Abstract: A circuit arrangement includes a first phase locked loop to generate a first oscillator frequency, a second phase locked loop to generate a second oscillator frequency, a reference frequency emitter connected to a reference frequency input of both phase locked loops, and a signal attenuator and optionally a switch connected between a master signal output of the first (master) loop and an input of the second (slave) loop. In a method, a common reference frequency is provided to both loops, the first loop generates a first oscillator frequency, and the second loop generates a second oscillator frequency that matches the first oscillator frequency in at least one operating mode and optionally differs from the first oscillator frequency in another operating mode. The frequency matching in one of the modes involves feeding an attenuated signal from the first loop operating as a master into the second loop operating as a slave.

Abstract: A method and a casting mold for producing an optical semiconductor module is provided, wherein a semiconductor body having at least one optically active element on its top is introduced into a leadframe. Then conductive connections are established between the semiconductor body and the leadframe, and then the leadframe and semiconductor body are encapsulated in a casting mold. Wherein provided in the part of the casting mold that faces the top of the semiconductor body are masking bodies, which extend from the top inner wall of the casting mold towards the optically active elements and cover the elements with their respective end face in a way that seals out casting material.

Abstract: A method for the integration of two bipolar transistors in a semiconductor body, wherein, for the first bipolar transistor, a first emitter semiconductor region, a first base semiconductor region, and a first collector semiconductor region are produced. A recombination layer is applied to the first bipolar transistor, which is adjacent to the first emitter semiconductor region or the first collector semiconductor region and is constructed in such a way that charge carriers recombine on the recombination layer, and next, the second bipolar transistor is placed on the recombination layer, wherein a second emitter semiconductor region, a second base semiconductor region, and a second collector semiconductor region are produced on the recombination layer, so that the second emitter semiconductor region or the second collector semiconductor region is adjacent to the recombination layer.

Abstract: A selection method for selecting at least one transponder located in the response area of a base station, which are linked to one another by a wireless bidirectional data communication path, in which method the base station transmits an electromagnetic carrier signal, which has at least one arbitration symbol, wherein each arbitration symbol has a query segment in which data are encoded by the base station, and has a response segment that can be used by the transponder for coding and modulation of information for return data transmission, wherein the selection of a transponder takes place on the basis of distinguishable points in time in the time segment for the modulation that are produced from a reference time which is derived from the arbitration symbol itself.

Abstract: In a method of selecting one or more transponders, the time duration of a reference interval is transmitted by the base station to the transponders in the header section of an information packet, each transponder compares the respective time durations of the reference interval and of a first time interval, and the further selection of the transponder depends on the result of the comparison.

Abstract: A high frequency arrangement is provided that includes an integrated high frequency circuit, a first bond pad, which is electrically connected by a first electrical supply line, in particular a bond wire and/or a solder bump, to a housing terminal and/or another circuit, wherein the first bond pad adjoins a dielectric so that the first bond pad forms a first capacitance with the dielectric and an electrically conductive region of the integrated high-frequency circuit, and the first capacitance and the first supply line, which has an inductance, influence a (tuned) first resonant frequency associated with the high-frequency circuit.

Abstract: A method for integrating an electronic component or the like into a substrate includes following process steps: formation of a dielectric insulating layer on the front side of a substrate; complete back-etching of an area of the substrate from the back of the substrate to form a cavity; formation of a photoresistive layer with a homogeneous thickness over the back of the substrate; placement of an electronic component on the photoresistive layer formed in the cavity for adhesion of the electronic component to the photoresistive layer; removal of the formed photoresistive layer except for the area on which the electronic component adheres to the photoresistive layer in the cavity; and formation of a fixing layer over the back of the substrate to fix the electronic component in the cavity of the substrate.

Abstract: A mixer stage is provided that mixes a differential input signal with a differential square-wave signal of an oscillator, having a first amplifier element and a second amplifier element, each of which amplifier elements has a first current connection, a second current connection, and a connection for the differential input signal, having four control elements and also a first output and a second output, wherein the four control elements are modulated in pairs by the differential square-wave signal, thereby connecting each second current connection alternately, and in each case individually, to one of the two outputs. The mixer stage has field-effect transistors as amplifier elements whose first current connections are connected to a constant reference voltage. In addition, a method for mixing frequencies that uses this mixer stage is also disclosed.

Abstract: An operating and evaluation circuit of an insect sensor is provided, which has a resistor that is dependent on insect infestation, whereby the circuit during stimulation via a transponder generates a current flow through the resistor, detects a change in the resistor as a change in voltage, and compares it with a predetermined threshold. The circuit includes a transponder-stimulated constant current source, which is connected with the resistor so that a constant voltage drops across the resistor.

Abstract: A mixer stage is provided that includes an oscillator, a first input, a second input, a first output, a second output, a set of four controllable amplifier elements, and a first current source. The mixer stage further includes at least one second current source in addition to the first current source, the first current source and the at least one second current source can each be switched on and off by an associated switching input that is connected to an associated oscillator output. Pairs of amplifier elements of the set of four together with at least one of the at least two current sources in its switched-on state form a differential amplifier for an input signal present at the first input and the second input. A method for mixing frequencies is also provided.

