Abstract: A mixture of CFC-113 and CFC-123 and/or CFC-123a where CFC-123 or CFC-123a is a significant portion of the total composition has been found to result in improved blowing agent performance in phenol-formaldehyde foams compared to CFC-113.The use of CFC-123 (or CFC-123a, or both), in combination with CFC-113 improves resole resin solubility and mixed ingredient solution stability, prior to foaming. In addition, because of the lower molecular weight of CFC-123 (or CFC-123a) compared to CFC-113 better blowing agent efficiency will be realized per unit weight. Also, the lower boiling points of CFC-123 and CFC-123a as compared to CFC-113 results in a more ready conversion of dissolved blowing agent to released gaseous blowing agent by the exothermic phenolic resin polymerization. And because of the lower molecular weight and lower boiling point factors, a lower density foam is realized.

Abstract: A means to eliminate the suppression of the closed circuit voltage of a Li/CF.sub.x battery during the initial part of its discharge is effected by blending an additive CF.sub.x which does not show significant voltage suppression with the (bulk) CF.sub.x that is normally used in fabricating cathodes for such batteries. Blending is used to get a mixture which has substantially minimized voltage suppression and has good capacity.The closed circuit voltage of a Li/CF.sub.x battery during the initial 10% of discharge is known to be lower than the closed circuit voltage during the later stages. This characteristic adversely impacts applications since the voltage at beginning of life is as low as the voltage indicating end of life, complicating design of circuitry to indicate end of life.In the disclosure, the material with no significant voltage suppression discharge, preferentially at the beginning of discharge leading to higher voltage and no suppression.

Abstract: Azeotrope-like compositions comprising of trichlorotrifluoroethane, methanol, nitromethane, acetone, and methyl acetate which are stable and have utility as vapor degreasing agents and as solvents in a variety of industrial cleaning applications including the defluxing of printed circuit boards.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing fluorinated carbon (CF.sub.x) admixed which can be used in a lithium battery to eliminate low voltage at the beginning of discharge. The process uses a thick carbon bed to assure proper degree and type of underfluorination of the CF.sub.x. The inhomogeneous fluorinated carbon produced is a fully, or overfluorinated CF.sub.x with a small amount of underfluorinated material to eliminate voltage suppression in Li/CF.sub.x batteries.

Abstract: An improved process for preparing formaldoxime trimer is provided in which loss of the product is minimized and the prior art problems of long retention times to afford precipitation of the trimer which is difficult to filter and which occludes the undesirable salt of the acid that is difficult to remove. The method disclosed involved oximation of paraformaldehyde using dehydroxylamine sulfate and ammonia gas followed by steam stripping to recover formaldoxime and separate trimerization thereof followed by filtration recovery and drying.The formaldoxime trimer is produced in essentially quantitative yield and proceeds specifically by a procedure of steam stripping out the formaldoxime monomer from the synthesis liquor and allowing separate trimer formation and recovery. The product is free from inorganic salts and the mother liquor with formaldoxime monomer content, resulting from its recovery by filtration, does not represent a yield loss in that it is recyclable to the next synthesis reaction.

Abstract: An improved process for reducing ammonium ion concentration in an ammonium ion-containing, acidic liquor is provided. The process includes the essential step of reacting ammonium ion with a persulfate.

Abstract: In the manufacture of semiconductor components, direct etching is effected using electrons. In a specific application an electron beam may be used to directly etch a pattern in a dielectric layer in an atmosphere of low pressure sulfur hexafluoride. The technique involves a simpler alternative to the more typical microcircuit manufacturing processes in which dielectric layers such as silicon dioxide, silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride are etched by either plasma or wet chemical techniques through a photoresist mask. The latter invariably involves a large number of process steps. The disclosed method presents a simpler alternative in which the silicon dioxide, for example, is patterned directly and which may be particularly suited to very small (sub-micron) geometries or to more conventional geometries if a high intensity electron flood exposure system is used.

Abstract: Use of dicarboxylic acid in the preparation of cationic water soluble polymers useful in flocculation of suspended solids in various waste waters is disclosed. The dicarboxylic acids are shown to improve stability of cationic functionality and enhance distribution of charge.

Abstract: A novel coal tar based, low solids content, pitch is produced by oxidizing a selected coal tar distillation fraction with air to oxygen at elevated temperatures. This pitch is applicable to end use in which low solids content is desirable. Specifically it may be advantageously applied to the impregnation of carbon electrodes. The oxidized selected coal tar based low solids material described is characterized by high carbon yield and higher product density and has a higher in situ coking value and lower sulfur content which make it particularly beneficial when it is used as an impregnating pitch as compared to the currently commercially used petroleum based pitch.

