Abstract: A densimeter for measuring the density of liquids is disclosed. The densimeter comprises a substantially vertical shaft having a central axis. The densimeter further comprises means for rotating the shaft about its axis and a vessel mounted on the shaft asymmetrically with respect to the shaft axis. Counterbalancing means are provided on the shaft for at least partly compensating for the asymmetry. The shaft is resiliently mounted with freedom of oscillation transverse to the shaft axis. Means are provided for measuring the amplitude of the oscillations.

Abstract: An improved process for continuously monitoring and controlling a continuous process for digestion of cellulose utilizing a computer which is programmed to determined (1) the mass of wood being fed to the digester from measurements of the density of the wood slurry feed, the density of the liquid and the total flow of slurry, (2) the mass of wood being withdrawn from the digester from measurements of the density of the pulp slurry, the density of the liquor and the total flow of slurry, (3) the correct amount of fresh digester liquor to be added concurrently with the wood feed and (4) amount of water wash and makeup digester liquor to be fed to the reactor. The computer can also be programmed to control the temperature in the reaction zone of the digester.

Abstract: A method for determining the Watson-Nelson characterization factor of hydrocarbons wherein the absolute viscosity and specific gravity are sensed providing first and second signals, respectively, corresponding to the absolute viscosity and specific gravity. The signals are then combined in accordance with the following equation:K = A + B/S.sub.2 + C 1n 1n (V/S.sub.1)where:K = the Watson-Nelson characterization factor of the hydrocarbon mixture;V = the absolute viscosity of the hydrocarbon mixture;S.sub.1 = the specific gravity of the hydrocarbon mixture;S.sub.2 = the specific gravity of the hydrocarbon mixture adjusted to 60.degree. F; andA, b and C are predetermined constants.

Abstract: A densimeter for measuring the density of a fluid with a disk-shaped body having an axis with a horizontal component and being rotatably mounted on a shaft along the axis. An open cavity is provided in the body so that the center of buoyancy of the body is displaced from the axis. The body has a generally homogeneous density and includes a region wherein the density is different from that of the disk. Because of the density anomaly the center of gravity of the body is displaced from both the center of buoyancy and from the axis. The outer perimeter of the body is circular so as to encounter minimal drag resistance while rotating in a fluid. When the densimeter is placed in a fluid, the disk will rotate on the shaft. The density of the fluid is determined from the angular position of the disk on the shaft upon reaching equilibrium.

Abstract: The density of an elongate fiber mass, in particular a fiber or filament sliver or roving, or a roll of tobacco, is continuously measured by passing the mass through a channel, supplying a fluid "e.g. air under pressure" to a transverse groove in the channel wall so that the fluid escapes along the channel at a rate dependent on said density, and measuring the pressure of the fluid upstream of the groove. Two further transverse grooves in the channel wall, between the first-mentioned groove and the ends of the channel, serve to extract the fluid, whereby the fluid flow and hence the density measurement are rendered independent of conditions at the channel ends. Preferably, a supplementary collector is provided between at least one end of the channel and the associated further groove, to extract any air that may enter the channel end.

Abstract: A method and pycnometer apparatus are disclosed for accurately determining the volume of a condensed material sample. Equal free space volumes are established between a pair of gas filled chambers before and after insertion of a powder or solid sample within one of the chambers. The volume of the sample receiving chamber is increased to maintain equal free space volumes after the sample is inserted, the adjusted increase in volume providing a highly accurate determination of the volume of the sample. The apparatus may also be employed to determine the compressibility or the porosity of a material sample.

Abstract: A densitometer for measuring a concentration of matter in a fluid system comprised of liquids and suspended and/or floating matter such as, for example, a densitometer for measuring the concentration of oil in bilge water that includes suspended and/or floating solid material. Two emulsifying conditions of the system are produced by first emulsification with a relatively high power emulsifying action and then a relatively low power emulsification. The amount of light which penetrates the system is a function of the turbidity which varies with the intensity of the emulsification. The concentration of oil in water, for example, in bilge water, is a function of the ratio of the amount of light which passes through the system in the two turbid states.

