Abstract: This invention relates to improvements in engines of the reciprocating piston type, especially reciprocating piston internal combustion engines suitable for stationary and non-stationary uses. The pistons of the engine are operatively connected to the drive shaft of the engine via an elongated gear-roller gear pinion mechanism. In association with a cylinder-piston unit of the engine there is provided a roller gear pinion, engaged with the drive shaft such that rotation thereof rotates the drive shaft. An elongated roller gear is pivotally connected via an end to a piston, and the opposite open end of said elongated roller gear is meshed with the roller gear pinion. The elongated roller gear is guided through a path via appropriate mechanism which maintains continuous contact between said gears such that reciprocation of the piston within a cylinder produces rotation of the drive shaft.

Abstract: A process wherein a feed comprising an admixture of liquid hydrocarbon compounds which includes a polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon compound, or compounds (PNA's) is contacted in the presence of hydrogen over an iron catalyst at temperature sufficient to selectively hydrogenate and hydrocrack, or destroy the PNA's of the admixture without excessively hydrogenating and hydrocracking the non-PNA's of said feed. The process is particularly applicable for the removal of PNA's from reformates, processed naphthas, and other hydroprocessed streams or the like to achieve a lower and more favorable distribution of PNA's in a motor gasoline pool, and further to remove PNA's from prime fuels and heavier hydrocarbon mixtures.

Abstract: A process for cleaning oil-contaminated particulate solids, or drill cuttings such as obtained from a well bore. Oil-contaminated particulate solids are admixed with an aqueous polymeric solution, and preferably also a filter aid, and oil-decontaminated solids are separated therefrom. The oil-contaminated solids are rendered environmentally acceptable for discharge, and the oil can be recovered.

Abstract: A process wherein an admixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is contacted over a cobalt catalyst, especially a thoria promoted cobalt catalyst, formed by dispersing the cobalt, or cobalt and thoria, upon a titania or titania-containing support wherein the titania support is one having a rutile:anatase ratio of at least about 2:3, and preferably at least about 3:2 to produce, at reaction conditions, a distillate fuel constituted principally of an admixture of linear paraffin and olefins, particularly a C.sub.10 + distillate which can be further refined and upgraded to high quality fuels, and other products such as mogas, diesel fuel, jet fuel, lubes and specialty solvents, particularly premium middle distillate fuels of carbon numbers ranging from about C.sub.10 to about C.sub.20.

Abstract: A process for the use of such sorbent, or catalyst, to effectively remove sulfur from naphthas at temperatures above about 350.degree. F. without the significant production, if any, of PNA's. The invention embodies a particulate mass of a sorbent, or catalyst, comprised of nickel in concentration ranging from about 10 percent to about 70 percent, preferably from about 20 percent to about 50 percent, calculated as metallic nickel based on the total weight of the sorbent, iron in concentration ranging from about 1 percent to about 15 percent, preferably from about 2 percent to about 10 percent, calculated as metallic iron based on the total weight of the sorbent, or catalyst composition and a porous, refractory inorganic oxide such as silica, alumina, clays, or mixture thereof; preferably alumina, with which the nickel and iron are composited.

Abstract: A process wherein a feed comprising a nitrogen-containing hydrocarbon compound, or compound containing a carbon-nitrogen bond, is contacted in the presence of hydrogen over an iron catalyst at reaction conditions sufficient to cleave said carbon-nitrogen bond and denitrogenate said nitrogen-containing hydrocarbon compound, or compounds. An aromatic heterocyclic nitrogen-containing hydrocarbon, or hydrocarbons, containing at least one aryl carbon-nitrogen bond, or feedstock containing such hydrocarbon, or hydrocarbons, is contacted with hydrogen, preferably over a fused iron catalyst, at reaction conditions sufficient to cleave the aryl carbon-nitrogen bond, or bonds, without significant hydrogenation of the aromatic ring portion of the molecule. The aryl carbon-nitrogen bond, or bonds, are cleaved, and the cleavage site, or sites, healed with hydrogen, without saturation of the aromatic ring portion of the molecule to which the nitrogen atom of the parent compound was bonded.

