Abstract: A computing environment of the invention comprises a graph structure, or multiple interconnected graph structures, the behavior of which is driven by data flow through interconnected nodes, independent of an external code base. The computer system may include a plurality of interconnected nodes in which data flow between the nodes drives execution of one or more functions and wherein code within the system is restricted to said nodes, each of which performs a dedicated function and an engine to drive communication between said system and operating hardware. Data are injected into a node and the node responds by outputting a value (data) to one or more subsequent nodes. Those nodes, in turn, output a behavior that is dependent upon the value (data) they received from one or more other nodes. Thus, it is the data that drives operation of the graph and not a traditional code stack.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for memory device power management are described. An apparatus may include a memory die that includes a power management circuit. The power management circuit may provide a voltage for operating one or more memory dies of the apparatus based on a supply voltage received by the memory die. The second voltage may be distributed to the one or more other memory dies in the apparatus.

Abstract: Power consumption can be reduced by selective memory chip hibernation. For example, a computing device can allocate first data associated with a first processing operation of a user device to a first chip of a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) of the user device. The computing device can allocate second data associated with a second processing operation of the user device to a second chip of the DRAM of the user device. The computing device can determine the first processing operation has been inactive for a predetermined period of time and migrate the first data from the first chip of the DRAM to a storage device of the user device. The computing device can hibernate the first chip of the DRAM while maintaining power to the second chip of the DRAM for continuing to perform the second processing operation.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for utilizing configurable delays in an instruction stream. A set of instructions to be executed on a set of engines are generated. The set of engines are distributed between a set of hardware elements. A set of configurable delays are inserted into the set of instructions. Each of the set of configurable delays includes an adjustable delay amount that delays an execution of the set of instructions on the set of engines. The adjustable delay amount is adjustable by a runtime application that facilitates the execution of the set of instructions on the set of engines. The runtime application is configured to determine a runtime condition associated with the execution of the set of instructions on the set of engines and to adjust the set of configurable delays based on the runtime condition.

Abstract: A method of communicating with a memory device through a plurality of sub-channels and a control sub-channel includes; setting a first mode or a second mode. In the first mode, writing or reading first data corresponding to a command synchronized to the control sub-channel through the plurality of sub-channels, and in the second mode, independently writing or reading second data and third data respectively corresponding to different commands synchronized to the control sub-channel through the plurality of sub-channels.

Abstract: The present disclosure envisages a building management system for a building. The building management system includes a building controller, a power over Ethernet (PoE) adapter, and a PoE source. The building controller is configured to operate one or more building equipment of the building, wherein the building controller is powered via alternating current (AC) power. The power over Ethernet (PoE) adapter comprises one or more circuits configured to receive PoE from the PoE source, wherein the PoE source is configured to generate the PoE having direct current (DC) power. Further, the PoE adapter is configured to generate AC power based on the PoE received from the PoE source, and provide the AC power to the building controller.

Abstract: A power-subsystem-monitoring-based computing system includes a power subsystem coupled to a first computing component. A throttling engine throttles the first computing component when the power subsystem exceeds its maximum power consumption, and de-throttles the first computing component when the power subsystem no longer exceeds its maximum power consumption. The throttling engine also throttles the first computing component when the power subsystem exceeds its rated power consumption for a first time period, and de-throttles the first computing component when the power subsystem no longer exceeds its rated power consumption.

Abstract: Provided herein are system, apparatus, article of manufacture, method and/or computer program product embodiments, and/or combinations and sub-combinations thereof, for enabling Do Not Disturb functionality in voice responsive devices. An example embodiment operates by: enabling an user to configure Do Not Disturb settings for a voice responsive device; while (a) the Do Not Disturb functionality is activated for the voice responsive device, and (b) within a Do Not Disturb time period specified by the Do Not Disturb settings: disabling one or more microphones; receiving an unambiguous trigger; responsive to receiving the unambiguous trigger, enabling the microphone(s); receiving a voice command; and processing the voice command. An example of an unambiguous trigger may be the user pressing a talk button (either a physical or digital button) on a remote control associated with the voice responsive device.

