Abstract: The invention is directed to an electromagnetic holding device which includes one or more permanent magnets and an electromagnet. The holding device releases and pulls in units which are held thereon. During an exchange operation, the field of the electromagnet is superposable on the field of the permanent magnet either in the same direction or in the opposing direction and thereby intensifies or neutralizes the holding force. In order to provide the smallest possible assembly volume and lowest weight with the highest possible holding force, the permanent magnet is disposed ahead of the electromagnet when viewed with respect to the exchange face. When the exchange part is pulled in, the field lines of the electromagnet run in a completely closed flux-conducting part which is not interrupted at any location by an air gap.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a protective arrangement for a longitudinally extendible machine component such as the measuring arm of a machine such as a coordinate measuring apparatus. The protective arrangement includes a bellows which at least partially surrounds the machine component and has a plurality of structural parts at least one of which is deflectable relative to the longitudinal axis of the machine component in response to a contact of the bellows with an object or person. Each of the structural parts has a cutout formed therein and the parts are disposed in the bellows so as to cause the cutouts to be mutually aligned in the undeflected condition of the bellows. A light barrier directs a light beam through the cutouts which becomes at least partially shaded in response to a deflection of the one structural part.

Abstract: The invention relates to an illuminating arrangement for illuminating an object with incident light wherein the angle of the incident light is selectable. The illuminating arrangement includes a plurality of individual light sources which can be switched on and off. The light sources are advantageously arranged in several concentric circles in different planes from which the light can be radiated along different beam axes. An illumination at different selectable angles is possible without a mechanical adjustment of the light sources or the imaging elements. The light sources can be advantageously mounted in a hemispherically-shaped carrier. The illuminating arrangement can be a component of a closed control loop and be controlled quickly and completely automatically via an image processing unit or by manual instructions of desired values via a control console.

Abstract: A coordinate measuring apparatus includes guides made of aluminum. Scales which are also made of aluminum are used to measure the position of the measuring slide movable on the guides. In a preferred embodiment, the scales are in the form of a reflection phase grating and are applied directly to the surface of the guide member. In addition, a temperature sensor is provided which measures the temperature of the guide member and of the scale divisions. A method of producing the scale divisions is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a transmitted-light illuminating arrangement having a condenser including one or two lenses. A glass sphere is selected as the front lens for the condenser. The illuminating arrangement permits Kohler illuminating conditions to be set and yet has a simple configuration which can be economically produced.

Abstract: The invention relates to a binocular telescope having cardanically journalled inverting systems mounted on a symmetrical double holder. This double holder is connected via a spring joint to a stationary non-movable base frame which is mounted at the pivot point of both inverting systems. A passive movement damping device provides for a field image stabilization in the telescope. The monolithic spring joint has a spring arrangement perpendicular to the optical axis with the springs being thickened in the axial direction toward the edge to improve supporting capability. Shock protection is provided in the region of the support pivot point and contains an unlatchable device. The passive damping device is configured as an eddy current device and includes a magnetic system about a stationary eddy current coil which has a nonlinear effect for the purpose of adjusting axially the damping constants.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for evaluating pictures of cell cultures uses a computer-aided, observer-interactive system which records and reviews a chronological series of video pictures. The pictures are taken sequentially in each of a plurality of cell culture picture fields which border each other, each such field encompassing a different area of the specimen. Each successive chronological picture is displayed on a monitor where it is reviewed by an observer who uses a digitizing pad to apply distinguishing marks to individual cells and/or cell groups. Picture-memory-an-analysis software is used to facilitate the marking process so that observer work effort and time are remarkably reduced. Stored information relating to the position and number of the distinguishing marks applied to each chronological picture is used to generate statistical graphs and data concerning the division rate of individual cell groups, the mobility of cells, cell pedigrees, and similar matters.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a cooling arrangement for a semiconductor pump source which develops heat during operation. The cooling arrrangement includes a heat sink defining a seat for accommodating the pump source thereon and a cooling channel is formed in the heat sink for conducting a coolant therethrough to remove a major portion of the heat. A Peltier device is connected to the heat sink for finely controlling the temperature of the heat sink so as to permit the semiconductor pump source to emit radiation having a predetermined optional wavelength.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a magazine for an apparatus such as a coordinate measuring apparatus. Measuring probes are held in their magazine locations by magnetic forces. Each magazine location is provided with one or more permanent magnets. The holding force of the permanent magnets is neutralized by an individual electromagnet on that magazine location which is involved in an exchange operation. In this way, the measuring probe being held can be easily removed. The magazine can also be for an apparatus such as a machine tool in which case work tools are held at the magazine locations.