Abstract: Polymers of fluorene containing compounds which form crosslinked networks are found to provide useful negative photoresists which are sensitive in the ultraviolet wavelength range of between about 200 nm to 300 nm. When used in negative photoresist compositions, these fluorene compounds produce a high resolution and thus higher information density in microcircuits manufactured using these photoresists.

Abstract: Azeotrope-like compositions comprising of trichlorotrifluoroethane, methanol, nitromethane and hexane which are stable and have utility as vapor degreasing agents and as solvents in a variety of industrial cleaning applications including the defluxing of printed circuit boards.

Abstract: Azeotrope-like compositions comprising of trichlorotrifluoroethane, methanol, acetone, nitromethane and hexane which are stable and have utility as vapor degreasing agents and as solvents in a variety of industrial cleaning applications including the defluxing of printed circuit boards.

Abstract: In an improved water-in-oil emulsion of the type which contains one or more finely divided water soluble vinyl addition polymers, one or more water soluble water-in-oil emulsifying agents, a hydrocarbon liquid and an aqueous phase, the improvement comprising an aqueous phase ranging from about 30% to about 50% by weight of the emulsion.

Abstract: A stabilized, lipid membrane-based device is provided. This device includes a plurality of membrane-forming lipids, and a support for stabilizing the lipid membrane. Each membrane-forming lipid includes a long chain through which the lipid is anchored to a binding site on the support, and another long chain unattached to the support. The support binding sites are spaced apart from one another to provide the lipid membrane with an appropriate molecular packing density.Also provided is a process for determining the concentration of a selected chemical species in an aqueous electrolytic solution, using an electrochemical cell formed from a lipid membrane-based device in accordance with the present invention. This process includes the step of applying across the lipid membrane of the device an electrical potential difference to produce an analytical signal based upon an increase in membrane ion permeability.

Abstract: A novel apparatus and process is provided for removing with a treating fluid surface films that are hydrophilic in nature and comprises a less dense liquid component. The hydrophilic film is removed from non absorbing surfaces such as metal glass and plastics and may contain dissolved solids. The hydrophilic film is substantially immiscible in the more dense cleansing liquid. In a particular embodiment the more dense liquid is a cleansing fluid and the less dense hydrophilic component being present as a contaminant. The apparatus includes a tank (12), a separator chamber (14) and a holding chamber (16). The less dense liquid is removed from the upper part of the separator chamber 14. The configuration of separator chamber (14) effects rapid separation of overflow liquid into an upper layer of the less dense liquid and a lower layer of the more dense liquid. In another embodiment of the apparatus, a second separator chamber (89) and a second holding chamber (90) are included.

Abstract: Allylphosphonate diesters are prepared by reacting an appropriate allyl halide or alcohol with an appropriate phosphite compound in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of a phosphinated d.sup.8 transition metal catalyst.

Abstract: Improved fluorocarbon blowing agents composed of blends of (a) CFC-11, trichlorofluoromethane, with (b) CFC-123 or CFC-123a, dichlorotrifluoroethane, have been found which impart significant improvement in the solubility characteristics of rigid urethane foam systems that contain significant amounts of aromatic polyester polyols. A substantial increase in the solubility of the CFC-11/CFC-123 or CFC-11/CFC-123a blends over CFC-11 alone in typical rigid urethane foam premix systems containing variable concentrations or aromatic polyester polyol is obtained. Preparation of rigid urethane foams have shown that improved solubility CFC-11 blends with CFC-123 or CFC-123a permit an increase in the amount of aromatic polyester polyol than can be used in the formulation without any significant differences in the physical characteristics of foams compared to those produced from CFC-11 without inclusion of aromatic polyester polyols.

Abstract: Silicon dioxide etching solutions with soluble surfactant additives are provided. The improved silicon dioxide etchants are produced by adding soluble fluorinated surfactant additives to standard oxide etchants in the manufacture of integrated circuits. The surfactants found effective in accordance with the invention are referred to as fluorinated cycloalkane sulfonates and fluorinated cycloalkene sulfonates and have the general formula ##STR1## where X is F, H, Cl, OH, SO.sub.3 A or R and Y is F, H, OH, R or be omitted and thereby impart a double bond; wherein R is a 1 to 4 fluoroalkyl group; and wherein n has a value of up to 6. A represents as the cation group may be NH.sub.4.sup.+, H.sup.+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Li.sup.+, R.sup.+ or organic amine cations.

Abstract: Polymers of fluorene containing compounds which form crosslinked networks are found to provide useful negative photoresists which are sensitive in the ultraviolet wavelength range of between about 200 nm to 300 nm. When used in negative photoresist compositions, these fluorene compounds produce a high resolution and thus higher information density in microcircuits manufactured using these photoresists.

Abstract: This invention relates to improved drying compositions comprising a volatile halocarbon and one or more aromatic quaternary ammonium salts of a phosphate ester, and methods of using such compositions for cleaning and/or drying non-absorbent articles.