Abstract: An arrangement is described for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of particles in gases, especially of particles in the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines, comprising a vibrating system with at least one vibration sensor, preferably a piezoelectric resonator, which is provided with at least one collecting surface for the particles to be analyzed, a circuit for the determination of characteristic vibration parameters as well as guide and transport arrangements for the gas to be analyzed. In order to obtain as large as possible a measuring range with a linear characteristic line and therewith a great sensitivity and dynamics with respect to the mass load in the entire measuring range, there is provided a vibration sensor stationary relative to the measuring chamber, and at least one active deflecting device for the gas or the particles contained in the gas.

Abstract: A device for measuring the rotational speed of a rotating body, in particular a toothed wheel, is provided with a variable-inductance speed pick-up which is mounted in a housing and faces an annular measurement zone of a rotating body having at least one measurement-sensitive discontinuity of measurement. The rotating body is further provided with at least one disturbance zone with at least one disturbance discontinuity that influences the measurement. In order to improve the quality of the measurement it is provided that at least one screen is arranged between the disturbance zone and the speed pick-up.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of operation for a spark-ignition, direct-injection internal combustion engine with at least one ignition device and at least one injection device entering the cylinder chamber, with a main injection of fuel into the cylinder chamber occurring during the intake stroke. In order to improve fuel consumption and emissions it is provided that under conditions of idling and/or partial load a homogeneous fuel air mixture with an air ratio &lgr;≧2 be generated in the cylinder chamber by a main injection process and that an ignition-jet injection into the cylinder chamber with an atomized fuel ignition jet take place during the compression stroke in such a manner that an ignitable, preferably stoichiometric, fuel-air mixture is established in the vicinity of the ignition device and that the homogeneous fuel-air mixture of the main injection is ignited by the ignition jet.

Abstract: A four cycle outboard internal combustion engine for driving a watercraft with a cylinder housing having cylinders arranged in at least two rows, wherein a piston is reciprocating in each cylinder, the pistons driving an approximately horizontally accommodated propeller drive shaft by way of an approximately vertically arranged crankshaft, each cylinder bank being provided with cylinder head sealing surfaces for a cylinder head housing receiving gas shuttle valves and wherein the cylinder head sealing surfaces of all of the cylinders are arranged in one single cylinder head sealing plane and an exhaust main manifold for all of the cylinders is arranged approximately parallel to the crank shaft in the cylinder head housing in the area of a central plane of the motor which is configured parallel to the crankshaft. One crankshaft is provided for each cylinder bank, the crankshafts having a stable relative speed ratio and acting upon the propeller drive shaft through a common jackshaft.

Abstract: To obtain large, high-quality crystals of a metal orthophosphate, in particular GaPO4 or AlPO4, from a nutrient solution with the use of seeds, a seed crystal is used having at least two rod- or wafer-shaped legs which form an angle with each other and define a main growth region, and which are positioned eccentrically in the single crystal grown. Contagious faces of two seed legs, which have been chosen for crystal growing, enclose an angle <180°. In this way the yield of the high-quality crystal region will be increased.

Abstract: The invention relates to a piston 1 for a four-stroke internal combustion engine, comprising a piston head 2 with a piston top 3 on the side of the combustion space, and a first groove 5 next to the piston top 3 holding a compression ring 9 and a second groove 6 further apart from the piston top 3 holding an oil scraper ring 22 being formed in the wall 4 of the piston head 2, and a piston ring land 7 being formed between the two grooves 5, 6, and further comprising a piston skirt 10 adjacent to the piston head 2, whose wall 11 includes first guide faces 12 for guiding the piston 1 in a cylinder, as well as a piston pin bore 13 carrying a piston pin 14. To reduce oil consumption and diminish frictional losses, it is provided that the ring land 7 between the two grooves 5, 6 be designed as second guide face 17 for guiding the piston 1.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multicylinder internal combustion engine with an engine braking system including intake and exhaust valves and at least one additional brake valve for each cylinder, the exhaust valves opening into an exhaust system. Further a preferably tubular pressure reservoir with a pressure regulating valve is provided, into which braking channels departing from the brake valves are leading, so that a gas exchange between the individual cylinders is possible upon actuation of the brake valves.

Abstract: A drive unit for a motorcycle includes an internal combustion engine with at least two cylinders arranged in V-position, a clutch and a transmission, the transmission being located in the space between the cylinders.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for picking up sound waves with a separating body and at least two microphones arranged on the separating body. A pick-up which is particularly true to nature is achieved in such a way that the separating body consists of a reverberant material and is provided with a substantially wedge-shaped arrangement, with two separating surfaces which are inclined towards one another at an acute angle, and that the microphones are arranged at a low distance from the separating surfaces.

Abstract: A reciprocating machine with a friction bearing crank mechanism having a monitoring device monitoring operating parameters of the friction bearings of the crank mechanism via at least one sensor which is in connection with an evaluation device. At least one sensor is disposed near a part of the crank mechanism which moves in operation relative to the machine's housing. The connection of the sensor with the evaluation device is guided at least in part via the crankshaft. This provides a simple and effective monitoring option for the friction bearings of the crank mechanism and for other machine-specific parameters.

