Abstract: A clear stable motor fuel composition having an improved octane rating comprising alcohol selected from the group consisting of methanol in the amount of about 2.0 to 5.0 vol. %, ethanol in the amount of about 2.0 to 10.0 vol. %, and mixtures thereof in the amount of about 3 to 9.0 vol. %, about 2.0 to 10 vol. % of a cosolvent alcohol selected from the group consisting of tertiary butyl alcohol, isopropanol, and mixtures thereof; water to provide a total water concentration of about 0.1 to 0.5 wt. % (basis motor fuel composition); about 0.01 to 2.0 weight percent (basis motor fuel composition) of a nonionic surfactant represented by the formula alpha-hydro omega-hydroxy-poly (oxyethylene) poly (oxypropylene) poly (oxyethylene) block copolymer; and the balance comprising the base fuel gasoline.

Abstract: Process for liquefying coal or similar liquefiable carbonaceous solids in which the liquefaction solvent is a hydrotreated solvent mixture that is derived in the process. The solvent mixture comprises at least 78 wt. % decalin, comprising cis and trans decalin. The cis-isomers comprise at least 80 wt. % of the total weight of the decalin. The solvent mixture may also include about 0-2 wt. % of naphthalene, about 0-5 wt. % of a constituent comprising the mono and/or di methyl derivative of at least one of the other constituents in the mixture, and tetralin comprising the remainder, e.g., about 1-22 wt. %.

Abstract: A method is provided for turning down or up the output of raw product gas from a partial oxidation gas generator while maintaining in an acceptable range the efficiency of the gas generation, or conversion of the fuel to gas, and the quality of the gas produced. In the process, the flow rates for the separate feedstreams to the burner comprising fuel optionally in admixture with a temperature moderator, at least one stream of free-oxygen containing gas optionally in admixture with a temperature moderator, and with or without a separate feedstream of temperature moderator are adjusted down or up a predetermined amount to obtain a specified output of raw product gas while maintaining substantially constant in the reaction zone the levels of O/C atomic ratio and the temperature moderator/fuel weight ratio.

Abstract: A process is provided for the partial oxidation of a high metals or ash containing liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel or a slurry of solid carbonaceous fuel to simultaneously produce saturated and unsaturated raw streams of synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas. Two continuous partial oxidation reactions in two separate reaction zones go on simultaneously. The fuel feed to the first partial oxidation zone is said fresh high metals or ash containing fuel. The raw product gas stream from the first partial oxidation zone is split into first and second split gas streams. The first split gas stream may be cooled in a radiant and/or convection type gas cooler without fouling heat exchange surfaces. The fuel feed to the second partial oxidation zone is a pumpable slurry which is prepared from the entrained matter that is separated from said gas streams during quench cooling and cleaning operations and which contains a comparatively high amount of metals and/or ash.

Abstract: The refractory lined reaction zone of a free flow vertical gas generator for the production of raw synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas by the partial oxidation of an ash-containing solid carbonaceous fuel or a high-metal-containing liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel is preheated and deslagged by first heating the slag and ash layer on the surface of the refractory lining to a temperature in the range of about 1800.degree.-2000.degree. F. by means of an annular-type elongated burner whose downstream tip is located near the upstream roof of the reaction zone. The tip of the burner is then lowered along the central longitudinal axis of the reaction chamber to above the bottom central outlet passage of the reaction chamber, and the slag and ash layer is heated to their melting point, or above. The molten slag at the bottom of the reaction chamber and the flue gas pass out through the bottom central outlet.

Abstract: Rapid precipitation of the particulate solids e.g. ash, slag, char and mixtures thereof in dilute dispersions of quench cooling and/or scrubbing water as produced in the partial oxidation process for ash-containing solid carbonaceous fuels is effected by mixing with said dispersion an anionic sulfonate surfactant and a water soluble divalent metal salt.

Abstract: A burner is provided for introducing four separate feedstreams including a stream of gaseous material from the group free-oxygen containing gas, steam, recycle product gas, and hydrocarbon gas; a pumpable slurry of solid carbonaceous fuel in liquid phase e.g. coal-water; and two high velocity streams of free-oxygen containing gas into a free-flow partial oxidation gas generator for the production of synthesis gas, fuel gas, or reducing gas. The burner has a central conduit and three concentric annular passages. A central core of a gas selected from the group consisting of free-oxygen containing gas, steam, recycle product gas, and hydrocarbon gas surrounded by the slurry of solid carbonaceous fuel is discharged from the central conduit and first annular passage respectively and is impacted by two separate streams of free-oxygen containing gas passing through the second and outer annular passages.

