Abstract: A liquid crystal display device in which TFTs and liquid crystal (LC) capacitances are connected in series between data lines and a common electrode, and photoelectric conversion elements are connected in parallel to the LC capacitances.

Abstract: A system memory in the electronic device has a display data memory area, and when a CPU accesses directly to the system memory, the liquid crystal display control section (LCDC) monitors whether or not address data is directed to the display data memory area. In the case where the address data associated with display data is directed to the display memory area, the LCDC also sends the display data and the address data to the display driving circuit. The display driving circuit comprises a VRAM, in which the display data is stored in a predetermined memory location in accordance with the received address data, and the stored data is displayed on the LCD.

Abstract: An image data processing apparatus binary-codes an image signal obtained from an image sensor of the CCD type or the like so as to output a binary-coded image signal. The image signal obtained from the image sensor A/D-converted into digital image data. Based upon the digital image data, average values of luminance values of the digital image data are calculated for an array of pixels in a preselected area of the CCD. This average value is used as a threshold level for binary coding the image data for these pixels at the center portion of this preselected area. Furthermore, to detect coutours this data processing apparatus calculates a gradient in the luminance values of the pixels in a portion of the preselected area of the CCD in an X direction and a Y direction, and the gradient value is used to obtain binary-coded data in accordance with the above-described method.

Abstract: A liquid crystal composition contains 60 to 80 parts by weight of liquid crystal compounds represented by the following general formulas (1)-(3): ##STR1## where X.sup.1 is CH.sub.3 CH.dbd.CHCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 -- when Y.sup.1 is ##STR2## CH.sub.3 CH.dbd.CH-- or CH.sub.2 .dbd.CHCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 -- when Y.sup.1 is ##STR3## and CH.sub.3 CH.dbd.CHCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 -- when Y.sup.1 is ##STR4## and Z.sup.1 is alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms when Y.sup.1 is ##STR5## and alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms when Y.sup.1 is ##STR6## where R.sup.1 is alkyl group having 3 or 4 carbon atoms, and ##STR7## where R.sup.2 is alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and R.sup.3 is alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; and 20 to 30 parts by weight of at least one liquid crystal compound represented by the following general formula: ##STR8## where X.sup.2 is CH.sub.3 CH.dbd.CH-- or CH.sub.3 CH.dbd.CHCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --.

Abstract: Arranged in a series are an electrolyte tank capable of holding one of a number of substrates, each substrate having a conducting film thereon, and a cathode so that the cathode and substrate face each other in an electrolyte, an anodizing chamber for anodizing the substrate, a pretreatment chamber for calcining a photoresist mask put on part of the conducting film, and a post-treatment chamber for washing and drying the anodized substrate. A substrate transportation mechanism is provided for serially transporting the substrates one by one from the pretreatment chamber to the post-treatment chamber via the anodizing chamber. In the anodizing chamber described above, a formation voltage is increased to a value such that an oxide film with a desired thickness is formed so that the value of a current flowing through an aluminum alloy film as the conducting film is kept constant with the current density ranging from 3.0 mA/cm.sup.2 to 15.0 mA/cm.sup.2.

Abstract: A signal processing apparatus according to the present invention is used as a sound source, an effecting machine and/or a communication equipment, which simultaneously generates or processes a plurality of musical tones and sounds on the basis of a plurality of input data such as performance data, musical tone data and/or communication data. This signal processing apparatus stores a program prepared for controlling operation to generate or process musical tones and sounds only for one channel. The program is read out in accordance with a lower bit of a readout counter. A upper bit of the readout counter is used to designate a channel to which the generated or processed musical tones and sounds are assigned in accordance with the read out program. As a result, only a small area is required for storing the program and a simple construction may be employed in the apparatus.

Abstract: Shock absorbing members are attached to an outer rim of a back surface of a wristwatch case body at 6- and 12-o'clock portions thereof, and they extend outward and curve downward. Each of the shock absorbing members has rising portions extending from its both side ends and which are freely swingably attached to the wristwatch case body to a circumferential surface of the wristwatch case body. In addition, a part of a front surface and the circumferential surface of the wristwatch case body are covered by a first cover member made of soft synthetic resin, and the first cover is partly covered by a metal-made second cover member. When shock is applied to the front and circumferential surfaces of the wristwatch case body, the shock is reduced or absorbed by the rising portions of the shock absorbing members. When shock is applied to the back surface of the case body, the shock is reduced or absorbed by the shock absorbing member.

