Abstract: A fiber-optic voltage sensor comprises at least one fiber-optic, piezoelectric sensor element (2a, 2b, 2c, 2d), which measures a predeterminable directional component of a local electric field. One or more than one piezoelectric sensor elements (2a, 2b, 2c, 2d) are arranged serially between two ends of the fiber-optic voltage sensor, each piezoelectric sensor element (2a, 2b, 2c, 2d) respectively measuring a directional component of a local electric field, which component lies parallel to a path element assigned to it, the path elements as a whole forming an open polygon connecting the two ends of the fiber-optic voltage sensor. Each sensor element (2a, 2b, 2c, 2d) has a gain which is proportional to a length of the path element assigned to it. In a preferred embodiment, the piezoelectric sensor elements (2a, 2b, 2c, 2d) are connected by spacers (3a, 3b, 3c).

Abstract: In premixing-type combustion of liquid fuel in a burner without a premixing section, a conical column (5) of liquid fuel is formed in the interior (14) of the burner, which column widens in the direction of flow and is surrounded by a rotating stream (15) of combustion air which flows tangentially into the burner. Ignition of the mixture takes place at the burner outlet, a backflow zone (6) forming in the region of the burner outlet. The burner itself consists of at least two hollow part-cone bodies (1,2) which are superposed on one another and have a cone angle increasing in the direction of flow. The part-cone bodies (1, 2) are mutually offset, so that tangential air inlet slots (19, 20) are formed. A nozzle (3) placed at the burner head ensures injection of the liquid fuel (2) into the interior (14) of the burner.

Abstract: Instead of labyrinth seals, ordinary circular cylindrical gaps (10, 18) are provided at the positions to be sealed in the contactless centrifugal seal device for, in particular, radial turbo-machines. By means of swirl fins (12) on shrouds (7) of the rotor (2), vortex flows which rotate like solid bodies along with the rotor (2) are induced in the vortex chambers (11), the rotational motion of the particles of the medium in the radial-axial planes being reduced to a thin boundary layer. By this means, the same pressure gradient appears outside the rotor (2) in the vortex chambers (11) between the gaps to be sealed (10, 18) as appears within the rotor (2) over the length of the vane passages (4) so that leakage flows are prevented.

Abstract: In such a multiprocessor, in which the common memory (M) or one of the cache memories (C1, C2) can be owner of a variable determined by its address and in which it is always only the owner of a variable which delivers it to the bus (1) following a read request, the concept of ownership is further developed by the present invention with respect to implementing it with standard buses which, per se, are not intended for this purpose, and with respect to the greatest possible efficiency.

Abstract: For the purpose of muffling low-frequency sound waves such as occur in components of fluid-flow engines, the muffler proposed here consists of a feed pipe (1) through which (3) and around which (4) a medium flows. At its end in the direction of flow, the feed pipe (1) has a row of muffling bore holes (2) distributed over the periphery, via which the medium (4) flowing around the feed pipe (1) flows into the interior of the feed pipe (1). The effective length L of the feed pipe (1), the cross-sectional area A of the feed pipe (1) and the total cross-sectional area B of the muffling bore holes form the geometric parameters for calculating an optimum muffling of the low-frequency sound waves.

Abstract: A method for protecting the gate unit for a GTO thyristor includes predetermining a characteristic curve as a time function adapted both to the maximum load capacity possible for a brief time and to the long-term load capacity of a controllable electronic switch of the gate unit connected to the GTO thyristor. The voltage dropping at the electronic switch is detected and compared with the predetermined characteristic curve. The electronic switch is blocked as soon as the detected switching voltage exceeds the predetermined characteristic curve. An erase pulse switches off the GTO thyristor with the controllable electronic switch.

Abstract: The cooling-air ducting of the axial flow gas turbine runs in the area of the last blading stage (9+14) radially inwards of the heat-accumulation segments (23, 24) inside the outer boundary of the rotor (4) and through blade root channels (21) in the blade roots of the last moving blade ring (9) and finally through a cooling-air blade ring (28) fixed to the rotor into the diffuser into which the cooling-air flow enters with a velocity vector which essentially corresponds to the average velocity vector of the exhaust-gas flow entering into the diffuser. This avoids the flow losses which occur when the cooling-air flow passes out into the exhaust-gas flow in the area of the last stage or stages. At the same time, the temperature difference between the rotor circumference and the last rotor disk (4), likewise cooled by tapped air from the compressor, is in this way reduced, as a result of which the thermal stresses in the rotor are also reduced.

