR3## and when R.sup.2 represents --C.tbd.

Abstract: Compounds of the formulaR.sup.1 --Q.sup.1 --(CH.sub.2).sub.m --(COO).sub.n --(CH.sub.2).sub.p --Q.sup.2 --R.sup.2whereinR.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently alkyl or alkoxy each of 1-12 C atoms, F, Cl, Br, CN or --Q.sup.3 --R.sup.3, or one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can also be H;Q.sup.1, Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3 are each independently 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-bicyclo(2,2,2)-octylene or 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-4 fluorine, chlorine or bromine atoms;R.sup.3 is alkyl or alkoxy each of 1-8 C atoms, H, F, Cl, Br or CN;m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; n is 0 or 1; and p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; the sum of (m+p) being 2, 4 or 6 and the sum of (m+n+p) being at least 3;but with the proviso that Q.sup.3 is unsubstituted 1,4-phenylene or 1,4-phenylene substituted by a fluorine, chlorine or bromine atom, only when n=1 or (m+p)=6 or at least one of R.sup.1 or R.sup.3 is F, Cl or Br or none of R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 is CN or two of the radicals R.sup.1 to R.sup.

Abstract: Liquid crystalline mixtures containing compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein n stands for the number 0 or 1; X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 denote single covalent bonds or one of the symbols X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 also denotes --COO--, --OOC-- or --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --; the rings A.sup.1, A.sup.2, and A.sup.3 represent 1,4-phenylene, 2-fluoro-1,4-phenylene or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or one of these rings also represents a 2,5-disubstituted pyrimidine ring or a trans-2,5-disubstituted m-dioxane ring; R.sup.1 signifies 4-alkenyl or on a cyclohexyl ring also 2Z-alkenyl; and R.sup.2 denotes alkyl, alkoxy, --CN or --NCS,as well as the manufacture of these compounds and the use for electro-optical purposes are described.

Abstract: Chiral smectic compounds having a high response rate and being superior as a ferroelectric liquid crystalline material, and chiral smectic mixtures containing the same are provided, which compounds being expressed by the formula ##STR1## wherein X represents --CH.sub.2 --, --O-- or --CO--; n represents 0, 1 or 2; when X represents --CH.sub.2 --, Y represents R--, R--CO--, ROCO--, ##STR2## wherein R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and when X represents --O-- or --CO--, Y represents R; and * represents a symbol indicating an optically active carbon atom.

Abstract: Provided is a process for preparing a diaryl or a mixture of diaryls represented by any or a combination of the following formulae (II), (III) and (V), characterized in that a diaryliodonium salt represented by the following formula (I) is reacted in a solvent in the presence of a transition metal catalyst and a reducing metal at a temperature in the range of room temperature to 100.degree. C.:[Ar.sub.1 -I.sup..sym. -Ar.sub.2 ]X.sup..crclbar. (I)Ar.sub.1 -Ar.sub.1 (II)Ar.sub.1 -Ar.sub.2 (III)Ar.sub.2 -Ar.sub.2 (IV)wherein Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2, which may be alike or different, are each an aryl group which may have a substituent group or groups and X.sup..crclbar. is a counter ion which is inert to said reaction.

Abstract: Novel compounds of the class of 1-(2-aryl-2-R-ethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazoles having fungicidal and plant-growth regulating properties.

Abstract: Novel terphenyls having a relatively high clearing point and which are suitable for use in liquid crystal materials or in the preparation of compounds for use in such material are characterised by a formula: ##STR1## wherein: R.sub.1 is selected from H, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy and alkoxycarbonyloxy;R.sub.2 is selected from H, alkyl, alkoxy;X.sub.1 is selected from H and fluorine;X.sub.2 is selected from H and fluorine; and ##STR2## is selected from ##STR3## and ##STR4## provided that one of X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 is fluroine. Compounds wherein ##STR5## is ##STR6## or ##STR7## are generally useful as liquid crystal compounds.

Abstract: Catalysts comprising mixtures of HF and metal alkoxides and mixed metal alkoxides produce a sharply peaked alkoxylation distribution during the alkoxylation of organic materials.