Abstract: A work-contacting probe system is selectively operable as a single-stage or as a two-stage system. The system consists of a first central probe head of large diameter and of one or more small or auxiliary probe heads of dimensions which are reduced as compared with the first probe head. The small probe head can be selectively accommodated, in substitution of a rigid probe pin on the probe-chucking receptacle of the central probe head. Upon substitution of the auxiliary probe-head system for a rigid probe pin, associated electronic circuitry automatically responds to the fact of substitution, (1) by substantially increasing spring-preload force on the probe-chucking receptacle of the central probe head, thereby converting the central probe head for collision-detection service, while (2) connecting work-contacting signals from the auxiliary probe-head system for exclusive service of measurement functions.

Abstract: The invention is an improvement in a device for generating X-radiation with a plasma source. In the device, two concentric cylindrical electrodes (11, 12) are separated by an evacuated discharge space (13) filled with low-pressure gas. When the inner electrode is momentarily raised to an extremely high voltage, the gas is ionized and a plasma shock wave (17, 17') is created and compressed into a plasma focus (21) emitting X-radiation (20). The improvement introduces a first ("discharge") gas into the discharge space for initiation of the plasma, while introducing a second ("emitting") gas into the inner electrode for generating the X-radiation in the plasma focus. Special features of the improved device include a plurality of gas extraction ports, which can be used independently or together, and which can be combined with variations in the introduction and flow of the two gases to control the movement and intermixture of the gases and, thereby, the operation of the device.

Abstract: Cover caps to protect the lens and eyepiece of a sighting telescope are resiliently connected by a pair of elastic bands. Each cap is provided with a pair of respective axially-oriented channels, each channel being larger at the end in proximity to the front of its respective cap, and the smaller end of each channel is proportioned to permit one end of one of the elastic bands to be threaded therethrough. Each end portion of each band is first threaded through a respective one of the channels, and then each end portion is folded over and secured to itself to form a thickened endpiece. Thereafter, each endpiece is retracted into its respective channel.

Abstract: The invention contemplates a pneumatically driven piston as a preloading device, continuously urging the movable part (11) of a probe head into precise seating engagement with its fixed bearing (10), (12) in the housing of the probe head. The piston is movable in a cylinder (4) that is supplied with variable regulated pressure determined by a controlled regulating valve (16). Different contacting forces can be automatically and rapidly adjusted by the control system (18) of a coordinate-measuring machine to which the probe head is mounted, and the probe head can be tared to compensate for the different individual weights of successively different probe pins that are used in a given program of multiple-point coordinate measurements on a workpiece.

Abstract: To overcome friction in the mount of the switching-type probe head, a probe (5/6) displaceably mounted therein is transiently excited in oscillation for a predetermined time after each contacting process. The same piezoelectric element (17) as that which produces the initial work-contact signal in the probe head can additionally be used to stimulate the oscillations.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a microscope having a binocular tube of the Siedentopf type. With this microscope, two different viewing elevations can be adjusted at a fixed viewing angle notwithstanding the simplest mechanical and optical configuration. The optical configuration of the microscope is achieved in that the first tube arm is journalled so as to be freely rotatable on the microscope support about the optical axis. The second tube arm is journalled on the first tube arm so as to be rotatable about the common optical axis.

Abstract: The invention relates to a modified microscope-photometer which makes it possible to record and evaluate inherent fluorescent spectra of organic tissue surfaces. The modified microscope-photometer affords the advantage of being able to illuminate the object in a path coaxial to the viewing direction.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a probing device for a coordinate measuring apparatus. The probe is exchangeable automatically via a probe changing device. The probing device has a temperature sensor which is in thermal contact with the material of the probing device. The connecting terminals of the sensor are applied to contacts on the exchange face of the probing device. In this way, it is possible to immediately determine the position of the sensing ball of the probe from the calibration data obtained at other temperatures after each probe exchange.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an electric plug connector having a cooled connector component on a consumer where an intense heat is generated. The plug connector includes a movable connector component having a flexible supply line and both connector components are configured with heat-contact surfaces which define a low heat resistance when in contact with each other. In the movable connector component, at least one electrical line part is connected to a part made of a good insulating and heat-conductive material. The flow of heat to the heat-contact surface of the movable connector component takes place through this part made of insulating and good heat-conductive material.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method of illuminating an object in a transmission electron microscope. For illuminating the object, two condenser lenses are used such that they image an image of the electron source with different demagnifications. This crossover is imaged in the focal plane of a single-field condenser objective lens by means of a third condenser lens 14 for TEM-operation whereby the illumination aperture can be adjusted with respect to its magnitude. The electron beam is shaped ahead of the single-field condenser objective lens by two diaphragms arranged in different planes and by means of at least one deflection system such that the magnitude of the illumination field on the object is only slightly larger than the region magnified by the electron microscope. The magnitude of the illumination field and the illuminating aperture can be adjusted independently of each other.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a positively-guided belt drive wherein the drive of the belt by supporting surfaces is decoupled from the drive of the belt via projections. This decoupling is effected with the aid of ball bearings. In a belt drive of this kind, the forces acting on the inner side of the belt are greatly reduced. This leads to reduced wear and to a longer service life. The rate of malfunctions of focal plane shutters of photogrammetric cameras is significantly reduced by this belt drive.