Abstract: In a process for etching complicatedly structured recesses in a silicon substrate, in which acid mixtures containing HF and HNO.sub.3 are used, the problems occurring with a photoresist mask are avoided, on the one hand, by using an SiO.sub.2 mask layer and on the other hand, by fabricating the mask layer beforehand with a thickness profile corresponding to the depth profile to be etched, thereby completely separating the masking and etching steps from each other.

Abstract: A gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) having a semi-conductor substrate (1) with at least one p-conducting anode layer (4), one n-type base layer (6), one p-type base layer (7) which is in electrical contact with a gate, and one n-conducting cathode layer (8) has a cathode layer (8) with a highly doped zone (10) acting as n.sup.+ emitter and a lightly doped zone (9). The highly doped zone (10) adjoins the surface of the semi-conductor substrate (1) and has a doping density which is at least an order of magnitude higher than that of the p-type base layer (7). The lightly doped zone (9) is situated between a pn junction J.sub.1, produced by the p-type base layer (7) and the cathode layer (8), and the highly doped zone (10) of the cathode layer (8). In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the highly doped zone (10) is so structured that the lightly doped zone (9) extends, in a GTO with mesa structure, from the pn junction J.sub.

Abstract: A pyrometric temperature measuring instrument including at least one optical wave guide (1a) with a core (5) and a cladding (6), a light detector (3) and at least one pyrometric sensor (2a). The at least one optical wave guide (1a) has a large numerical aperture. The pyrometric sensor (2a) is located at one end of the at least one optical wave guide (1a) and covers at least a cross-section of the core (5) of an optical wave guide (1a). In a preferred embodiment, the light detector (3) is an InGaAs photodiode. The optical wave guide (1a) has a numerical aperture of 0.3 or more, a diameter of the core (5) of approximately 100 .mu.m or more, and is surrounded by a light-tight cover (7).

Abstract: In a method for measuring a characteristic impedance and a propagation constant of a two-port network (2), an output port (5) of the two-port network (2) is successively terminated with at least two different finite known impedances (3a, 3b) which are independent of the two-port network (2). An input impedance (ZE1, ZE2) is measured for each residual impedance. From the termination impedances (ZA1, ZA2) of the impedances (3a, 3b) and the corresponding input impedances (ZE1, ZE2), the propagation constant and the characteristic impedance are determined.

Abstract: To reduce harmonics in an induction machine (33) which is fed by a self-commutated inverter (30), the trajectory of the flux vector of the induction machine is conducted along an edge path having at least 2.sup.p .multidot.q.multidot.m edges, where p is an integral number .gtoreq.1, q.gtoreq.2 is the number of voltage stages of the inverter and m.gtoreq.2 is the number of phases of the induction machine. In this arrangement, the flux vector is alternatingly conducted along straight and zig-zag segments. This reduction is essentially achieved by means of at least one second flux conducting circuit having a second coordinate con=verter (56) and a second comparator (57) in addition to a first flux conducting circuit having a first coordinate converter (54) and first comparator (46), the flux components (.psi..sub..beta.1' -.psi..sub..beta.3') at the output of the second coordinate converter being shifted by 30.degree. in phase with respect to the flux components (.psi..sub..beta.1 -.psi..sub..beta.

Abstract: The pre-combustion chamber (1), in which liquid fuel is burnt sub-stoichiometrically, is connected upstream of a secondary combustion chamber (16), in which complete combustion takes place over-stoichiometrically. The sub-stoichiometric quantity of combustion air (11) for the pre-combustion chamber (2) is injected close to the wall from the outlet duct (3) upwards into the casing (2), which has a heart-shaped axial cross-section. The injection nozzles (7) for the fuel are positioned so that the jets of fuel (8) shield the layer of combustion air close to the wall from the partially burnt combustion mixture flowing through the outlet duct (3) into the secondary combustion chamber (16). At the end of the outlet duct (3) the quantity of auxiliary air required for complete combustion in the secondary combustion chamber (16) is added to the partially burnt combustion mixture.

