Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing urethanes and carbonates from an amine or an alcohol, carbon dioxide and a hydrocarbyl halide. The amine or alcohol is reacted with carbon dioxide in a suitable solvent system and in the presence of a base selected from the group consisting of a phosphazene compound and a mixture of a phosphazene compound and an organic, nitrogenous base, to form the ammonium carbamate or carbonate salt which is then reacted in a polar aprotic solvent with a hydrocarbyl halide. Polymer products can also be prepared utilizing this process or utilizing the resulting urethanes and carbonates under standard polymerization conditions.

Abstract: A process for preparing isocyanates comprising (a) contacting carbon dioxide and a primary amine in the presence of an aprotic organic solvent and a phosphazene compound or a mixture of a phosphazene compound and an organic, nitrogenous base selected from the group consisting of guanidine compounds, amidine compounds, tertiary amines, pyridine and mixtures thereof to produce the corresponding ammonium carbamate salt, and (b) reacting the ammonium carbamate salt with an electrophilic or oxophilic dehydrating agent to produce the corresponding isocyanate. A second embodiment comprises recovering the ammonium carbamate salt of step (a) prior to reacting the ammonium carbamate salt with an electrophilic or oxophilic dehydrating agent in the presence of an aprotic organic solvent and a phosphazene compound or a mixture of a phosphazene compound and an organic, nitrogenous base selected from the group consisting of guanidine compounds, amidine compounds, tertiary amines, pyridine and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: There is disclosed an improved process for the preparation of phosphorus trichloride wherein elemental phosphorus is caused to react with chlorine. The improvement comprises continuous, high speed analysis of the contents of the reactor whereby the reaction is controlled to produce less phosphorus pentachloride and other by-products. The analysis is performed by a laser Raman spectrometer associated with an optrode having a remotely located probe head and a circulating sampling system to continuously provide fresh sample to the probe head continuously. Also disclosed is apparatus for the automatic control of the reaction by control of the reactant feed to the reactor in response to the on-line, continuous analysis of the reactor contents.

Abstract: A process for preparing an isocyanate having at least two --N.dbd.C.dbd.O groups is provided which comprises preparing a substituted aromatic amine having at least two --NH.sub.2 groups, recovering the substituted aromatic amine having at least two --NH.sub.2 groups, and preparing an isocyanate from the substituted aromatic amine having at least two --NH.sub.2 groups by (1) contacting the substituted aromatic amine with CO.sub.2 under conditions sufficient to produce the corresponding ammonium carbamate salt, and reacting the ammonium carbamate salt with an electrophilic or oxophilic dehydrating agent under conditions sufficient to produce the corresponding isocyanate, or (2) contacting the substituted aromatic amine with CO.sub.

Abstract: Process for preparing .alpha.-arylpropionic acids by catalytically asymmetrically hydrogenating .alpha.-arylpropenoic acids prepared from .alpha.-aryl ketones.

Abstract: Functionalized polymers manifesting exceptional stress-strain properties are prepared from polyols having terminal and nonterminal hydroxyl groups.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are herbicidal pyridine compounds substituted at the 2- or 6-position with an OR.sub.2 moiety where R.sub.2 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, halomethyl, lower cyanoalkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, as well as herbicidal compositions and herbicidal use of these compounds.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing urethanes and carbonates from an amine or an alcohol, carbon dioxide and a hydrocarbyl halide. The amine or alcohol is reacted with carbon dioxide in a suitable solvent system and in the presence of an amidine or guanidine base, to form the ammonium carbamate or carbonate salt which is then reacted in a polar aprotic solvent with a hydrocarbyl halide. Polymer products can also be prepared utilizing this process or utilizing the resulting urethanes and carbonates under standard polymerization conditions.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are herbicidal pyridine compounds substituted at the 3- and/or 5-position with a carboxylic acid-derived heterocyclic moiety, as well as herbicidal compositions and use of these compounds.