Abstract: Systems and methods for ground fault circuit interrupter trip detection and entire premises loss of power and restoration detection and notification of those events is disclosed. An example system may receive a smart plug identification. The system may authorize a smart plug. The system may link the smart plug to a smart plug application. The system may query the smart plug to obtain a power notification. The system may notify smart plug application of a power status.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus includes a connection unit, a first power supply unit, a second power supply unit, and a control device. The connection unit is connected to an electronic apparatus including a controlled device and a communication relay unit. The first power supply unit can supply power to the controlled device. The second power supply unit can supply power to the communication relay unit. The control device is capable of switching a power supply state by the first power supply unit and the second power supply unit between at least a first stop state in which power supply by the first power supply unit is continued and power supply by the second power supply unit is stopped and a second stop state in which power supply by the first power supply unit and the second power supply unit is stopped.

Abstract: A method of determining a model for pixel power consumption for each pixel in a display of a device displaying each color in a color space is disclosed which includes establishing a color space for the display, decomposing the color space into a plurality of subgrids, measuring the pixel power associated with a selected set of colors in each subgrid of the plurality of subgrids, establishing a pixel power model for each subgrid of the plurality of subgrids by applying a function to the power values at the selected set of colors in that subgrid, and deriving a piecewise pixel power model for the entire color space which includes pixel power models for the plurality of subgrids.

Abstract: A power consumption estimation method is provided, which is performed by a power consumption control device including a correlation database that stores data indicating a correlation between an operation state and power consumption of at least one household information communication device. The power consumption estimation method includes an operation state information acquisition step of acquiring operation state information from each household information communication device, a power consumption acquisition step of acquiring power consumption of each household information communication device by referring to the correlation database by using the operation state information, and a presenting step of presenting power consumption information by function for the at least one household information communication device, based on the power consumption of each household information communication device.

Abstract: Embodiments are generally directed to managing power consumption of powered devices. In some embodiments, the powered devices draw power from a common source of power, which is limited. Under certain circumstances, exceeding the power limits can cause interruption of power to one or more of the devices, thus introducing a source of communication failures. To ensure reliable communications, an attempt to increase a power consumption of a first powered device in a power group is first reviewed to determine if the increase will cause a supplied power of the group to exceed a maximum power of the group. If the increase will cause the maximum power to be exceeded, the increase is modified, in some circumstances, to fit within the maximum power level. Alternatively, power consumption of a lower priority device is reduced to accommodate the requested power consumption increase.

Abstract: Examples disclosed herein include are computing device hardware components, computing devices, systems, machine-readable mediums, and interconnect protocols that provide for code object measurement of a peripheral device and a method for accessing the measurements to verify integrity across a computing interconnect (e.g., Peripheral Component Interconnect Express—PCIe). For example, a cryptographic processor of a PCIe endpoint (such as a peripheral) may take a measurement (e.g., computing a hash value) of a code object on the device prior to executing the code object. This measurement may be placed in a register that is accessible to another component, such as a host operating system across a PCIe bus for interrogation. The host operating system may utilize an interconnect protocol, such as a PCIe protocol to access the measurement. These measurements may be consumed by a Trusted Platform Manager or other components of a host system that may verify the measurements.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an in-vehicle network apparatus and method. The in-vehicle network apparatus includes one or more processors and executable memory for storing at least one program executed by the one or more processors. The at least one program is configured to verify the integrity of software stored in advance in the executable memory, to generate a key table by sharing authentication information with a communication target, and to exchange an encrypted message with the communication target using the key table.

Abstract: Facilitating powering up/down respective analog circuits of mixed-signal devices utilizing a reconfigurable power sequencer component and corresponding reconfigurable sequencer processing unit(s) is presented herein. A system can comprise a mixed-signal component comprising a group of analog circuits comprising respective inputs to facilitate a power-up and a power-down of respective portions of the analog circuits; and a reconfigurable power sequencer component that obtains, from a reconfigurable memory of the system, reprogrammable information representing respective timed sequences of digital outputs electronically coupled to the respective inputs of the group of analog circuits, and based on the reprogrammable information, generates the respective timed sequences of the digital outputs to facilitate the power-up and the power-down of the respective portions of the analog circuits.

Abstract: Electrical design current throttling, including: applying an electrical design current (EDC) threshold for each control processing unit component of a plurality of the central processing unit components responsive to the corresponding priority of each central processing unit component, the priority of a central processing unit component responsive to a central processing unit component's current usage data.