Abstract: In a water cooling system for an internal-combustion engine supercharger by means of mechanical supercharger, main cooling circuit for the engine (1) and secondary cooling circuit for the supercharged (9) are operated with the same coolant and are cooled in a joint radiator (2), but in separate compartments, in order to ensre the independence of the respective operating temperatures. An ejector (10), driven by coolant from the main cooling circuit, delivers the secondary medium. The system is suitable in particular for spiral compressors which are provided on the outside with cooling ribs which protrude into externally mounted water chambers.

Abstract: The atomizer nozzle exhibits an internal chamber (1) and an external chamber (2) which surrounds the latter in the form of a jacket, which chambers are provided with several outlet openings (9, 10 and 11, 12) which are in alignment in each case. A proportion of the atomizer air supplied via an air duct (5) flows into the internal chamber (1) and is essentially used there for uniformly distributing a liquid fuel, which is also flowing into the internal chamber (1) from a fuel duct (3), to its outlet openings (9, 10). The remaining greater proportion of the atomizer air flows around the internal chamber (1) through the external chamber (2) and is concentrically mixed in with the coarsely atomized fuel emerging from the outlet openings (9, 10) of the internal chamber (1). This prevents liquid fuel fragments from coming into contact with the walls of the outlet openings (11, 12) of the external chamber (2), and a high atomization quality is achieved.

Abstract: Converter inverters, such as are used in the operation of alternating current machines, have turn-off reverse-conducting GTO thyristors in the bridge arms. Parallel to each GTO thyristor there is provided a series circuit composed of a turn-off load-shedding capacitor with a turn-off load-shedding diode. The common junction points of the respective turn-off load-shedding capacitors and diodes are connected in series to a choke via at least one capacitor load-shedding diode. The inductance of the choke is 2 to 3 times as large as the inductance of the circuit. The reverse-conducting GTO thyristors are directly connected in series, without the series connection of a choke. There thus arises a damping circuit of the GTO thyristor, which is very simple and, at the same time, feed back ring-around energy.

Abstract: In the ozone generator, the inner electrodes which have been continuous until now, are subdivided into individual electrically series-connected segments (7) which are mechanically decoupled from one another. In this manner, ozoniers of almost arbitrary length can be implemented with gap widths of around 0.5 mm.

Abstract: In a thyristor with turn-off facility (AT) and overvoltage protection, the voltage limitation is achieved by a parallel-connected controllable resistor, in particular in the form of a J-FET (JF) which is driven by an overvoltage sensor (OS).The separation of sensor function and bypass function produce advantages for a simple and compact construction.

Abstract: In a rotary-piston displacement machine, to seal the flat sealing planes between the end faces of the displacement body (5), executing a circular motion, and the side faces (20) of the stationary housing (7) which run parallel thereto, the end faces of the displacement body (5) are provided with a groove (13) in which an elastic sealing strip (14) made of slideable material is inserted. The sealing strip is pressed by a silicone tube (15) against the side wall (20).

Abstract: A signal transmission method according to the principle of quadrature/amplitude modulation, in which digital data occurring at a time interval T are formed into a transmit signal with the aid of pulse shapers (3a, 3b) having a given unit pulse response r(t) in a transmitter (4), the transmit signal is transmitted by means of a carrier oscillation via a channel (5) having a channel unit pulse response h(t), when an additive white noise w(t) is superimposed on it, so that a receive signal y(t) is present in a receiver (10), and in which the receive signal y(t) is preprocessed by channel-matched filters (7 a, 7b) in the receiver (10), has channel-matched filters (7a, 7b) which are matched to a filter cascade H(t) formed by pulse shapers (3a, 3b) and channel (5) as a whole. The channel-matched filters f(7a, 7b) are preferably transverse filters the data points of which are at a time interval .DELTA.T which is small in relation to the time interval T of the digital data.