Abstract: An electronic timepiece includes the function of indicating the current time and a plurality of other different functions. Data provided by at least one of the plurality of other different functions is displayed by the turning of a pointer with a pointer display control unit within a predetermined range of angles. Data provided by at least one of the other functions is displayed on an electro-optical display. While data provided by the at least one of the other functions is being displayed on the electro-optical display, a function designating control unit moves the pointer to a predetermined position outside the predetermined range of angles to indicate the at least one of the function.

Abstract: A memory assembly, comprises a wiring board having wiring patterns, the wiring patterns having a plurality of electrodes, each of the wiring patterns having a connecting terminal formed on a single main surface of the wiring board, a memory device mounted to the wiring board and having a plurality of electrodes connected to the electrodes of the wiring patterns, and an electrical insulator mounted to the main surface of the wiring board and having a shape to expose the connecting terminal to the atmosphere. The insulator insulates the wiring patterns, the electrodes of the wiring patterns and the connecting terminal from possible electrical charges on a surface of the memory assembly to protect the memory device from being electrically charged and discharged. Even if the exterior surface of the memory assembly is charged with possible static electricity, the interior of the memory assembly is protected from being electrically charged and discharged.

Abstract: A polarizer and an analyzer are respectively arranged on the incident and exit sides of a twisted nematic liquid crystal cell, and at least one biaxial retardation plate is arranged between the polarizer and the analyzer. The biaxial retardation plate is arranged such that its phase delay axis is parallel or perpendicular to the aligning treatment direction of an aligning film on the incident side of the liquid crystal cell. The polarizer is arranged such that its light-transmitting axis is parallel or perpendicular to the incident-side aligning treatment direction. The light-transmitting axis of the analyzer is set to be perpendicular to the light-transmitting axis of the polarizer. A liquid crystal material sealed in the twisted nematic liquid crystal cell is twisted at about 90.degree.. The biaxial retardation plate has a refractive index n.sub.X in an extending direction of the retardation plate, a refractive index n.sub.Y in a direction perpendicular to the extending direction, and a refractive index n.

Abstract: Document data stored in a document storage area are extracted line by line to analyze the structure of the document data. The document layout information is extracted from the analysis result. The extracted layout information is stored, as learning data, in a document layout information learning area. In format conversion, the document data to be output, which is extracted in the same manner as described above, is converted on the basis of the learning data. Document data having a consistent layout is output to a CRT or a printer in accordance with the converted layout information.

Abstract: Data input from a key switch is displayed on a liquid crystal display, and whether to store the data in a RAM or an EEPROM is selected by a selection switch. If the EEPROM is selected, a CPU turns on a power switch to apply a high voltage to the EEPROM to write the input data therein. Data stored in the RAM and the EEPROM are read out upon operation of a search switch and are sequentially displayed on the liquid crystal display. It is clearly indicated on the display whether the currently displayed data is read out from the RAM or the EEPROM. With this operation, if data which is required to be protected against disconnection of a power supply voltage or a drop in power supply voltage is stored in the RAM, the data can be stored in the EEPROM.

Abstract: A slip producing apparatus and method for producing a slip having a variable number of word names and respectively corresponding word data, wherein a plurality of slip types and a variable arbitrary number of word names corresponding to each slip type are stored in advance in a word name storage device; an input device is provided for inputting data designating the slip type and for sequentially inputting word data respectively corresponding to the variable number of word names of the designated slip type; and the inputted word data is stored in a word data storage device.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a thin-film transistor which comprises the steps of forming a gate electrode on an insulating substrate, a gate insulating film covering the gate electrode, and an i-type a-Si layer on the gate insulating film, forming a blocking film made of metal such as Cr or the like on a channel-forming region of the i-type a-Si layer, and forming an n-type a-Si layer covering the i-type a-Si layer and the blocking film, forming a metal layer on the n-type a-Si layer, and etching a predetermined portion of the n-type a-Si layer and a predetermined portion of the metal layer, thereby forming a source electrode and a drain electrode. That portion of the blocking film which is located below a gap between the source electrode and the drain electrode is removed from the i-type a-Si layer.