Abstract: New polyhalogenoaromatic compounds of Formula I ##STR1## wherein Y and Z are each independently alkyl, alkoxy or alkanoyl each of 1 to 12 C atoms, --COOR.sup.1, --O--CO--R.sup.1, CN, NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2 or OH;Q is one or two identical or different radicals selected from Ph, Cy, 1,4-bicyclo[2,2,2]octylene or 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl;X.sup.1 to X.sup.4 are each independently H, F, Cl or Br;R.sup.1 is alkyl of 1 to 4 C atoms, Ph--R.sup.2 or Cy--R.sup.2 ;R.sup.2 is alkyl or alkoxy each of 1-12 C atoms or CN;Ph is 1,4-phenylene; and Cy is 1,4-cyclohexylene,can be used as components of liquid-crystal dielectrics.

Abstract: A Cyclohexylbiphenyl of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is alkyl of 1-12 C atoms;R.sub.6 is alkyl or alkoxy each of 1-12 C atoms, CN or fluorine; andR.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 each is hydrogen or fluorine, with the proviso that at least one, but not more than two of R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are fluorine.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein ring B stands for 1,4-phenylene or a trans-1,4-disubstituted cyclohexane ring and A stands for a group with 1 to 3 six-membered rings, which together with ring B represents a central group of formulae II-XIII; R.sup.1 signifies a straight-chain alkyl group containing 1 to 9 carbon atoms or when R.sup.1 is attached to a benzene, monofluorinated benzene or pyrimidine, ring R.sup.1 also signifies a straight-chain alkoxy group with 1 to 9 carbon atoms; and R.sup.2 signifies hydrogen, cyano or a straight-chain alkyl group containing 1 to 7 carbon atoms,their manufacture, liquid crystalline mixtures which contain said compounds and their use for electro-optical purposes are described.The compounds of formula I are especially valuable as components in liquid crystal mixtures and for the most part themselves have liquid crystalline properties.

Abstract: A phenylcyclohexene of the formula ##STR1## wherein n is 1 or 2, X is --H, --R, --OR, --OCOR, --OCOOR, --CF.sub.3 or --F, and when n is 1, X can also be ##STR2## R is alkyl of 1-8 C atoms and when two R groups are present they can be the same or different, has valuable liquid crystalline properties.

Abstract: Liquid-crystalline halogen compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein the ring A is 1,4-phenylene or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene; R.sub.1 is alkyl or alkoxy each of 1 to 12 carbon atoms or, when A is 1,4-phenylene, is also cyano; R.sub.2 is alkyl or alkoxy each of 1 to 12 carbon atoms or, when A is 1,4-cyclohexylene, is also chlorine or bromine; and X is fluorine, chlorine or hydrogen; with the proviso that at least one of the substituents R.sub.2 and X is a halogen atom are valuable components in liquid-crystalline dielectrics.

Abstract: Liquid-crystalline compounds which exhibit a liquid crystalline phase within a broader temperature range and also have a high transparent point and yet a low viscosity, and liquid-crystalline compositions containing at least one kind of the above compounds are provided, which compounds are high temperature liquid-crystalline substances consisting of 4 or 5 six-member-rings, expressed by the general formula ##STR1## wherein R and R' each represent hydrogen atom or an alkyl group or an alkoxy group, each having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; ##STR2## and n represents 0 or 1.

Abstract: A Cyclohexylbiphenyl of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is alkyl of 1-12 C atoms;R.sub.6 is alkyl or alkoxy each of 1-12 C atoms, CN or fluorine; andR.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 each is hydrogen or fluorine, with the proviso that at least one, but not more than two of R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are fluorine.

Abstract: The present invention relates to vinyl biphenyl compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is vinyl and the other is hydrogen, and the cyclic moiety A is a -2,5-, -2,3-, or -3,4- di-OR-1-phenyl moiety wherein R is a hydroxy-protecting group, polymers prepared therefrom, and methods of preparation thereof. The subject vinyl biphenyls can be polymerized and the resultant polymers deblocked to remove the R groups and provide the corresponding polymeric dihydroxybiphenyls which can be employed as redox polymers.

Abstract: [1,1'-Biphenyl]-3-ylmethyl pyrethroid esters, as well as processes, uses, and intermediates thereto, are disclosed. The [1,1'-biphenyl]-3-ylmethyl pyrethroid esters control a broad spectrum of insects as well as acarids.