Abstract: Coal or similar solid carbonaceous fuels are liquefied by catalytic hydrogenation of coal-liquid hydrocarbon oil slurries with a hydrogen-rich gas. Both the liquid hydrocarbon slurrying oil and the hydrogen-rich gas are derived in the process. Noxious hydrogen-containing purge and vent gases and optionally high ash-containing bottoms from a vacuum fractionator are used as feed to a partial oxidation gas generator to produce synthesis gas from which the hydrogen-rich gas is derived.

Abstract: The detergent properties of a motor fuel are improved by incorporating therein a minor amount of a succinimide oxamide prepared by reacting a polyalkyleneamine succinimide with an amount of oxalic acid sufficient to react with at least 30 percent of the reactive nitrogen moieties on the succinimide chain.

Abstract: The nickel content of a waste water stream, such as a stream of grey water that is separated in the decanting operation of a partial oxidation process or blow-down water from a gas quench cooling and/or scrubbing operation is reduced to below 1 mg/l to produce an environmentally upgraded water stream. In the process, the dilute waste water stream containing nickel impurities at a temperature in the range of about 60.degree. to 220.degree. F. is mixed with a water soluble material selected from the group consisting of formaldehyde, ionizable polysulfide salt, and hydrogen peroxide; and with dimethyl glyoxime. The pH is adjusted to a value in the range of over 7 to 11 by the addition of a base material and a water insoluble nickel precipitate forms. The precipitate and other insoluble matter are separated from the water by means of at least one conventional solids-liquid separator, and a stream of upgraded water is produced.

Abstract: A high turndown de-slagging burner is provided for simultaneously introducing one or two mixed pairs of reactant feedstreams into a free-flow noncatalytic partial oxidation gas generator for the production of synthesis gas, fuel gas, or reducing gas by way of the central and/or annular sections of the burner, respectively. Each pair of feedstreams comprises a stream of free-oxygen containing gas with or without a temperature moderator and a pumpable liquid slurry stream of solid carbonaceous fuel, such as a coal-water slurry. Other hydrocarbonaceous fuels may be employed. The burner comprises four coaxial concentric conduits that are radially spaced to provide coaxial concentric annular passages. All of the conduits and annular passages are closed at the upstream ends and open at the downstream ends. Each pair of feedstreams is separately mixed together in a central or annular pre-mix chamber located upstream from the face of the burner.

Abstract: A control system for a partial oxidation process for continuously producing synthesis gas, fuel gas or reducing gas in which process one fuel is replaced by a different fuel without shutting down or depressurizing the gas generator. This multifuel process is not tied to one particular fuel and reacts slurries of solid carbonaceous fuel and/or liquid or gaseous hydrocarbonaceous fuels. Problems of fuel availability are reduced due to the wide selection of fuels that are suitable for the subject process. A two-section burner having a high turndown feature is employed that comprises a central conduit; a central bunch of tubes positioned in said central conduit; an outer conduit coaxial with said central conduit and forming an annular passage therewith; and an annular bunch of tubes positioned in said annular passage. The downstream ends of said central and/or annular bunches of tubes are respectively retracted upstream from the burner face a distance of about 0 to 12 i.e.

Abstract: A novel vertical decanter is provided comprising a vertical cylindrical vessel with separate inner and outer coaxial concentric conduits that pass down through the central axial flanged inlet in the upper head of the vessel. The mixture of soot-water dispersion and first liquid organic extractant i.e. naphtha is passed through the inner conduit and is discharged through a first horizontal radial nozzle located below the interface level. Simultaneously, the second liquid organic extractant i.e. liquid organic by-products from an oxo or oxyl process is passed through the annular passage between the inner and outer conduits and is discharged through a second horizontal radial nozzle located above the interface level. Adjusting means are provided to vary the discharge height of the second horizontal radial nozzle, up or down should there be a change in location of the interface level.

Abstract: A gas cooler and process are provided for the efficient extraction of heat from a hot raw gas stream containing entrained matter from the partial oxidation of a hydrocarbonaceous or carbonaceous fuel, and the simultaneous production of a separate stream of superheated steam. The gas cooler comprises a closed vertical pressure vessel with an upper central outlet through which the superheated steam is removed. A refractory lined hot gas inlet chamber is attached to the bottom of the pressure vessel. A plurality of bundles of helical tubes through which the hot gas flows are spaced in the vessel. The hot gas enters at the bottom of the vessel and the cooled gas leaves at the bottom of the helical coil. A portion of the vessel is filled with boiler feed water so that the bundles of helical tubes are partially submerged. Concurrent and countercurrent indirect heat exchange between boiler feed water and the gas stream takes place in the evaporator section to produce saturated steam.

