Abstract: To prevent the formation of deposits of lead dross and the like due to oxidation of the molten lead, at least a portion of elements defining the pump chamber, for example the cylinder, and the piston are made as an iron casting which has been subjected to a salt bath nitriding treatment to produce a hard surface layer with excellent resistance against the deposition of lead dross.

Abstract: A steel ingot having a still-liquid portion therein is charged into a soaking pit; then, said ingot is heated by injecting a fuel from a combustion unit of said soaking pit into said soaking pit with a constant and minimum fuel flow rate capable of holding a pit temperature higher by from 10 to 100.degree. C than the cold point temperature of said ingot at the completion of solidification of said still-liquid portion in said ingot, until said still-liquid portion in said ingot is completely solidified; and then, upon the completion of said solidification, the surface portions of said ingot are further heated up to above a prescribed temperature permitting rolling thereof by injecting a fuel from said combustion unit into said soaking pit with a constant fuel flow rate of at least 60% of the maximum fuel flow rate of said combustion unit, thereby reducing the fuel consumption in said soaking pit.

Abstract: Speed control for a brushless d.c. motor is made independent of the effects of temperature and aging on the magnetic structure by triggering a rectangular wave pulse generator by voltages produced by the rotation of the motor through a coupling network that makes the trigger time correspond to a certain portion of the rise of voltage so that the influence of the amplitude of the signal on the trigger time will be negligible. The square waves are phase-shifted and integrated to produce a d.c. signal proportional to motor speed on which is superimposed a practically sinusoidal ripple and this signal is fed into a comparator to produce both an error signal from the d.c. component and a commutation control from the a.c. component. The speed is switched between desired precise values by an electronic circuit that controls the duration of the rectangular pulses and makes corresponding adjustments in the integrator and phase shifter.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for mounting orthodontic appliances, such as brackets, to teeth involves the use of a tape which has an adhesive on a surface thereof, and means for mounting the appliance to the tape such that the rear surface of the appliance which is to be secured to a tooth is exposed to the tooth. The tape preferably comprises means for angularly and/or vertically indicating the orientation of the appliance relative to the tape so that it may be mounted to a tooth with a predetermined orientation. The tape preferably has an adhesive which adheres to wet or damp surfaces so that it is not necessary to completely dry the complete surface of the tooth on which the tape is to be mounted.

Abstract: To provide the functions of (a) ON-OFF and, selectively, at least two of the functions of (b) speed control; (c) overload cut-out; (d) forward-reverse rotation; (e) RF interference suppression, in a universally applicable structural unit, a switch housing is provided with an ON-OFF switch and a switch operating handle; and operating control circuits and elements respectively arranged to provide the functions (b) to (e) are attached to the housing to form therewith a unitary assembly and possibly protrude from the housing so that, once space is allocated in the tool or appliance for the housing and the additional units, selective operating or control functions can be associated with the switch as required by the specific tool or appliance.

Abstract: To decrease the number of switches and their connections to a speed control system, only two manually operated switches are provided to, respectively, allow for "engage", "disable" and "resume" operations, the system further including a bistable circuit which is connected to one of the manually operated switches to provide the manually operated switch with a dual function.

Abstract: The primary of the ignition coil is tapped to provide two partial primary portions which are serially connected; during an initial current flow, only one partial portion has current flowing therethrough, the other partial portion being short-circuited. When the current through the coil has risen to a predetermined level, as sensed by current flow through a sensing resistor, the short circuit across the second partial portion is removed so that current can continue to flow through the entire primary, causing a substantial drop in current level but maintaining the stored inductive energy. Current can thus rise rapidly initially, so that the coil will store sufficient energy to initiate sparking at high speeds of the connected internal combustion engine while, at low speeds thereof, the overall current flow through the coil is decreased.

Abstract: To provide for simple assembly of a multiple-function switch unit in modular form to provide (a) a basic ON-OFF function and, selectively, at least one of the functions (b) speed control; (c) overload protection; (d) forward-reverse; (e) RF interference suppression, a basic housing unit is provided in which the ON-OFF switch is enclosed, and operating control units having the respectively selected functions are provided, the switch housing unit and the operating control units being respectively formed with interengaging projection-and-recess arrangements, typically dovetail joints, to assemble and secure the separate control units to the basic switch housing and to attach these units to the switch housing and to each other.

Abstract: A reaction chamber equipped with external heat exchanging coils for limiting the range of the reaction temperature, which must not go over 1200.degree. C nor below 900.degree. C, is supplied with hydrocarbon reagent and combustion-supporting reagent (air) in a way designed to enable a partial combustion reaction by which carbon black is formed to provide the main source of heat for maintaining the reaction temperature. At the entry end of the reaction chamber is a header providing a multiplicity of ante-chambers through which the reagents flow in a direction parallel to the axis of the reaction chamber while being heated up by heat from the reaction chamber. When a liquid reagent is used, it is atomized in the ante-chambers and vaporized and mixed with air in its passage through the ante-chambers. The air is preheated by a heat exchanger that cools the reaction products after a preliminary cooling by another heat exchanger.

Abstract: Hydrogenated 1-oxo-isoindoline derivatives having a strong anti-inflammatory activity may be prepared by reducing the corresponding hydrogenated 1,3-dioxo-isoindoline derivative to the 3-hydroxy-1-oxo-isoindoline derivative and then further reducing, dehydrating or hydrolizing this compound.