Abstract: A system and method for robotically arbitrating cloud computing services utilizes resource parameters, tolerance values, and client system requirements to configure a meta-orchestrator to select a validated compatible service from a service resource pool and employ an orchestrator to migrate a client system to the selected service and utilize block chain technology for logging transactions, storing metadata and data.

Abstract: The present invention provides a memory controller configured to access a plurality of channels, wherein each of the channels includes a plurality flash memory chips, and the memory controller includes a flash translation layer and a plurality of control modules. The flash translation layer is configured to generate commands with corresponding physical addresses of at least one of the channels. The plurality of control modules are connected to the plurality of channels, respectively, and each of the control modules operates independently to receive the corresponding command with the corresponding physical address from the flash translation layer, to access the flash memory chips within the corresponding channels.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes a first processor that takes plural stages of first power control modes different in first rated power from one another, a second processor that takes plural stages of second power control modes different in second rated power from one another, and a power control unit controls the power consumption of the first processor and the power consumption of the second processor. The power control unit determines a second power control mode based on a first event in which a predetermined state of the first processor continues for a first duration or more, and a second event in which a predetermined state of the second processor continues for a second duration or more.

Abstract: An information handling system operating an intelligent real time listen and load balance system comprising a processor training a triggering event correlating neural network to identify a correlation between changes made to a dataset during previous triggering events and previous executions of a triggered integration process, based on previous co-occurrences of the triggering event dataset changes and the triggered integration process executions, determining that current changes to the dataset during a current triggering event correlates to the triggered integration process, indicating new or modified data requires execution of the triggered integration process, and determining predicted triggered integration process execution metrics for a plurality of cloud computing nodes based on received performance metrics for the plurality of cloud computing nodes.

Abstract: The invention provides a chip frequency modulation method and apparatus of a computing device, a hash board, a computing device and a storage medium. The chip frequency modulation method comprises: setting a plurality of working frequencies for the operational chip and causing the plurality of cores work at the respective working frequencies; analyzing a computing performance indicator of each core at its current working frequency; and modulating the current working frequency of the core up or down according to the computing performance indicator of the core modulating the frequency of a core with high computing performance up and modulating the frequency of a core with low computing performance down. Therefore, the invention can automatically modulate a frequency corresponding to each core according to the actual computing performance of each core in the operational chip of the computing device, thereby maximizing the computing performance of the cores.

Abstract: An illustrative network management system obtains sensor data from one or more sensors at a network facility at which network equipment of a communication network is deployed. The sensor data includes image data representing imagery of the network facility. The system determines a utilization of a utility at the network facility based on the sensor data and performs, based on the utilization, a management operation for the communication network. Corresponding methods and systems are also described.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an information processing apparatus includes a universal serial bus (USB) controller capable of shifting to a low-power state and configured to transmit data with a predetermined pattern to a personal computer (PC) when the USB controller is recovered from the low-power state. The information processing apparatus includes a hardware logic configured to cause the USB controller to shift to the low-power state, a reading unit configured to read an image formed on a document according to a reading instruction, and a physical layer (PHY) configured to transmit, to the PC, image data on the document with the image read by the reading unit. The information processing apparatus prohibits the USB controller from shifting to the low-power state during a period in which the PHY transmits the image data to the PC.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to a computer-implemented method, systems, and devices to migrate a virtual fibre channel (VFC) connection from a first hardware communication path to a second hardware communication path within a fibre channel (FC) network prior to failure of a device in the first hardware communication path. For example, a hypervisor database may contain health status with respect to recoverable failure incidents across host bus adaptor (HBA) ports for a source HBA port and a target HBA port associated with a first VFC connection using the first hardware communication path. If it is determined that a number of recoverable failure incidents on at least one component in the first hardware communication path has occurred, migration of the first VFC connection from the first hardware communication path to a second hardware communication path may be initiated prior to actual hard failure.

Abstract: A system that includes a first die with a central processing unit (CPU) and a second die electrically coupled to the first die by die-to-die interconnects is described. During operation, the first die: provides, to the second die, a set of predefined wake-up events; provides, to the second die, a message that transitions power-management control of the first die to the second die; and transitions the first die from a first operating mode to a second operating mode that has lower power consumption than that of the first operating mode. Then, the second die: determines an occurrence of a predefined wake-up event based at least in part on the set of predefined wake-up events; and provides, to the first die, information that initiates a transition of the first die from the second operating mode to the first operating mode.