Abstract: Azole compounds of the formula ##STR1## where X is hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy, trifluoromethyl or phenyl and m is an integer from 1 to 5, and, if m is greater than 1, the X's can be identical or different, n is an integer from 2 to 5, Z is N or CH and Y is CO or CR.sup.1 OR.sup.2, where R.sup.1 is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl and R.sup.2 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 -alkenyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 -alkynyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkanoyl, and their crop-tolerated addition salts with acids, and metal complexes.The compounds act as fungicides and growth regulators.

Abstract: Disclosed are aromatic bromopolyfluoroalkyl ethers of the formula: ##STR1## where n is equal to 1 or 2 and R represents at least one moiety selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, the alkyl radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, the phenyl radical, the alkoxy radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, the phenyloxy radical, and the radicals NO.sub.2, CN, Cl, F, Br, I, CF.sub.3, and CONR.sub.1 R.sub.2 and NR.sub.1 R.sub.2 where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are identical or different and represent each a hydrogen or an alkyl radical having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Also disclosed is a method for preparation of these ethers. These compounds are useful as intermediates in producing products exhibiting phytosanitary or pharmaceutical activity.

Abstract: Anisotropic compounds with negative or positive DCA and .DELTA.n.ltoreq.0.2 have the formula (1) ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 l are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbon atoms respectively, or one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can represent cyclical fragment of formulae (1a) or (1b); ##STR2## the bridges Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 are identical or different and means covalent bonds or carboxyl or oxycarbonyl groups; R.sup.3 is hydrogen, alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, respectively; X.sup.1 and X.sup.4 are independently hydrogen, halogen, nitrile or nitro, wherein at least one of X.sup.1 and X.sup.4 is not hydrogen when R.sup.2 represents a cyclical fragment of formula (1a) or (1b) and Z.sup.2 is a carboxyl group or Z.sup.3 is an oxycarbonyl group, respectively. Liquid crystal compositions are also disclosed.

Abstract: Chloroalkoxybenzenes are prepared by reacting a polychlorobenzene with at least one alkali metal hydroxide and an alcohol, ROH, in the presence of at least one tertiary amine sequestering agent having the formula:N--CHR.sub.1 --CHR.sub.2 --O--CHR.sub.3 --CHR.sub.4 --O).sub.n R.sub.5 ].sub.3.

Abstract: Hydroxyalkylphenyl ether or thioether compounds are prepared by reaction of cyclic organic carbonate compounds with phenols or thiophenols in the presence of an alkali metal halide catalyst.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula I ##STR1## in which Z, Z.sub.1, R, m and p are as defined in patent claim 1, can be obtained in a simple and economical manner by a novel process wherein a halide of the formula II ##STR2## is reacted with a substituted or unsubstituted vinylbenzene or vinylnaphthalene derivative in the presence of a base and of certain palladium catalysts, such as palladium acetate. The compounds (I) or functional derivatives preparable therefrom are useful, for example, for the preparation of known dyes or fluorescent brighteners, or can be used directly as fluorescent brighteners or as scintillators.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is alkyl of 1-12 C atoms and R.sub.2 is an optionally perfluorinated alkyl, alkoxy or alkanoyloxy group, each of 1-12 C atoms are valuable liquid crystalline components for broadening the mesophase temperature range of liquid crystalline dielectrics having negative dielectric anisotropy.

Abstract: 1-Halo-1-propyn-3-ols of the formula ##STR1## in which R is optionally substituted phenyl, pyridyl, furyl, thienyl or pyrazolyl,R' is optionally substituted phenyl, andX is halogen,which possess fungicidal properties.

Abstract: Aliphatic/aromatic ethers are prepared by reacting an aliphatic halide with either an alkali or alkaline earth metal, or ammonium phenolate or naphtholate, in an inert organic solvent, and in the presence of at least one tertiary amine sequestering agent having the formula:N--CHR.sub.1 CHR.sub.2 --O--CHR.sub.3 --CHR.sub.4 --O--.sub.n R.sub.5 ].sub.

