Abstract: 4,5-Disubstituted imidazole-2-carboxylic acids are prepared by reacting 4,5-disubstituted imidazoles with carbon dioxide under superatmospheric pressure at from 150.degree. to 300.degree. C. in the presence of a base.

Abstract: Phenylene diamines of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 denotes hydrogen, formyl or oxalyl,R.sup.2 denotes hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl andR.sup.3 denotes hydrogen or C.sub.2 -C.sub.8 -alkanoyl,provided that R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are not both hydrogen and that when R.sup.2 is methyl or ethyl, R.sup.1 and R.sup.3 are not both hydrogen, and a process for the preparation of phenylene diamines.

Abstract: A process for the purification of indigo comprises treating the indigo with sulfuric acid to give indigo sulfate, separating off and subsequently hydrolyzing the latter to re-form indigo, and then treating the dye with dilute hydrogen peroxide solution.

Abstract: Aniline derivatives of the formula ##STR1## where R is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, phenoxy, benzyl or benzyloxy,m is an integer from 1 to 5 or the group ##STR2## .alpha.-naphthyl or .beta.-naphthyl and X is hydrogen, alkyl or cycloalkyl,their plant-tolerated acid addition salts and metal complexes, and their use for combating fungi.

Abstract: The physical properties of thin films can be examined with polarized light using a method which comprises directing polarized light at a layer system, exciting plasmon surface polaritons therein and thereby creating Raman-scattered light within the layer or layer system under examination, and imaging said light on a detector using an imaging system.

Abstract: Naphthindazole-4,9-quinones of the formula ##STR1## where R.sup.1 to R.sup.5 have the meanings given in the disclosure, and their use for combating unwanted plant growth.

Abstract: A process for purifying indigo comprises stripping the as-synthesized aqueous alkaline indoxylate solution before its oxidation to indigo of impurities in the absence of oxygen by distillation or by passing in steam or an inert gas and then treating the indigo precipitated on oxidation of the stripped indoxylate solution with dilute hydrogen peroxide solution.

Abstract: Described is a composition imparting antistatic properties to polyamide materials and of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R is a C.sub.1-9 alkyl group or hydrogen, Z is a difunctional chain modifier group, R' is a C.sub.1-4 alkyl group or hydrogen and x and y are between about 10 and about 50.

Abstract: Methacrylate (co)polymers containing carbazolyl side groups contain or are composed of repeating units of the general formula (I) ##STR1## where m is an integer of from 3 to 11. The novel methacrylate (co)polymers containing carbazolyl side groups can advantageously be used as photoconductors in photoconductive layers, in particular of electrophotographic recording elements.

Abstract: The invention relates to an aqueous coating agent, obtained from an epoxy resin, ethylenically unsaturated monomers, some of which contain carboxyl groups, a peroxide initiator in a proportion of at least 2% by weight, relative to the total weight of the monomers, a crosslinking agent, a neutralizing agent, organic solvents, and, if appropriate, further conventional additives, such as plasticizers, stabilizers, wetting agents, dispersion auxiliaries, catalysts and pigments.

Abstract: A polystyrene polymer as well as an expandable polystyrene formulation comprises a polystyrene polymer having a particular molecular weight distribution. The polymer itself exhibits a polydispersity of from about 1 to less tha 2.0, a weight average molecular weight of greater than about 200,000 to about 300,000, and an M.sub.z :M.sub.n of from about 2 to less than about 3.0. Furthermore, the polystyrene polymer is branched to from 0 to less than 5 weight percent.The expandable polystyrene formulation comprises a polystyrene polymer exhibiting a polydispersity of from about 1.0 to less than 2.5, a weight average molecular weight of from greater than about 180,000 to about 300,000, an M.sub.z :M.sub.n of from about 2 to about 4.5. The polystyrene polymer is present in an amount of from about 94.5 weight percent to about 98 weight percent, based on the total weight of the formulation, and the polystyrene polymer is branched to from 0 to less than 5 weight percent.

