Abstract: Various embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to liquid-cooled cylinder heads. In one example embodiment, a cylinder head is disclosed including a component which extends into a combustion chamber, an upper cooling jacked, a lower cooling jacket, a plurality of valves arranged around the component, a plurality of cylinder head screws, an oil deck, a fire deck, a plurality of valve guides, and a fixed connection. The fixed connection is arranged from each valve guide to the component, and is a ring having at least one support. The support and the ring extend at least from the oil deck to the fire deck thereby bounding the combustion chamber, and the component is connected to the plurality of cylinder head screws.

Abstract: A method and a device for determining a radar cross section, a method for training an interaction model, a radar target emulator for manipulating a radar signal, and a test facility for a vehicle are described herein. The propagation of a virtual radar signal is simulated on the basis of an interaction model in a simulated environment scenario that contains the simulated radar target. An interaction of the virtual radar signal with the simulated radar target is modelled such that a physical variable, characterizing the virtual radar signal, is divided into a directional component that corresponds to a directed scattering of the virtual radar signal and into a diffuse component that corresponds to an isotropic scattering of the virtual radar signal.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure are directed to methods for calibrating a technical system with respect to stochastic influences during real operation of the technical system. In one example embodiment of the present disclosure, the method includes the steps of: determining the values of a number of control variables, carrying out the calibration on the basis of a load cycle which results in a sequence of a number of operating points, executing the load cycle multiple times under the influence of at least one random influencing variable, with each realization of the load cycle resulting in a random sequence of the number i of operating points, defining a risk measure of the probability distribution, with which the probability distribution is mapped to a scalar variable, and optimizing the risk measure by varying the number of control variables in order to obtain optimal control variables for calibration.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for generating a dynamic speed profile of a motor vehicle which is suitable for simulating in particular actual vehicle operation on a route, comprising the following procedural steps: determining a route-based static speed profile for the route resolved into route segments based on information from a digital map; determining a route-based dynamized speed profile on the basis of the route-based static speed profile which factors in a defined maximum target deceleration to reach mandatory speed minima of the speed profile; determining a time-based dynamic speed profile resolved into time increments on the basis of the route-based dynamized speed profile, wherein an applied acceleration is determined in each time increment based on the speed dictated by the speed profile in a route segment corresponding to the respective time increment and the applied speed in the time increment; and outputting the time-based dynamic speed profile.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a cylinder head for an internal combustion engine. In one example embodiment, the cylinder head includes at least one spark plug having at least one earth electrode, a precombustion chamber accommodating the at least one spark plug, and a fuel channel which leads into the precombustion chamber. The fuel channel having a flow axis at an outlet that is oriented in the direction of the at least one earth electrode. An axis of rotation of the at least one spark plug has an offset with respect to the flow axis between 0 and 15% of the greatest precombustion chamber diameter.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a method for carrying out a test run on a test stand. The method in some embodiments reduces a deviation between a comparison simulation value and a comparison reference value when carrying out a test run on a test stand with a test object by simulating via a simulation unit a number of simulation values using a number of specified reference values starting from a selected reference value, determining a corrected reference value which is specified to the simulation unit for simulating a corrected simulation value and determining at least one setpoint variable using the corrected simulation value.

Abstract: A pressure measuring device includes a pressure gauge having a pressure measuring member, at least one connection line which connects the pressure gauge to a measured media source, a connection block which is fluidically connected to the pressure gauge, a heating element and/or cooling element which controls a temperature of the connection block, and at least one closable vent hole which is arranged in the connection block. A section of the at least one connection line which is connected to the pressure measuring member is arranged in the connection block. The at least one closable vent hole is arranged to branch off from the at least one connection line in an ascending manner and to open above the at least one connection line.