Abstract: To provide a-c output at a voltage substantially higher than normal automotive voltage of 12-24 V, for example output voltage in the 80 to 90 V range to operate windshield and other glass pane heaters, a three-phase alternator is star-connected and has two armature windings which, for example, may be serially connected or may be separately wound, on the same stator, one winding being of comparatively few turns of heavy wire and connected to a rectifier to provide normal d-c on-board voltage for the vehicle, stored in a battery, the voltage being controlled by a voltage regulator connected to the d-c output terminals; the other winding, for example of a much larger number of turns of finer wire providing the high-voltage output at terminals adapted for connection to the heater wires in the windshield, or rear windows, or other window panes.

Abstract: To obtain input signals as a function of various types of input signals, R/C circuits are used to charge or discharge a capacitor, the charge state of which is sensed by a threshold stage. To render such circuits essentially independent of temperature changes, in spite of different response levels of the R/C circuit and the threshold stage, a second R/C circuit and threshold stage are connected in parallel with the first, one threshold stage being responsive to charging direction of the capacitor, the other threshold stage being responsive to discharging direction of the capacitor, and the overall output signal being a combination of the output signal from both threshold stages so that increase of the signal components of the combined output signal from one threshold stage, due to temperature increase, for example, will be balanced by a decrease of the signal component from the other threshold stage, thereby rendering the overall output essentially temperature independent.

Abstract: A method of producing tofu-like food consisting of preparing a 1/9 - 1/4 by weight water solution of crushed soybeans, heating said solution at a temperature of 60.degree. C - 100.degree. C, preparing a stable suspension by further crushing and dispersing said soybeans in said solution, freezing said suspension rapidly at a temperature of -50.degree. C - -10.degree. C, and then ripening said suspension at a temperature of -10.degree. C - -3.degree. C to texturize protein therein.

Abstract: Aluminium polishing solutions containing phosphoric, nitric and sulphuric acids provide etched finishes if the proportion of sulphuric acid is increased. The invention inhibits such etching by addition to the bath of an aromatic ring compound, in which at least 2 hetero atoms are conjugated with the ring such as benztriazole.

Abstract: A method for cross-linking polyethylene, characterized in that polyethylene is blended with dipropargyl maleate and a copolymer selected from the group consisting of an ethylene-acrylonitrile copolymer, an ethylene-acrylic ester copolymer, an ethylene-substituted acrylic ester copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, an ethylene-substituted vinyl acetate copolymer and mixtures thereof, and the resulting mixture being irradiated with an ionizing radiation.

Abstract: To suppress stray noise pulse in inductive pick-ups located in magnetic relation to a rotating body, typically the flywheel of an internal combustion engine, so that the instantaneous shaft position can be accurately determined, to accurately compute an ignition instant, fixed or stationary pick-up transducer is formed with an E-shaped core having outer legs and a central leg, the pick-up coil being wound on the central leg, and the magnetic element, typically a permanent magnet rotating with the shaft of the engine, having a width to match essentially only the width of the central core and passing in a plane transverse to the plane of the core, so that the outer legs of the core will act as shields against stray noise pulses. The core can be constructed as a circular element of a central core within a tubular magnetic structure, the E-shaped configuration being obtained by slotting the outer tubular structure.

Abstract: There is disclosed a novel composite film prepared by melt extrusion laminating a polymer blend composition comprising a low-crystalline resin of an ethylene-butene copolymer and a polyolefin resin having incorporated therein a lubricant and an anti-blocking agent onto a surface or surfaces of a uniaxially stretched polypropylene film followed by stretching the laminate film in the direction perpendicular to the direction in which said polypropylene has been stretched and optionally subjecting the resulting film to corona discharge treatment. The composite film thus made provides an excellent packaging material because of its improved antistatic, lubricating and anti-blocking properties in addition to its heat sealability feasible at lower temperatures than prior art materials.

Abstract: To prevent formation of kinks or twists upon uncontrolled removal of yarn from a storage drum, an intermediate yarn guide element 20 is located between the lower edge 18 of the storage drum and the pull-off guide eye, the intermediate yarn guide element 20 being formed with at least one yarn guide edge located laterally with respect to the axis of rotation 24 of the drum 1 and in the path of the yarn from the storage winding to the removal guide eye. The yarn guide edge is extended to terminate into an elongated narrow guide slot 23 formed in the intermediate yarn guide element, the slot extending from the guide edge inwardly towards the axis of rotation of the drum.

Abstract: To prevent application of excessive spark energy in an ignition system designed for proper firing voltages even under low-battery voltage conditions, upon rise of the battery voltage to normal or excessive values, a voltage sensing circuit, including a threshold stage, is connected to the secondary of the ignition coil to sense the secondary voltage, the threshold stage providing an output when the voltage is exceeded and blocking continued supply of power to the ignition coil of the system to thereby limit the ignition voltage.

Abstract: The ignition coil has a tapped primary winding which forms a first partial primary portion and a second primary portion, the second primary portion having an inductance which is high with respect to the partial primary portion. A supply circuit, including a controlled switch, is connected in circuit with the first partial portion to energize the partial portion when the controlled switch is closed, so that the partial portion is energized in successive pulses separated by time intervals. A shunt circuit is connected to the second primary portion and carries the induced current during gaps in energization pulses applied to the primary partial portion and arising at the end of the pulses, both the shunt and the main energization circuits being interrupted at the ignition instant to thereby produce a high-voltage pulse in the secondary. The pulsed current supplied to the primary saves current and loading of the ignition coil.