Abstract: A piano action device for electronic keyboard musical instruments includes a key arranged on a keyboard chassis so as to be swingable up and down, a first hammer arm swung in response to the depression of the key, switch unit for indicating a start of generating musical sounds to be generated when it is pushed, and a second hammer arm swung in response to the swinging of the first hammer arm to push the switch unit.

Abstract: A length measuring apparatus which is capable of calculating an actual distance by measuring length on a map and which has a display section to display the actual distance thus calculated. The length measuring apparatus includes a distance-data input switch for inputting a distance-index data of a scale-reduction scale indicated on the map and a memory for storing length of the scale-reduction scale on the map, which is measured by the rotation of a rolling member. The length measuring apparatus automatically calculated a scale-reduction value for the map from the distance-index data and the length of the scale-reduction scale stored in the memory. Accordingly, a user of the apparatus is not required to input the scale-reduction value for the map by means of keys.

Abstract: A memory device includes a memory element composed of a first thin film transistor having a memory function, and a select element composed of a second thin film transistor for selecting the memory element. A gate insulation film of the first thin film transistor has a charge storage function. A gate insulation film of the second thin film transistor does not have any charge storage function. If a plurality of the memory devices are arranged in matrix form, this configuration can be used as E.sup.2 PROM. By forming the first and second thin film transistors simultaneously, it is possible to form the first and second thin film transistors easily in the simple manufacturing steps.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device has a pair of substrates having a plurality of electrodes arranged on facing surfaces thereof, aligning films, rubbed in a predetermined direction, for covering the surfaces of the substrates and the surfaces of the electrodes, a nematic liquid crystal disposed between these aligning films, and a pair of polarizing plates disposed outside the substrates. The liquid crystal device has an optical anistropy .DELTA.n of 0.12 or below, a dielectric ratio .DELTA..epsilon./.epsilon.1 of 1.0 or below, expressed by a ratio of a dielectric anistotropy .DELTA..epsilon. of a dielectric constant in a direction normal to the axes of liquid crystal molecules, and a retardation .DELTA.n.multidot.d of greater than 0.4 .mu.m and less than 1.0 .mu.m, which is expressed by a product of the optical anisotropy .DELTA.n and the thickness d of a liquid crystal layer. The nematic liquid crystal is twised 180.degree. to 270.degree. between the aligning films.

Abstract: A financial calculator executes calculations on amortization of a loan, and depreciation, and calculation results are displayed on a display unit as a graphic representation in view of time lapses. To confirm the calculation results, the resultant values are displayed and also the portions of the displayed graph corresponding to the resultant values are displayed in a specific form by which meanings of these calculated values can be efficiently grasped.

Abstract: A memory element manufactured by a thin film forming technique is disclosed. The memory element includes a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, a semiconductor layer, a source electrode, and a drain electrode. The gate insulating film is divided into memory and non-memory regions so that a memory transistor and a selection transistor are apparently formed in one transistor. Therefore, the element formation area of each memory element can be reduced, and the packing density can be increased.

Abstract: Memory means is provided such that it is capable of reading and writing tone source control data for an available number of channels. Each channel time is divided into two divisions for instance. In the first half of each channel time, tone source control data for the channel corresponding to the current channel time is read out from the memory means, and in the second half of channel time tone source control data of a given designated channel for setting data is written in the memory means. In this way, tone source control data can be set speedily even if the polyphonic channels are increased in number. Further, with an increased number of polyphonic channels it is possible to synchronize the phase of each tone in a tone mixing mode even when a frequency change is caused by a pitch bender or a vibrato.

Abstract: A thin film transistor comprising a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, and a semiconductor layer, which have the same shape and the same size and stacked one upon another. The transistor further comprises an n-type semiconductor layer formed on the semiconductor layer, an ohmic electrode formed on the n-type semiconductor layer, and a source electrode and a drain electrode both formed on the ohmic electrode. Further, a transparent electrode is electrically connected to the source electrode. The thin film transistor has no step portions. Therefore, the transistor can be manufactured with high yield, and forms a pixel having a high opening ratio.

Abstract: A liquid crystal shutter comprising a light source, a liquid crystal element including a pair of substrates and liquid crystal interposed between the substrates, a pair of polarizing plates formed on the outer surfaces of the substrates, and a heater for heating the liquid crystal element. At least one electrode is formed on the inner surface of either substrate, and an aligning orientating layer is formed on the electrode and the inner surface of the substrate. The polarizing axis of at least one of the polarizing plates extends either parallel or at right angles to the direction of the optical axis of a substrate having an optical anisotropy caused by a temperature gradient created over the liquid crystal element in a direction toward a periphery from a center of the liquid crystal element heated by the heater, and crossing at a certain degree with an arrangement direction of liquid crystal molecules oriented by the aligning orienting layer.

Abstract: An electronic musical instrument comprising detection means to detect time positions of an initial part and a terminal part of a voice, extraction means to extract pitch data of the voice, a plurality of processing means to subject the pitch data to different processing operations, means to successively select the processed pitch data of the plurality of processing means in correspondence with the respective detected time positions, and musical sound production means to produce a musical sound on the basis of the processed pitch data delivered from the selection means.