Abstract: A container for cassettes is provided with at least one reinforcing edge substantially close to and parallel to back, front and/or side walls, and, if necessary, with reinforcing ribs between reinforcing edge and the adjacent wall. Ejection points for production of the container by injection molding are located along the reinforcing edge(s), for example at the connection points with the reinforcing ribs. The container can be used for any article having a substantially right parallelepiped shape.

Abstract: Acid is removed from cathodic electrocoating baths in which electroconductive substrates are being coated with cationic resins present in the form of aqueous dispersions, at least a portion of the coating bath being subjected to an ultrafiltration where the ultrafiltration membrane retains the cationic resin to form an ultrafiltrate which contains water, solvent, low molecular weight substances and ions and is at least partly recycled into the coating bath, by subjecting at least a portion of the ultrafiltrate to a specific electrodialysis treatment before returning it into the electrocoating bath.

Abstract: An aqueous ink composition of an oil-soluble dye in a latex is disclosed. The oil-soluble dye is dispersed in a fortified latex comprising a blend of a distinct dispersed phase in a distinct soluble polymer phase. The soluble polymer generally has a weight-average molecular weight of about 5,000 to about 20,000 and an acid number of about 50 to 400. These novel ink compositions have been found to be especially useful in gravure and flexographic ink applications.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of polyester and alkyd resins from bifunctional and/or polyfunctional carboxylic acids and/or derivatives thereof and from bifunctional and/or polyfunctional alcohols. The reaction is carried out in stirred kettle reactors which are operated discontinuously and equipped with rectifying columns. During the entire reaction an entraining agent is introduced into the reaction mixture below surface level, with thorough distribution, by means of a delivery device in order to improve the transport of the products of the condensation reaction. In addition, the condensation reaction is carried out under an absolute pressure of 1.5 to 10 bar at least until the maximum reaction rate has been reached. The pressure is then reduced to atmospheric pressue at a gradient of -0.05 bar/hour to -5 bar/hour in a second reaction phase. The reaction is continued under normal pressure until the product exhibits the desired properties.

Abstract: These photopolymerizable laminating materials consist of at least one film-forming polymer as a binder, at least one organic compound which is compatible with the binder, has at least two double bonds capable of addition polymerization and may be partially replaced by an organic compound having only one double bond capable of addition polymerization, a photoinitiator or photoinitiator system and an adhesion promoter, with or without conventional additives and assistants, the adhesion promoter used being a tricyclic heteroaromatic compound which is soluble in aqueous alkaline solutions.The said laminating materials are suitable for the production of printed circuits.

Abstract: The invention relates to low density cellular, rigid polyurethanes which employ the dimethyl esters of adipic, glutaric and succinic acids and mixtures thereof as cell opening agents. The use of these esters obviates the need for the use of other surfactants particularly, silicone surfactants which reduce the adhesion of the urethanes to fabrics in pour-behind-fabric applications.

Abstract: Polyether polyols prepared by oxyalkylating a 1,2-diaminocycloalkane have reduced levels of unsaturation and may be used to prepare melamine containing flame retardant polyurethane foams capable of passing California 117 and 133, and other flame tests.

Abstract: A method for making low density (0.8-1.1 lb./cu.ft.) expanded polymeric products uses blowing agent in an amount of any from 2 to 4.4 weight percent and aging periods of from 1 to 80 hours after each expansion step. The process uses 2 to 5 expansion steps and a polymer having a particular polydispersity, weight average molecular weight and M.sub.z :M.sub.n, this polymer having a greater expandability than conventional polymers. The process requires only about half of the amount of blowing currently being used in commercially viable processes for making expanded polystyrene products. The process can be used with or without a molding step.

Abstract: Impact modified thermoplastic blends of components A, B and optionally C, consisting of:A) from 99 to 60 percent by weight of a polymeric rigid matrix consisting of polybutylene terephthalate or polyethylene terephthalateB) from 1 to 40 percent by weight of a polymeric flexibilizing component comprisingb1) 100-60 percent by weight of a monomer from the group of the 1,3-dienes which is present as copolymerized units andb2) 0-40 percent by weight of an aromatic vinyl compound present as copolymerized units andC) optionally customary additives in customary amounts, the polymers of flexibilizing component B having amino end groups, are used for producing moldings.