Abstract: Benzenoid ethers/thioethers are prepared by reacting an activated halobenzene with an anionic reactant, RA.sup.- M.sup.+, in the presence of at least one tertiary amine sequestering agent having formula:N--CHR.sub.1 --CHR.sub.2 --O--CHR.sub.3 --CHR.sub.4 --O--.sub.n R.sub.5 ].sub.

Abstract: There is disclosed a novel process for preparing anti-inflammatory ethynylbenzene derivatives represented by the general formula I: ##STR1## wherein Y is hydrogen, halogen or loweralkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms; R represents a ring having the structure: ##STR2## wherein x is 1 to 3, or a ring of the structure: ##STR3## wherein Y' is hydrogen, halogen, loweralkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms and loweralkoxy of 1 to 3 carbon atoms; Y" is hydrogen or halogen; and Y"' is hydrogen or halogen, provided Y, Y', Y" and Y"' are not all hydrogen at the same time, by reacting a benzyl alcohol of formula V: ##STR4## with a sulfonyl chloride, reducing the sulfonate VI of the formula: ##STR5## and dehydrohalogenating the formed .beta.

Abstract: Compounds are disclosed which have a juvenile hormone action on insects and also exhibit acaricide action. Said compounds are unsaturated aliphatic compounds having a trichloromethyl end group and the other end group of which is a phenol group which may be substituted and/or condensed, and which are capable of hindering the growth of insects from the larval to the adult stage and also exhibit an acaricide action on both adult acari and their eggs.

Abstract: Compounds in which 2,6-di(t-butyl)phenol is substituted in the 4 position by an optionally substituted phenyl group have valuable pharmacological activity as anti-inflammatory agents.

Abstract: Substituted [1,1'-biphenyl]-3-ylmethyl 3-(2,2-dihaloethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylates, as well as processes, uses, and intermediates thereto, are disclosed. The substituted [1,1'-biphenyl]-3-ylmethyl 3-(2,2-dihaloethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylates control a broad spectrum of insects as well as acarids.

Abstract: Phenol ethers are prepared by reacting phenols with dialkyl carbonates in the presence of tertiary amines and/or phosphines. The aralkyl aryl ethers and alkyl aryl ethers obtained are starting materials for the manufacture of dyes, crop protection agents and scents.

Abstract: The oxidative coupling of benzene or benzene derivatives to form the corresponding diphenyls, comprising contacting benzene or a benzene derivative, such as toluene, with molecular oxygen using as a catalyst .beta.-diketo complexes of palladium such as acetylacetone-palladium complex. Use of at least one zirconium compound such as zirconium oxystearate in conjunction with the catalyst gives an increased catalytic activity. The diphenyls are intermediates for production of dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals, and also find application in the preparation of high-molecular-weight polyesters and polyamides.

Abstract: The invention provides a new process for the manufacture of aromatic compounds which at least once contain a benzene ring of an aromatic carbocyclic ring system bonded by an ethylene double bond in conjugation with a further aromatic ring system, i.e. contain the stilbene skeleton or stilbene analogon as central structural element, as well as certain classes of new compounds of this type. The process is characterized by the reaction of a Schiff base of an aromatic aldehyde with an aromatic carbocyclic six-membered ring compound which contains one to four methyl groups bonded to ring carbon atoms of a benzene ring, which furthermore contains aromatic rings which are exclusively six-membered carbocyclic rings, and wherein those benzene rings whose methyl groups are to be caused to react are free of other substituents which contain atoms wich are replaceable by alkali metal. The reaction is carried out in the presence of (a) a strongly basic alkali compound and (b) an N-dialkyl-acylamide as solvent.

Abstract: Hydroxy, alkoxy and acyloxy ethynylbenzene compounds and their derivatives which are useful for the treatment for the relief of inflammation, pain and fever.

Abstract: New compounds are disclosed which have a juvenile hormone action on insects and also exhibit acaricide action. More particularly, said new compounds are unsaturated aliphatic compounds having a trichloromethyl end group and the other end group of which is a phenol group which may be substituted and/or condensed, and which are capable of hindering the growth of insects from the larval to the adult stage and also exhibit an acaricide action on both adult acari and their eggs.Processes for the production of the new compounds of the invention are also disclosed.