Abstract: In a method of resetting a storage device, an internal power supply voltage is generated based on an external power supply voltage. A first reset control signal that is activated when a level of the internal power supply voltage is higher than a reference level. A second reset control signal that is activated after a power-on of the storage device is completed or deactivated after a predetermined delay time from when the external power supply voltage is turned off. A final reset control signal is generated based on the first reset control signal and the second reset control signal. The final reset control signal is activated when at least one of the first and second reset control signals is activated. After the external power supply voltage is turned off, a reset operation is performed when the final reset control signal is activated.

Abstract: A total power requirement for a plurality of memory operations is estimated. It is determined that the total power requirement would meet a power budget. In in response to determining that the total power requirement would meet the power budget, a power profile identifier associated with a first operation of the plurality of memory operations is adjusted. The first operation and the power profile identifier are issued to a memory device. The power profile identifier is used by the memory device to regulate an amount of power used when performing the first operation.

Abstract: A function relating to communication of imaging data is assigned to an operational switch of an operating unit. A control unit switches a working mode of the assigned assignment function among a stop mode in which power supply to a communication unit that communicates the imaging data is stopped, a standby mode in which standby is performed to enable the communication of the imaging data by supplying power to the communication unit, and an executing mode in which the imaging data is communicated, depending on operational duration of the operational switch. In a case where the imaging data is not communicated, the assignment function is set to the stop mode, thereby realizing power saving. Further, the working mode of the assignment function can be switched depending on the operational duration of the operational switch, which improves the operability of an imaging device.

Abstract: Switching among sensor feeds for optimum performance includes disposing a processor in communication with sensors, each said sensor providing a primary data stream. A data stream standard is established in the processor. The primary data streams are communicated from the sensors to the processor, and are compared against the data stream in the processor. A secondary data stream is selected from among the primary data streams or synthesized from one or more of the primary data streams, based on which primary data stream(s) most closely match the data stream standard. The secondary data stream is communicated to a data stream recipient. The data stream recipient may identify input in the secondary data stream, and an input executor may execute control commands corresponding to the input so as to control a device or system.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments relate to a system that supports dynamic bursts to facilitate frequency-agile communication between a memory controller and a memory device. During operation, the system monitors a reference clock signal received at an interface between the memory device and the memory controller. Upon detecting a frequency change in the reference clock signal from a fullrate to a subrate, the interface operates in a burst mode, wherein data is communicated through bursts separated by intervening low-power intervals during which portions of the interface are powered down.

Abstract: Peak power setting circuitry is provided to set a peak power value for an integrated circuit device. A power supply interface is to receive a value to estimate a peak power capacity of a power supply serving the integrated circuit device and processing circuitry is provided to calculate an approximate peak power for the integrated circuit device. A peak power for the integrated circuit device is determined by increasing the approximate peak power depending on an amount by which the integrated circuit device power is reduced in response to assertion of a throttling signal.

Abstract: There is provided a method of controlling performance boosting of a semiconductor device. According to the method, input of a user is monitored. A performance of the semiconductor device is boosted by consecutively executing a plurality of boosting policies associated with a plurality of macros based on an input event associated with the input of the user and available energy during a boosting interval. Boosting level in each of the boosting policies may be adaptively determined based on the boosting level and the amount of usage of the semiconductor device used in the previous boosting policy and the boosting policies are consecutively executed. Accordingly, improved and/or optimal performance boosting can be provided to the semiconductor device and at the same time, a waste of power can be mitigated and/or prevented.

Abstract: A method for dynamically changing a graphical user interface element occurs in response to detecting that a temporal user interface element displayed on a user interface of user device. The method includes receiving, at the user device, a contextual signal characterizing a state of a user. The method further includes determining, by the user device, that the contextual signal characterizing the state of the user is indicative of the user intending to interact with a temporal user interface element. The methods also include, in response to determining that the contextual signal characterizing the state of the user is indicative of the user intending to interact with a temporal user interface element, modifying a respective state of the temporal user interface element displayed on the user interface of the user device.