Abstract: To form a semiconductor component having active regions separated from one another by trenches as isolation structures, a method involves forming a shallow trench in a semiconductor body, thereafter forming a deep trench within the shallow trench in the semiconductor body, and thereafter completely driving dopant atoms into the semiconductor body to form a well region doped with the dopant. The dopant may be previously introduced by implantation into a surface layer, and then the dopant is finally completely driven into the well region by thermally supported diffusion after forming the deep trench. The shallow and deep trenches together form a compound trench with stepped side walls. Two oppositely doped wells may be formed on opposite sides of the compound trench, which thus isolates the two wells from one another. Active regions may be formed in the two wells.

Abstract: A circuit for current measurement and current monitoring in a motor vehicle is provided, with a measuring circuit with a first subtractor circuit, connected to a measuring resistor; an offset circuit, which is connected to the first subtractor circuit in such a way that a first output voltage of the first subtractor circuit is increased by an offset voltage; a second subtractor circuit, which is connected to the offset circuit and the first subtractor circuit in such a way that a second output voltage of the second subtractor circuit is substantially independent of the offset voltage, and a comparator circuit with at least one switching threshold, which is connected to the second subtractor circuit for comparison of the second output voltage with the at least one switching threshold.

Abstract: A power supply circuit arrangement is provided that includes a switching regulator for generating a first regulated voltage, a controlled load element that is impinged upon by the first regulated voltage, and a first control element for controlling the load element. A method for generating a supply voltage is also provided. The switching regulator is adapted to generate a second, unregulated voltage that serves directly or indirectly as a supply voltage for the first control element. The circuit arrangement and method are used for example for a battery-based power supply of electric automotive components.

Abstract: A method for improving electrical characteristics of active bipolar components is provided. In conventional methods for improving the electrical characteristics of active bipolar components, the controllability of an input signal via an output signal is significantly affected, or the transient behaviour, in particular in the high-frequency range, is only slightly improved for a given blocking ability. According to the inventive method, triple-layer semiconductor assemblies are replaced by five-layer semiconductor assemblies and the tendency of the latter to imitate thyristor behaviour is suppressed with the aid of a heterotransition. The inventive method improves in particular the high-frequency characteristics and the blocking ability of active bipolar components, while the controllability of an input signal via an output signal is maintained to a great extent.

Abstract: An output voltage is generated, in that an initializable current source is transferred into a current-conducting state by an initializing signal produced by an initializing unit, and then provides current to a voltage-limiting element. The output voltage is tapped from the voltage-limiting element. Thereby, a small operating current consumption can be achieved with a large supply voltage range.

Abstract: An amplifier array includes a servo amplifier, which has a reference signal input, a return signal input, and an output signal connection, which supplies an output signal path, a reference signal generator, which supplies reference signals with different level heights to the reference signal input, and with a return, which supplies a signal, attenuated by a value of the feedback attenuation, from the output path as a return signal to the return signal input, whereby the servo amplifier supplies an amplified difference between the reference signal and return signal in the output signal path. The amplifier array has a connectable bypass gain path, which in the connected state is supplied phase-coupled to the reference signal generator and which supplies a bypass output signal in the output path.

Abstract: A driver circuit that provides a driver pulse sequence with different adjustable driver pulse heights in different time segments is provided. The driver circuit includes n pulse generators that supply pulse height contributions to a summing node, wherein the supplying can be controlled by switching elements individual to the pulse generators, and further includes a control unit that controls at least some of the switching elements as a function of adjustable parameters. The driver circuit also includes a switching matrix with matrix elements, each one of which is associated with a pair having at least one of the time segments and at least one control parameter, and issues a control signal for exactly one switching element of one of the n pulse generators.

Abstract: A DMOS-transistor has a trench bordered by a drift region including two doped wall regions and a doped floor region extending along the walls and the floor of the trench. The laterally extending floor region has a dopant concentration gradient in the lateral direction. For example, the floor region includes at least two differently-doped floor portions successively in the lateral direction. This dopant gradient in the floor region is formed by carrying out at least one dopant implantation from above through the trench using at least one mask to expose a first area while covering a second area of the floor region.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for locating a transponder is provided. A carrier signal is transmitted by a base station and a transponder transmits a locating signal that is generated through phase modulation and backscattering of the carrier signal sent by the base station when the transponder is within a transmission range of the base station, whereby the transponder is located on the basis of the locating signal.

Abstract: A high frequency power detector includes an input coupling arrangement that couples an electrical HF-oscillation into a basic circuit portion including at least a first diode and a circuit node. The power detector further includes a series circuit of a resistor and a second diode connected to the circuit node, as well as a voltage tapping arrangement for detecting or tapping the voltage drop across the second diode as an output signal. The voltage at the circuit node includes a DC component that depends on the power of the HF-oscillation. The output signal, i.e. the voltage drop of the second diode, has a linear voltage characteristic relative to the HF-power in dBm. A method of regulating the HF-power uses such a dBm-linear HF-power detector in a feedback loop for regulating the gain factor of an HF-amplifier.