Abstract: An apparatus, viz., a moisture analyzer, for the detection, and measurement of moisture in trace amounts in fluid streams, especially gas streams. The moisture analyzer is characterized as (A) a cell assembly constituted of a compartmented structure (i) a first compartment separated from a second compartment by a partitioning semi-permeable membrane through which moisture can be passed, said first compartment including a fluid, or gas inlet into which a moisture-containing fluid, especially a gas, can be admitted, and a fluid, or gas outlet from which fluid, or gas, can be expelled, (ii) the second compartment containing an electrical circuit which includes at least one pair of electrically isolated electrodes located in close proximity one to another, upon which electrodes can be disposed a hydroscopic substance, or electrolyte, e.g., P.sub.2 O.sub.

Abstract: Hydrogenation of hydrocarbons with catalysts produced by co-gelling a smectite with an inorganic metal oxide which is unstable with respect to retaining a high surface area, to produce a co-gel of high surface area which has good retention of surface area at high temperatures. Suitable smectites for the practice of this invention are hectorite, chlorite, montmorillionite, beidellite, or admixtures of two or more of these materials with each other or with other materials, or the like. Exemplary of inorganic oxide gels suitable for the practice of this invention are the Group IV-B metal oxides, especially titanium oxide, and other metal oxides such as the oxides of thorium, uranium, silicon, aluminum, and the like. A crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite can be composited with this material to supply an acidic function.

Abstract: A process combination wherein (1) in a first stage wet methanol, or methanol and water, are reacted over a copper-containing methanol synthesis catalyst at conditions sufficient to convert at least a portion of the feed to essentially hydrogen and carbon dioxide and, (2) in a second stage, the product stream from said first stage and methanol are reacted over a cobalt or ruthenium catalyst, or cobalt-containing or ruthenium-containing catalyst, to produce, at reaction conditions, an admixture of C.sub.10.sup.+ linear paraffin and olefins, which can be further refined and upgraded to high quality middle distillate fuels, and other valuable products such as mogas, diesel fuel, jet fuel, lubes, and specialty solvents, especially premium middle distillate fuels of carbon number ranging from about C.sub.10 to C.sub.20.

Abstract: Paraffinic naphthas, the C.sub.8.sup.+ aromatics content of which is below about 5 wt. % can be reformed to provide higher C.sub.5.sup.+ LV% yields by blending C.sub.8.sup.+ aromatics with said naphtha composition to raise the C.sub.8.sup.+ aromatic concentration above such level. Preferably the addition of the C.sub.8.sup.+ aromatics to such blend is sufficient to raise the C.sub.8.sup.+ aromatics level of the blend to concentrations above about 5 wt. %, preferably to concentrations ranging from about 5 wt. % to about 20 wt. %.

Abstract: A rhenium promoted cobalt catalyst, especially a rhenium and thoria promoted cobalt catalyst, and process for the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons. Methanol is contacted, preferably with added hydrogen, over said catalyst, or synthesis gas is contacted over said catalyst to produce, at reaction conditions, an admixture of C.sub.10 + linear paraffins and olefins. These hydrocarbons can be further refined to high quality middle distillate fuels, and other valuable products such as mogas, diesel fuel, jet fuel, lubes and speciality solvents, particularly premium middle distillate fuels of carbon number ranging from about C.sub.10 to about C.sub.20.

Abstract: A novel ruthenium catalyst, notably a ruthenium-titania catalyst, is disclosed to which is added sufficient rhenium to obtain, at corresponding process conditions, improved activity maintenance in the production of hydrocarbons via carbon monoxide-hydrogen synthesis reactions vis-a-vis a catalyst composition otherwise similar except that it does not contain rhenium. High quality middle distillate fuels, characterized generally as admixtures of linear paraffins and olefins, are formed in a process wherein a feed mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen are contacted at reaction conditions over such catalyst.