Abstract: Device temperature values that are each indicative of a temperature at a respective device of multiple devices of a system are identified. Whether at least one device temperature value of the of device temperature values satisfies a respective thermal throttling threshold of multiple thermal throttling thresholds is determined by comparing each of the device temperature values to a respective one of the multiple thermal throttling thresholds that each correspond to one of the plurality of devices. Responsive to determining that the at least one device temperatures value satisfies the respective thermal throttling threshold, a power reduction value that is indicative of an amount of power consumption of the system that is to be reduced is determined. A power reducing operation is performed to reduce the power consumption of the system in accordance with the power reduction value.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a touch display driving apparatus and an operation method thereof. The touch display driving apparatus is configured to drive a touch display panel. The touch display driving apparatus includes a touch sensing circuit configured to output a touch driving signal to a touch sensor array of the touch display panel, and receive touch sensing signals from the touch sensor array. The touch driving signal is configured to scan the touch sensor array at a normal scan rate in a normal touch scanning mode, and scan, in response to a touch event which is determined as occurring in a doze mode, the touch sensor array at a first scan rate in a fast touch scanning mode immediately preceding to the normal touch scanning mode, wherein the first scan rate is greater than the normal scan rate.

Abstract: A scheduling method includes calculating required performance for a given task, calculating use performance and real performance of a candidate processor, calculating power corresponding to the real performance, calculating expected energy usage of the candidate processor based on the required performance, the use performance, the real performance, and the calculated power and calculating performance efficiency of the candidate processor by considering a ratio of the expected energy usage to the real performance.

Abstract: An arithmetic processing device includes a plurality of arithmetic processing circuitry, each of which includes: an instruction hold circuit configured to hold an arithmetic instruction; an arithmetic circuit configured to execute an arithmetic instruction issued from the instruction hold circuit; and a measurement circuit configured to measure a predetermined time period, wherein the instruction hold circuit is configured to perform first processing after the instruction hold circuit holds a first arithmetic instruction when the arithmetic circuit is not executing other arithmetic instructions, the first processing being configured to: cause the measurement circuit to initiate the measurement of the predetermined time; and issue, in response to a completion of the measurement of the predetermined time period, the held first arithmetic instruction to the arithmetic circuit, and wherein the predetermined time period measured by the measurement circuit is different between at least two of the plurality of arith

Abstract: A real-time workload scheduling heuristic assigns tasks to the cores such that the total load current consumption of the cores is always less than the total current capability of the under-provisioned on-chip voltage regulators. In addition, the energy-efficient scheduling of the tasks on to the cores ensures that the reconfiguration of the power delivery network is minimized. The heuristic includes DVFS management based on the unique constraints of the under provisioned voltage regulators.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods for managing power consumption for a neural network implemented on multiple graphics processing units (GPUs) are disclosed. A computing system includes a plurality of GPUs implementing a neural network. In one implementation, the plurality of GPUs draw power from a common power supply. To prevent the power consumption of the system from exceeding a power limit for long durations, the GPUs coordinate the scheduling of tasks of the neural network. At least one or more first GPUs schedule their computation tasks so as not to overlap with the computation tasks of one or more second GPUs. In this way, the system spends less time consuming power in excess of a power limit, allowing the neural network to be implemented in a more power efficient manner.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods for proactively managing inter-processor network links are disclosed. A computing system includes at least a control unit and a plurality of processing units. Each processing unit of the plurality of processing units includes a compute module and a configurable link interface. The control unit dynamically adjusts a clock frequency and a link width of the configurable link interface of each processing unit based on a data transfer size and layer computation time of a plurality of layers of a neural network so as to reduce execution time of each layer. By adjusting the clock frequency and the link width of the link interface on a per-layer basis, the overlapping of communication and computation phases is closely matched, allowing layers to complete more quickly.

Abstract: A basic value setting unit (101) sets the basic value of the frame rate of a game screen, based on a setting operation by a user. A determination unit (110) determines as to the presence or absence of an operation relative to an operating unit while a game is being executed. A frame rate changing unit (120) changes the frame rate of the game screen, based on the result of determination by the determination unit (110), while the game is being executed. A frame rate changing unit (120) sets the frame rate to a value lower than the basic value when no operation relative to the operating unit (14) is performed while the game is being executed.