Abstract: A measuring device for metering a fluid. The measuring device includes a container with the fluid, a fluid inlet which is fluidically connected to the container, a fluid outlet which is fluidically connectable with a metering point, a metering line which connects the fluid inlet with the fluid outlet, a delivery pump arranged in the metering line, a density sensor arranged in the metering line, a flow meter arranged in the metering line, and a recirculation line which is arranged to branch off from the metering line downstream of the flow meter and to open into the container. The flow meter is arranged in a measuring unit housing which is arranged at a distance from a pump unit housing in which at least the delivery pump is arranged. The pump unit housing is detachably connected to the measuring unit housing via a connection portion of the metering line.

Abstract: The invention relates to a converter assembly for converting a DC voltage from a DC voltage source, e.g. a battery, a fuel cell or a DC voltage intermediate circuit, into an N-phase AC voltage, e.g.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fuel cell system (100) comprising at least one fuel cell stack (1) having at least one cathode section (K) and at least one anode section (A), an air supply section (2) for supplying air (2) to the anode section (A) of the fuel cell stack (1), an exhaust air section (4) for discharging exhaust air (5) from the anode section (A) of the fuel cell stack (1), as well as a supply section (7) for supplying at least one main medium (6) to the cathode section (K) of the fuel cell stack (1), an exhaust gas discharge section (9) for discharging exhaust gas (8) from the cathode section (K) of the fuel cell stack (1), as well as a pump (12) for delivering the at least one main medium (6), the exhaust gas discharge section (9) being fluidically connected via a recirculation section (14) to the supply section (7) downstream of the pump (12) in order to recirculate exhaust gas (8), the recirculation section (14) being connected via a jet pump (16) to the supply section (7) in order to intr

Abstract: The invention relates to a measuring device for determining force and/or torque on a torque-transmitting shaft which is supported by a bearing device, in particular a machine, the output and/or input shaft of which is formed by the torque-transmitting shaft. The measuring device has at least two, preferably three or four, piezoelectric elements and a fixing device, wherein the fixing device supports the piezoelements and is designed in such a way that a force, in particular shear force, can be measured between the bearing device and a supporting device for supporting the bearing device by means of the piezoelements.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for removing water from a fuel cell system (1) comprising a fuel cell stack (2) having an anode portion (3) and a cathode portion (4), a purge valve (5) downstream of the anode portion (3) for controlling a purge pressure in the anode portion (3), and a back pressure valve (6) downstream of the cathode portion (4) for controlling a back pressure in the cathode portion (4), comprising the steps: increasing the purge pressure in the anode portion (3) to a predefined purge pressure setpoint (AP1) with the purge valve (5) closed, increasing the back pressure in the cathode portion (4) to a predefined back pressure setpoint (KP1) with the back pressure valve (6) closed, and subsequently reducing the increased purge pressure as well as the increased back pressure in pulses by opening the purge valve (5) and the back pressure valve (6).

Abstract: The present method relates to a method for ascertaining the relative humidity (RH) at a cathode inlet (113) of a fuel cell stack (110) of a fuel cell system (100), having the following steps: detecting at least one physical supply air parameter (ZP) of a supply air (ZU) to the cathode inlet (113), detecting a supply air mass flow (ZM) of the supply air (ZU), determining a supply air water mass flow (ZWM) on the basis of the at least one supply air parameter (ZP) detected and of the supply air mass flow (ZM) detected, detecting at least one physical cathode inlet parameter (KP) at the cathode inlet (113), determining a humidifier water mass flow (BWM) on the basis of the at least one cathode inlet parameter (KP) detected using a humidifier characteristic map (BK), ascertaining the relative humidity (RH) at the cathode inlet (113) on the basis of the supply air water mass flow (ZWM) determined, the humidifier water mass flow (BWM) determined and the at least one cathode inlet parameter (KP) detected.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining an operating state of an electrochemical system (1a; 1b; 1c; 1d; 1e), which has a cell stack (2) having at least one electrode portion (3, 4), at least one valve (5, 6, 20, 21) and at least one fluid line (23) being provided, the method comprising the following steps: conducting, in a varying manner, at least one fluid through the at least one valve (5, 6, 20, 21) via the at least one fluid line (23) with a predefined variation pattern, the variation pattern being applied to a fluid flow by means of the at least one valve (5, 6, 20, 21), determining a voltage response and/or a current response of the cell stack (2) during the varying conducting of the at least one fluid, and determining the operating state of the electrochemical system (1a; 1b; 1c; 1d; 1e) on the basis of the voltage response and/or the current response.