Abstract: For the purpose of detecting a tumble flow in a cylinder chamber of an internal combustion engine, with a characteristic tumble value being determined as a quotient from an angular velocity &ohgr;FK of the tumble movement and an angular velocity &ohgr;Mot of the internal combustion engine, a method is proposed in which the asymmetry of a flow field wLDA in the cylinder chamber is detected for a predetermined number of measuring points i with a differential measuring method on a flow test stand and the characteristic tumble value is determined as a result of the asymmetry of the flow field wLDA. Characteristic tumble values can thus be determined in a simple and practical manner.

Abstract: This invention relates to an internal combustion engine, in particular of the self-igniting type, with a compressor, which is preferably connected to an exhaust gas turbine and is located in an intake flow passage for compression of the intake air, and with a charge air line leading to an intake manifold, the compressor operating independently of the engine, at least in the starting phase. To permit a quick and simple start-up of the engine at a low compression ratio the proposal is put forward that an air recirculation line controlled by a valve depart from the intake manifold, which opens into the intake flow passage upstream of the compressor, charge air line and air recirculation line forming a closed loop.

Abstract: An optoelectronic measuring device for monitoring combustion processes in a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine during operation is provided with optical sensors which are connected to an evaluation unit. The optical sensors may be located in a seal element bounding the combustion chamber. To obtain high measuring quality in a simple manner, the optical sensors each include a lens assembly having a focusing lens whose flat end opposite the combustion chamber is coincident with the focal plane of the focusing lens and is abutted by an end of at least one optical fiber.

Abstract: This invention relates to a procedure for analyzing and influencing the driveability of motor vehicles, including the following steps: Conducting tests on a real vehicle to obtain measurement variables describing its driveability; Continuous monitoring to check whether at least one of a number of predefined trigger conditions is fulfilled, i.e., whether a certain set of variables takes on certain values; If the trigger condition is fulfilled, computation of a profile of several ratings representing vehicle driveability from one or more measured values, using predefined functional relationships.

Abstract: An exhaust system for internal combustion engines, in particular two-cycle internal combustion engines, includes a resonance-type exhaust part having at least one diffuser-cone unit formed with a diffuser, a countercone, and a connecting part with a preferably constant cross section extending between the diffuser outlet cross section and cone inlet cross section. In order to provide the resonance-type exhaust part as compact as possible by employing a simple production method, the connecting part is formed as a first deflection arc, preferably with an angle of deflection of about 180°±30°.

Abstract: The invention relates to an intake manifold arrangement for an internal combustion engine, in particular for a direct injection diesel oil combustion engine, with at least one region with an intake manifold having a flexible manifold wall, with the flexible manifold wall being formed by an inflatable element. In order to achieve a control of the swirl in the easiest possible manner without having a disadvantageous effect on the intake flow it is provided that the inflatable element is arranged in a recess of the intake manifold wall.

Abstract: In a reciprocating engine with at least two cylinders, with at least one primary connecting rod and at least one secondary connecting rod, whose small ends are connected to a piston each, the crankshaft ends of the connecting rods, i.e., the ends opposite of the small ends, are mounted on a common crank pin of a crankshaft. The crankshaft end of the primary connecting rod has a shoulder whose inner surface is rotatably connected to the crank pin via a first bearing, the outer surface of the shoulder defining a bearing surface for at least one secondary connecting rod. The inner and outer surfaces constituting the bearing surfaces of the essentially tubular shoulder extend around the full periphery and are configured as cylindrical surfaces preferably. The at least one secondary connecting rod has a crankshaft end with a non-divided divided big eye surrounding the shoulder of the primary connecting rod, the inner surface of which eye is supported on the outer surface of the shoulder via a second bearing.

Abstract: This invention relates to an internal combustion engine for a motorcycle, with two or more single cylinders arranged in a plane approximately normal to a crankshaft, each cylinder accommodating a reciprocating piston and the pistons acting via connecting rods on the same crank of the crankshaft supported in a crankcase. To reduce manufacturing expense, the engine is to be provided with modular components for universal use with at least two different cylinder arrangements (V-type, W-type).

Abstract: A crankcase for an internal combustion engine, has main bearing walls including main bearing blocks, and side walls with skirtlike extensions, the side of each main bearing block being at least partially separated from the inner surfaces of the side walls by a recess, the recess having a curved contour, at least in sections, whose curvature increases continuously from the side face of the bearing block to the inner surface of the side wall to avoid critical stresses in the area of the main bearing block.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine, especially a diesel engine, with at least one combustion chamber, an intake system having at least one intake manifold, an exhaust system having at least one common exhaust line, and an exhaust gas recirculation system for reintroducing exhaust gas into the intake system, the exhaust gas recirculation system including at least one exhaust gas recirculation line with an exhaust gas recirculation valve the exhaust gas recirculation line branching off directly from the combustion chamber, the EGR valve being positioned preferably at the branch-off, in order to reduce Nox emissions and ensure good fuel economy.