Abstract: Heavy hydrocarbon fuel containing high metal concentrations and all of the soot which is rich in metals that is produced in the system, are feedstocks in a partial oxidation process for the simultaneous continuous production of two streams of cleaned, raw synthesis gas having high and low H.sub.2 O/dry gas mole ratios, respectively. In the process, all of the stream of hot, raw synthesis gas containing entrained particulate carbon and ash that is produced in a first gas generator is quench cooled and scrubbed with water in a quench tank. Simultaneously, split streams of hot raw synthesis gas containing entrained particulate carbon and ash are produced in a second gas generator. One split gas stream is quench cooled and scrubbed with water in a quench tank while the other split gas stream is simultaneously cooled in a convection-type gas cooler and then scrubbed with water.

Abstract: A partial oxidation control system for continuously producing synthesis gas, fuel gas or reducing gas in which one process fuel is replaced by a different fuel without shutting down or depressurizing the gas generator. Suitable burners for introducing the feedstreams into the gas generator comprise a central conduit means radially spaced from a concentric coaxial outer conduit having a downstream exit nozzle, and providing a coaxial annular passage means therebetween. The central conduit means may be retracted upstream from the burner face a distance of about 0 to 12 and preferably 3 to 10 times the minimum diameter of the central exit orifice. A premix zone is preferably provided comprising one or more, say 2 to 5 coaxial chambers in series where substantial mixing of the reactant streams and optionally volatilization of the slurry medium takes place.

Abstract: Bitumen is recovered from a subterranean formation of heavy oil sands traversed by at least one injection well and at least one associated production well in fluid communication with each injection well. Air in admixture with a heating fluid selected from the group consisting of low quality steam, hot water, or mixtures thereof, and an alkalinity agent are injected into the formation by way of each injection well. The subterranean heavy oil sands are thereby raised to a temperature in the range of about 200.degree. to 350.degree. F. A portion of the bitumen at reduced viscosity is oxidized without burning to produce additional petroleum acids which are neutralized to form emulsifying agents. The condensed steam and/or hot water contacting the bitumen form with it a bitumen-water emulsion. By pressure from the injected mixture of air and heating fluid, the resulting bitumen-water emulsion is then recovered from each production well.

Abstract: Trim control of a partial oxidation gas generator for the production of synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas is effected by two improved control schemes which are automatically operated separately or in sequence. The control systems include sensors sensing the flow rate of the feedstreams and analyzers which provide signals corresponding to the wt. % carbon in the effluent gas quench cooling and scrubbing water for use in controlling the particulate carbon in the effluent gas stream, and/or signals corresponding to the mole fractions of CO.sub.2, CH.sub.4, CO and H.sub.2 (dry basis) in the cooled and cleaned effluent gas stream for use in controlling the temperature in the reaction zone.

Abstract: Trim control of a partial oxidation gas generator for the production of synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas is effected by two improved control schemes which are automatically operated separately or in sequence. The control systems include sensors sensing the flow rate of the feedstreams and analyzers which provide signals corresponding to the wt. % carbon in the effluent gas quench cooling and scrubbing water for use in controlling the particulate carbon in the effluent gas stream, and/or signals corresponding to the mole fraction of CH.sub.4 (dry basis) in the cooled and cleaned effluent gas stream for use in controlling the temperature in the reaction zone. The signals from the sensors and analyzers are provided to the system control unit which computes values that represent the relative difference between the actual and desired carbon-make and/or the actual temperature in the reaction zone, and the relative difference between the actual and desired temperature in the reaction zone.

Abstract: A continuous process for preventing the build-up of metals from the hydrocarbonaceous fuel feed in a partial oxidation system in which about 80-100 wt. % of the carbon-soot produced is recycled to the gas generator. By the subject process a significantly large portion of the metals and metal compounds i.e. ash in the soot-water feed stream to the decanter become concentrated in the grey water that separates out in the decanter in the carbon recovery section. The concentration of ash suspended in the grey water may be then easily reduced in a solids-liquid separator with or without the addition of a flocculant and prior to recycling a portion of the grey water to the gas quench tank and/or gas scrubber.