Abstract: DC-to-DC converter for converting an input direct voltage V1 into at least one variable output direct voltage Vout, comprising at least two switched converter units (2, 2?) each having at least one electronically controllable half bridge (3, 3?), and a control unit (4) which is designed to control the half bridges (3, 3?) in a modulation method with a variable period duration and a variable duty cycle, wherein a dedicated current sensor (6, 6?) is provided in each of the output lines (5, 5?) of the converter units (2, 2?), and the control unit (4) is designed to receive the amperages 12, 12? of the converter units (2, 2?) measured by the current sensors (6, 6?), and to control the converter units (2, 2?) with duty cycles which differ from one another, in particular to activate individual converter units (2, 2?) with duty cycles which are reduced compared to other converter units (2, 2?), or not to activate these, wherein the output lines (5, 5?) of the converter units (2, 2?) are interconnected after the curr

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure are directed to, for example, a method for calculating a data envelope while calibrating a technical system. In some specific embodiments, the d-dimensional calibration space, which comprises the calibration variables required for the calibration, is divided into a first sub-calibration space having a dimension dsub<d and at least one further sub-calibration space, and a dsub-dimensional data envelope is calculated at least for the first sub-calibration space using available data points and is checked during the calibration as an auxiliary condition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an SOEC system (1), comprising a fuel cell stack (2) having a gas side (3) and an air side (4), and an ejector (5) for supplying a process fluid to a gas inlet (6) on the gas side (3), wherein the ejector (5) comprises a primary inlet (7), for introducing a water-containing primary process fluid through a primary line (8) of the SOEC system (1) into a primary portion (9) of the ejector (5), and a secondary inlet (10), for introducing recirculated secondary process fluid through a recirculation line (11) of the SOEC system (1) from a gas outlet (12) on the gas side (3) into a secondary portion (13) of the ejector (5), wherein the SOEC system (1) further comprises a control gas supply portion (14) for supplying control gas into the primary portion (9) and into the secondary portion (13) in order to control a pressure and/or mass flow in the primary portion (9) and in the secondary portion (13), and wherein the control gas supply portion (14) comprises a valve arrangement (19, 20

Abstract: This invention relates to designs and methods for desirably allowing the incorporation and/or removal of load cells (10) in a fuel cell stack (1) without significantly changing the load on the series stack of fuel cells when doing so. A relevant fuel cell stack (1) is of a simple construction comprising a compression assembly (18) located in an opening in an end-plate (3, 4) in which the assembly comprises a spring cap (11) with an inner shoulder (11a), a load cell button (12) slidable in the stack direction, and a spring assembly (13). A load cell (10) can then be incorporated along with an appropriate load cell cap (15), or removed in a like manner, without a significant change in load.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to methods for operating a test bench with a test object having at least two rotating masses connected by means of a loading shaft to a loading maching for driving or loading the test object. The loading maching controlled by a loading machine control unit. In one embodiment, the method includes: applying loads to the test object on the test bench, estimating an internal test object torque, determining a target loading machine speed, determining a shaft torque acting on the loading shaft, determining acceleration torques for accelerating the at least two rotating masses, addind the shaft torque with the correct sign with the correct sign to the acceleration torques, to form a corrected internal effective test object torque, and determining the target loading machine speed from the corrected internal effective test object torque or a torque derived therefrom.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a test bench and methods for carrying out a test run on a test bench. In one example embodiment, a test run method includes: connecting a test object to a load machine, specifying a target torque for a torque controller by a test bench automation unit according to the test run, adjusting an actual torque of the load machine by the torque controller, specifying a test object control variable for the test object by a test object controller, determining an actual rotational speed of the load machine, determining at least one deviation of at least one attribute of the actual rotational speed from at least one threshold value, and based on the at least one deviation, and determining at least one additive torque correction value and superimposing the at least one additive torque correction value on the target torque.