Abstract: A pycnometer apparatus is disclosed for accurately determining the volume of a condensed material sample. Equal free space volumes are established in a pair of gas filled chambers before and after insertion of a sample of the condensed material within one of the chambers. The volume of the sample receiving chamber is increased to maintain equal free space volumes after the sample is inserted, the adjusted increase in volume providing a highly accurate determination of the volume of the sample. The apparatus may also be employed to determine the compressibility or the porosity of a material sample.

Abstract: A control for the amount of a gaseous fluid absorbed in a liquid flowing through an absorption column comprises a gage in an outlet from the absorption column for the liquid having the gaseous fluid absorbed therein, an auxiliary absorption column of a substantially smaller capacity than that of the absorption column and receiving a comparatively small amount of the gaseous fluid in addition to the liquid, another gage in an outlet from the auxiliary absorption column for the liquid having the gaseous fluid absorbed therein, the gages measuring respective parameters which are a function of the amount of the gaseous fluid absorbed in the liquid in the respective outlets and producing output signals corresponding to the respective parameters, a comparator connected to the gages for receiving the output signals and comparing them to produce a control signal, and a flow control in the inlet for the gaseous fluid or the liquid of the absorption column, the flow control being connected to the comparator and control

Abstract: A powder moisture meter, comprising an open-mouthed container comprising first and second transparent wall portions, said second wall portion being disposed between said first wall portion and the container mouth, first graduated scale means at said first wall portion for calibrating said meter, second graduated scale means at said second wall portion for directly determining the moisture content of said powder.

Abstract: Electric system for a meter for measurements of density of the mixtures conveyed in pipelines. The system has a capacity sensor installed in a pipeline and being connected, via a capacitance transducer, with a system compensating temperature induced variations in capacity. The input of the said system is connected with a temperature sensor installed in the pipeline, while the output of the said system is connected with an indicator-recording system. Instead of being connected with the input of the system, the temperature sensor can be connected with the capacitance transducer which is then connected directly with the indicator-recording system. In the case of the mixture temperature's being constant or varying within a narrow range, the electric system of the meter comprises a capacity sensor connected, via the capacitance transducer directly with the indicator-recording system.

Abstract: An air quality control system scrubs flue gas of SO.sub.2 and particulates with a slurry of lime/limestone and water. The system includes a tank below the contact of gas and slurry in which the chemical action is completed and from which the slurry is recirculated to the scrubber. A bubbler system is connected to the reaction tank to detect the density of the slurry and monitor or control the density. The bubbler system is supplied the liquid and dissolved solids decanted from the thickener to which the slurry is drawn for disposal.

Abstract: As disclosed herein, the dry density of a board product is monitored, preferably continuously so. The board is made by a wet forming process, which process includes preparing an aqueous slurry of at least some of the board's components, depositing the slurry upon a moving screen to form a moisture-laden sheet thereon, and removing the moisture to form the ultimate product. The dry density of this product is monitored by first simultaneously and automatically measuring the wet weight, moisture content and thickness of the water-laden sheet on the moving screen and from these measurements automatically calculating the dry density of the board product to be produced from the measured sheet.

Abstract: A vibration densitometer which can be calibrated to an accuracy never before possible, i.e. to within an error of 0.25 percent or less, and in two fluids or gases or gas mixtures, one, both or none being an elemental fluid or gas. The fluids or gases or fluid or gas mixtures have different density equationsd.sub.i = A.sub.i T.sub.i.sup.2 - i B.sub.id.sub.j = A.sub.j T.sub.j.sup.2 - B.sub.jThe first of which is converted by .DELTA.T.sub.i, an extremely linear function of container or pipeline pressure, such thatd.sub.j = A.sub.i (T.sub.i - .DELTA.T.sub.i).sup.2 - B.sub.i.Whered.sub.i and d.sub.j are the two respective fluid densities, T.sub.i andT.sub.j are two periods directly proportional to the reciprocals of the respective vibration frequencies, and A.sub.i, A.sub.j, B.sub.i and B.sub.j are constants.It was heretofore unknown to calibrate a vibration densitometer in two fluids or gases or fluid or gas mixtures with the aforesaid extremely small error.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a system for measuring by means of sound the liter weight of clinker material which after heat drying in a rotation oven passes to the satellite cooler and it uses a sound level detector producing a graphic measurement of the sound produced by the material situated in the satellite cooler to display the liter weight of said material.

