Abstract: A split lamp apparatus includes a peripheral lighting arrangement (3) which can rotate about a vertical axis (5, 6) independently of other parts (1, 2) of the apparatus. In this way, the spot of light from the auxiliary lighting is always located in the focal plane of the slit lamp device (2) and of a stereomicroscope (1). The peripheral lighting arrangement can also be replaced by a laser light source.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a temperature measuring head for rapidly measuring the temperature of a workpiece on a coordinate measuring apparatus. To rapidly measure the temperature of the workpiece, the coordinate measuring probe element is exchanged for a temperature measuring head which operates pursuant to the principle of a switching probe head. The measuring head supplies a contact signal after contact with the workpiece takes place. From this time point on, the temperature variation is measured by the temperature measuring head and the determined values are stored in the computer of the coordinate measuring apparatus. The temperature of the workpiece is extrapolated via a numerical evaluation method from a specific measurement interval. After the necessary measurement interval, the temperature measuring head is exchanged for the needed probe element combination. The invention is also directed to a temperature measuring head for carrying out the method of the invention.

Abstract: Projection devices (2, . . . ,9) for representing the orbital curves of planets are fitted in several planes beneath the main instrument (1) for fixed star projection. The projection devices (2, . . . , 9) can be moved, respectively independently of each other, around a common vertical axis (14). They include, in addition to the projection units proper, deflecting mirrors which are rotatable relative to the projection units. The spacings of the deflecting mirrors from the common vertical axis of rotation (14) increase in the direction from above to below the apparatus.

Abstract: The invention relates to an arrangement known generally as a PC-adapter or shift adapter. The objective is mounted on one component of the arrangement which can undergo a pivot movement relative to the image format thereby making possible the necessary movement of the objective relative to the image format. The pivot point is disposed as far as possible from the optical axis and outside of the beam pass-through opening of the arrangement.

Abstract: The wavelength difference of two laser diodes is stabilized on a single Fabry-Perot interferometer. This stabilization is of such a quality that the application in the two-wavelength interferometry and two-wavelength holography is possible. In the Fabry-Perot interferometer, the light components may be distinguished by their polarization or may be spatially separated.

Abstract: The optical testing method of the invention permits the reliable elimination of discontinuities, i.e., the determination of the integer values of modulo 2.pi. phase differences, even when the measured data includes seriously noisy signals. The intensity signals from a two-dimensional raster of camera image points are used to compute differences in phase values between adjacent image points in lines, as well as between adjacent image points in columns. The phase differences are summed along a closed path around each of a plurality of partial fields which are delineated by a predetermined set of adjacent image points. A filter (21) searches the vector field of these phase differences; and those partial fields where vortexes exist, i.e., each field for which the sign-correct sum along its closed path is not zero, are masked, thereby creating holes in the image pattern.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an arrangement for operating a laser diode. A two-stage stabilization circuit is provided for stabilizing the wavelength of a laser diode to exactly defined values for its use in distance measuring interferometers. In addition to presetting the operating parameters of current and temperature of the laser diode, the emitted wavelength of the laser diode is controlled to a predetermined transmission maximum of a Fabry-Perot interferometer. At switch-on, a control program can be called up and compute new values for the operating parameters premised on the last measured values of the operating parameters and initially determined and stored coefficients. In this way, the program always reliably sets the wavelength of the laser diode to the same transmission maximum.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method of making ring laser resonator blocks according to the sandwich principle. Channel and hollow chamber structures are machined into two plates of a multiple expansion of a resonator block. The structures in the blocks complement each other. The plates machined in this manner are placed one atop the other and positioned in correspondence to the structures and joined to each other and thereafter separated into individual resonator blocks.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an electron energy filter which is assembled from three or four plates placed together in a sandwich-like configuration. The pole pieces are seated on the inner sides of the outer plates and attached thereto. The pole pieces can therefore be produced in pairs so that their outer surfaces match precisely. This assembly is economical and provides a precise manufacture.

Abstract: The disclosed pivoting device is used with a frame structure that supports optical units, such as surgical microscopes and the like, for viewing a predetermined observation point, the frame structure being adjustable in height and in relation to three coordinate axes. The pivoting device carries the optical unit and permits adjustment of the unit about three axes of rotation to any desired position over a spherical surface. The pivoting device includes counterbalancing apparatus that adjusts synchronously with the movement of the optical unit. With this apparatus, it is easy to move the optical unit, and minor adjustments in the position of the optical unit do not require an adjustment of the frame structure. In addition, since the pivoting device's three primary axes of rotation all intersect at the observation point, focus of the optical unit relative to the observation point is not changed by such minor spatial adjustments of the unit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a spatially-adjustable supporting frame for a surgical microscope unit which can be selectively locked in any adjusted position. The frame includes a hinged parallelogram which can be pivoted about a bearing supported on a column. The hinged parallelogram carries a second structure in the form of a coupled-hinge parallelogram which, in turn, carries the surgical microscope. Two counterweights are independently adjustable along paths parallel with two adjacent sides of the hinged parallelogram to permit the continuous balancing of the weight of the surgical microscope.

Abstract: The invention relates to an interferometer sensor for measuring distance changes of a small surface. The sensor defines a Mirau-like interferometer arrangement having a measurement surface and a reference surface. For making precise measurements of a small distance change, a retarder is arranged between these surfaces and effects a difference of the path differences between a measurement beam and a reference beam of approximately .lambda./4 for two polarization directions. The powers of the radiation components with these polarization directions are measured by a detecting device. The detecting device includes a polarization-dependent beam splitter and two detectors.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an arrangement for measuring the absorption of a transparent specimen. The arrangement includes: a radiation source for supplying radiation; a radiation-integrating device defining a space enclosed by a wall having a reflective surface for multiply reflecting the radiation substantially uniformly throughout the space to diffusely illuminate the transparent specimen whereby diffused radiation passes through the transparent specimen; a photometric measuring unit for measuring the radiation passed through the specimen; and, a mount for mounting the specimen between the reflective surface and the measuring unit. The arrangement of the invention enables the absorption of transparent specimens to be measured which have unfavorable outer forms such as where the specimen contains no surfaces which are mutually parallel.

Abstract: A transmitting and receiving arrangement for fiber-optic sensors includes a first radiation source L1 having radiation which is conducted via an optical switch having a wavelength-dependent transmission or reflection filter into the fiber FA going to the sensor head. The radiation returning from the fiber is conducted via the optical switch to a first detector D1. The arrangement further includes: a second detector D2 which is permanently optically coupled into the radiation path of the first radiation source L1; and, a second radiation source L2, which is switched on alternately to the first radiation source L1 and both detectors D1, D2 are subjected to the radiation of this radiation source.

Abstract: A transparent carrier body of a diode-array spectrometer having a concave grating is configured as a biconvex lens and the diode array is mounted at a distance (d) to a second convex surface lying opposite the concave grating. Preferably, the radii of curvature (r.sub.1, r.sub.2) differ from each other only slightly. A simplified manufacture and adjustment is possible with good optical correction.