Abstract: A ruthenium-phosphine complex represented by the formula:[RuXY(BINAP].sub.nwherein n is an integer of from 1 to about 10; and X and Y independently represent nonchelating anionic ligands.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing urethanes and carbonates from an amine or an alcohol, carbon dioxide and an allyl halide. The amine or alcohol is reacted with carbon dioxide to form the ammonium carbamate or carbonate salt which is then reacted with a palladium tertiary phosphine catalyst complex of an allyl halide. Polymer products can also be prepared utilizing this process or utilizing the resulting urethanes and carbonates under standard polymerization conditions.

Abstract: A ruthenium-phosphine complex represented by the formula:[RuXY(BINAP)].sub.nwherein n is an integer of from 1 to about 10; and X and Y independently represent nonchelating anionic ligands.

Abstract: A compound having the structural formula ##STR1## wherein: Y is selected from O and S;R.sub.1 and R.sub.4 are independently selected from fluorinated methyl, chlorofluorinated methyl, and C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, provided that not both R.sub.1 and R.sub.4 may be C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl;R.sub.2 is selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkenyl, and a cation;R.sub.3 is selected from C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, hydroxy, and alkoxy; andX is selected from ##STR2## in which R.sub.8 is selected from H, alkyl and CF.sub.3 and R.sub.10 is selected from F, Cl, --OR.sup.1, --SR.sup.1, --NHR.sup.1, --N(R.sup.1).sub.2, phenyl, substituted phenyl, and --P(OR.sup.1).sub.2where R.sup.1 is as defined above; ##STR3## wherein R.sup.1 is as defined above; ##STR4## wherein R.sub.14 and R.sub.15 are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; and --N.dbd.C.dbd.O and their use as herbicides.

Abstract: A process for preparing isocyanates comprising (a) contacting carbon dioxide and a primary amine in the presence of an aprotic organic solvent and an organic, nitrogenous base to produce the corresponding ammonium carbamate salt, and (b) reacting the ammonium carbamate salt with an electrophilic or oxophilic dehydrating agent to produce the corresponding isocyanate. A second embodiment comprises recovering the ammonium carbamate salt of step (a) prior to reacting the ammonium carbamate salt with an electrophilic or oxophilic dehydrating agent in the presence of an aprotic organic solvent and an organic, nitrogenous base.

Abstract: A novel bleach composition is disclosed comprising a sulfatase enzyme and a peroxydisulfate which composition, in aqueous solution, generates the more reactive peroxymonsulfate bleach compound. Detergent compositions and bleach processes are also disclosed wherein the peroxymonsulfate is produced in situ to provide bleach functions with greatly reduced dye damage, particularly useful to remove blood stains from textile materials.

Abstract: The present invention relates to N,O-diacyl, N-alkyl hydroxylamines and their use as bleach activators in conjunction with oxygen-releasing compounds.

Abstract: A process for the production of para-oriented dicarboxylic aromatic acids is disclosed in which an aromatic compound, having a tertiary alkyl group, is oxidized with molecular oxygen in the presence of a catalytic composition comprising a cobalt salt, a minor amount of a manganese salt, and a source of chloride in the presence of a solvent.

Abstract: There is disclosed herein an improved processes for the preparation of oxydisuccinate by reacting in an alkaline reaction medium the salts of maleic acid and malic acid in the presence of a calcium ion catalyst wherein unreacted maleic acid salts are recovered from the reaction medium as sodium hydrogen maleate by lowering the pH of the reaction product to a range of from about 4 to 6. The precipitated sodium hydrogen maleate salts are recycled to the synthesis reaction as salts of malic acid by hydration in the presence of a hydration catalyst to prepare additional amounts of product.

Abstract: Described herein is a process for dehydration of substituted piperidine dicarbothioate compounds and a novel compound obtained thereby.

Abstract: Processes for production of 2,6-substituted-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acids, esters, salts, amides, halides, and cyano compounds, useful as herbicides and as intermediates which provide herbicides.