Abstract: Devices and methods are provided for determining specific gravity or osmolality of liquids. The preferred devices comprise a carrier matrix incorporated with microcapsules having osmotically fragile, semipermeable polymeric membrane walls encapsulating therein a solute and a coloring substance. In use, the test device is contacted with the liquid to be tested, and color change on the carrier matrix is observed as a measure of the specific gravity or osmolality of the liquid.

Abstract: A liquid density measurement system comprises a capacitance probe and a temperature sensor both immersible in a liquid the density of which is to be measured. Signals derived from the probe and sensor are converted into respective electrical signals representing changes in the dielectric constant and temperature of the liquid respectively. These signals are scaled in a predetermined mutual ratio and then summated to give an output signal proportional to the density of the liquid. The scaling ratio is set according to predetermined liquid parameters such that the accuracy of the density represented by the output signal is unaffected by changes in liquid composition.

Abstract: A system for measuring the mass flow of a fluid stream wherein gas is interspersed with liquid, the system providing separate mass flow readings for the gas and liquid. The system includes a mass flow vortex-type meter having a flow tube through which the stream is conducted, the meter producing an output signal whose frequency is indicative of volumetric flow and whose amplitude is indicative of mass flow. This output signal is routed either to a liquid-mass flow indicator or to a gas-mass flow indicator by a switch responsive to a density signal whose magnitude depends on the density of the fluid passing through the meter, such that when the stream is in liquid form the output signal is applied to the liquid indicator, and when in gas form to the gas indicator.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and apparatus for measuring the density of a suspeon wherein the suspension to be measured is first subjected to pressurization or depressurization in a closed container by means of a compressor or a vacuum pump to extinguish air bubbles and gas bubbles which would otherwise cause measurement error, and the measurement of the density of the suspension is then achieved with high exactitude in a bubble free state.

Abstract: A fuel tank alarm system comprises three density sensors disposed at different heights within a fuel tank. An electrical density signal produced by the lowest sensor is subtracted from the corresponding signals from the upper two sensors to produce two density-difference signals which are then compared with a reference signal. When an inverse density gradient of dangerous proportion exists in the fuel tank, one or both of the density-difference signals exceeds the reference signal in magnitude and an alarm circuit is actuated. The alarm circuit can automatically start a pump to circulate fuel in the tank and reduce dangerous density inversion of fuel therein.

Abstract: A flowmeter in which first and second sets of electrical signals representative, respectively, of the mass flow rate and the volumetric flow rate of a fluid are used to generate an adjusted mass flow rate signal which is representative of the mass flow rate and which reflects changes in flow rate substantially as they occur. Means are provided to generate a control signal representative of the density of the fluid, the control signal in turn being applied to a multiplier circuit which multiplies the volumetric flow rate signal by the control signal to generate the adjusted mass flow rate signal. The control signal is generated by comparing the first set of signals, which are representative of the mass flow rate, with a delayed portion of the adjusted mass flow rate signal, an inequality between the first set of signals and the adjusted mass flow rate signal resulting in a corresponding change in the magnitude of said control signal.

Abstract: An apparatus for maintaining sliver thickness uniform whereby the web from a carding machine is gathered by a trumpet and passed between a grooved driven roller and a sensor roller riding in the groove so that the movements of the sensor roller vary as a function of sliver density. The sensor roller is mechanically connected to a magnetic core so that movement of the sensor roller varies the coupling between a primary transformer winding and a pair of secondary windings. The voltages induced in the secondary windings are applied, after a delay, to a first differential amplifier whose output in turn is connected to a second differential amplifier which is periodically rendered operative by a pulse generator and to which is also connected a potentiometer for adjusting desired density. The output of the second amplifier is connected to a pair of relay coils, one responsive to positive excursions and the other to negative.

Abstract: A system has been invented for the continuous determination of density of cryogenic liquids such as LPG and LNG to within .+-. 0.1% or better using differential capacitance measurements. This system would allow the detection of incipient density inversions in storage tanks and the accurate determination of quantities transferred from ship to shore to customers.