Abstract: A flexible load management (FLM) system and technique adaptively monitors and manages power consumption of a premises. The FLM system includes a virtual critical load panel (vCLP) that utilizes circuit breakers in combination with companion modules (i.e., intelligent controllers) to vary a prioritization arrangement of loads in the premises by time of day, season or even dynamically. The vCLP is a prioritized enumeration (i.e., prioritization) of the loads within the premises, wherein the loads are considered sufficiently important such that they are protected by a local power source. The vCLP is dynamically configurable by a user in real time according to an instantaneous demand for the prioritized loads that is used to determine a number of branch circuits associated with the loads that is able to be powered-on at any time.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the invention provide a network forwarding element that can be dynamically reconfigured to adjust its data message processing to stay within a desired operating temperature or power consumption range. In some embodiments, the network forwarding element includes (1) a data-plane forwarding circuit (“data plane”) to process data tuples associated with data messages received by the IC, and (2) a control-plane circuit (“control plane”) for configuring the data plane forwarding circuit. The data plane includes several data processing stages to process the data tuples. The data plane also includes an idle-signal injecting circuit that receives from the control plane configuration data that the control plane generates based on the IC's temperature. Based on the received configuration data, the idle-signal injecting circuit generates idle control signals for the data processing stages.

Abstract: Techniques of virtual machine operation management are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a technique includes determining an operating parameter to be set for executing any processes for a virtual machine with a CPU on a server upon detecting that a process corresponding to the virtual machine hosted on the server is assigned and scheduled to be executed by a processor of the CPU. The technique can then include programming the processor of the CPU assigned to execute the process according to the operating parameter in the accessed parameter record. Upon completion of programming the one of the multiple processors, the process corresponding to the virtual machine can be executed with the processor of the CPU to achieve a target performance level associated with the virtual machine.

Abstract: Thermal control of a multi-chip module in an operating environment is facilitated by predetermining separate thermal control points for multiple chips of the multi-chip module, with a first chip and a second chip having different predetermined thermal control points, and saving the predetermined thermal control points for reference by a thermal control of the multi-chip module in an operating environment. The thermal control monitors an operating temperature of the first chip, and compares the operating temperature of the first chip to the predetermined thermal control point of that chip. The thermal control further initiates a control action to control temperature of the first chip based on comparing the operating temperature of the first chip to the predetermined thermal control point of the first chip.

Abstract: A memory device includes a memory bank that includes a first set of memory rows in a first section of the memory bank, a first set of redundant rows in a first section of the memory bank, a second set of memory rows in a second section of the memory bank, and a second set of redundant rows in the second section of the memory bank. The memory bank also includes a repeater blocker circuit that when in operation selectively blocks a signal from transmission to the second section of the memory bank and blocker control circuitry that when in operation transmits a control signal to control the selective blocking of the signal by the repeater blocker circuit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processor testing technology, specifically relating to a method for automatically testing a processor, the method comprising: S1, carrying out test preparation; S2, setting an operation voltage and a clock frequency of a processor to be tested; S3, carrying out load testing at the current operation voltage and clock frequency; S4, determining whether the processor is normal during current load testing; if yes, then turning to step S5; if no, then raising the current operation voltage by a first growth value and returning to step S2; and S5, recording an operation voltage, subject to load testing, which corresponds to the current clock frequency as a test result and determining whether the current clock frequency reaches an upper limit; if yes, then ending the operation; if no, then raising the current clock frequency by a second growth value and returning to step S2.

Abstract: A memory controller, a memory system including the memory controller and a method for operating the memory system are disclosed. The memory controller updates a reference parameter for a memory area in which at least part of the mapping information is stored and determines whether to activate the memory area based on the reference parameter to effectively execute commands received from a host.

Abstract: A memory system of an embodiment includes a non-volatile memory and a controller configured to control the accessing of the non-volatile memory according to commands from a host device. The controller is configured to set a mode transition time to a value according to a first command received from the host. The controller transitions from a first operating mode to a second operating mode, in which power supply is suspended to a predetermined circuit, when the time since the last command was received from the host device reaches the mode transition time. The controller maintains the second operating mode until another command is received from the host device.