Abstract: A novel ruthenium catalyst, notably a ruthenium-titania catalyst, is disclosed to which is added sufficient rhenium to obtain, at corresponding process conditions, improved activity maintenance in the production of hydrocarbons via carbon monoxide-hydrogen synthesis reactions vis-a-vis a catalyst composition otherwise similar except that it does not contain rhenium. High quality middle distillate fuels, characterized generally as admixtures of linear paraffins and olefins, are formed in a process wherein a feed mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen are contacted at reaction conditions over such catalyst.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of liquid hydrocarbons from methanol by conversion of the methanol over a cobalt-titania catalyst, especially a thoria promoted cobalt-titania catalyst, particularly a cobalt-titania or cobalt-thoria-titania catalyst having a rutile:anatase weight ratio of at least 2:3. The methanol is contacted, preferably with added hydrogen, over said catalyst to produce, at reaction conditions, an admixture of C.sub.10 + linear paraffins and olefins, which can be further refined to high quality middle distillate fuels, and other valuable products such as mogas, diesel fuel, jet fuel, lubes and speciality solvents, especially premium middle distillate fuels of carbon number ranging from about C.sub.10 to about C.sub.20.

Abstract: A supported carbon-containing molybdenum sulfide and tungsten sulfide catalyst useful for conducting methanation and hydrotreating reactions, principally the latter, can be formed by compositing a preselected quantity of a porous, refractory inorganic oxide with a complex salt characterized by the formulaB.sub.x [MO.sub.y S.sub.

Abstract: A cobalt catalyst, especially a thoria promoted cobalt catalyst, formed by dispersing the cobalt, or cobalt and thoria, upon a titania or titania-containing support wherein the titania support is one having a rutile:anatase ratio of at least about 2:3. By passing methanol, or an admixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen over the catalyst at reaction conditions, a distillate fuel constituted principally of an admixture of linear paraffin and olefins, particularly a C.sub.10 + distillate can be formed. The distillate can be further refined and upgraded to high quality fuels, and other products such as mogas, diesel fuel, jet fuel, lubes and specialty solvents, particularly premium middle distillate fuels of carbon numbers ranging from about C.sub.10 to about C.sub.20.

Abstract: A hydrotreating process wherein composite catalyst particles are formed into a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed and contacted with a fluid, preferably gas. The composition is one which exhibits high induced magnetism in a small applied magnetic field when formed into a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed. The particles contain a non-ferromagnetic component, or components, composited with one or a plurality of elongated ferromagnetic components, oriented and present in each of said particles in relatively low concentration, based on the total volume of the particles.

Abstract: A start-up procedure wherein a halogenated rhenium-containing catalyst, to improve its performance in reforming naphtha feeds, is contacted with water, added with the hydrogen and said feed. During the start-up period, preferably on initiation of the start-up period after aromatics production has begun, a naphtha feed, hydrogen and water are passed cocurrently through the several reactors of a reforming unit and reacted over the halogenated rhenium-containing catalyst. Water is generally added with the naphtha and hydrogen, preferably to the initial reactor of the series of reactors of the reforming unit, in concentration ranging from about 100 vppm of hydrogen to about 10,000 vppm of hydrogen, preferably from about 100 vppm to about 5000 vppm of hydrogen.

Abstract: A hydrotreating process with a composition which exhibits high induced magnetism in a small applied magnetic field when formed into a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed and which comprises particles containing a nonferromagnetic component, or components, composited with a plurality of elongated ferromagnetic components, randomly oriented and present in each of said particles in relatively low concentration, based on the total volume of the particles; a process for formation of said compositions and a process wherein such composite particles are formed into a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed and contacted with a fluid, preferably gas.

Abstract: A catalytic reforming process for the operation of a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed. The process utilizes catalyst compositions characterized as a particulate material which can be oriented within, and formed into a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed which comprises: (i) particles of average size ranging from about 10 micrometers (.mu.m) to about 4000 .mu.m, each containing a nonferromagnetic component and a catalytically active component composited with a single elongate ferromagnetic component or plurality of parallelly aligned elongate ferromagnetic components. The ferromagnetic component, or components, are multidomain, having dimensions of at least 1 .mu.m in all directions and a length:diameter (L/D) ratio of at least 2 but not more than 17.3, and the ferromagnetic component, or components, is present in the composite particles as inclusions within a nonferromagnetic matrix constituting at least 0.5%, preferably at least 5%, but not more than 3/2(L/D).sup.