Abstract: A method for producing steel from fine-grained iron ores includes the step of preheating and partially reducing the fine-grained iron ores in a countercurrent heat exchanger. The preheated and partially reduced fine-grained iron ores are then reduced in a fluidized bed reactor to form sponge iron. The reduction in the fluidized bed reactor is effected with exhaust gases which consist substantially of carbon monoxide and which emanate from a melting vessel in which sponge iron is melted. The fine-grained sponge iron produced in the fluidized bed reactor is separated from the reduction gases which form during the reduction in the fluidized bed reactor. The separated fine-grained sponge iron is pneumatically transported into a carbon containing melt in the melting vessel. The transported sponge iron is melted and subjected to a final reduction in the metal melt with the carbon in the metal melt and with further carbonaceous material which is pneumatically introduced into the metal melt.

Abstract: A coiling device for depositing sliver in a canister has a rotary cage having an axis of rotation; a mechanism for rotating the cage; an inlet opening through which the sliver is introduced into the cage; an outlet opening in the cage eccentrically thereof for discharging the sliver in a path orbiting about the cage axis. There is further provided a first calender roll supported in the cage; a drive mechanism connecting the cage with the first calender roll for rotating the first calender roll about its longitudinal axis upon rotation of the cage about the cage axis; a second calender roll supported in the cage on a pivotal shaft mounted in the cage and spaced from the second calender roll. The second calender roll is urged against the first calender roll for generating a clamping force. The second calender roll and the pivotal shaft form part of a pivotal unit.

Abstract: A reclaiming and stacking system for conveying bulk material has an elongated yard conveyor for moving the bulk material in the longitudinal direction of the yard conveyor; a rail-mounted undercarriage straddling transversely the yard conveyor; first and second booms supported, at their respective inner ends, on the undercarriage.

Abstract: A device for transporting loads, especially for moving belt driving stations in open pit mining operations with a propelling mechanism which for lifting a respective load is operable to move into a free space formed by said load with the ground. The device comprises a plurality of lifting mechanisms, by means of which, a lifting platform can be brought into engagement with a supporting surface of the load. The device comprises at least one supporting member which is so designed that it prevents the lifting platform from lifting off lifting mechanisms. Furthermore, means are provided which permit a turning of the lifting platform relative to the lifting mechanisms about a vertical axis which is arranged in a certain relationship to the propelling mechanism.

Abstract: An installation for making and treating cans of metal, in which the individual working operations such as deep-drawing, ironing, trimming of the can rim and the forming of the can bottom, the washing, drying, inside coating and decorating the cans as well as the necking of the can rim and the flanging are carried out in individual working stations which are interconnected by a conveying device that feeds the raw cans in a predetermined rhythm and arrangement and in a predetermined spaced relationship to each other to the individual working stations.

Abstract: A device for gripping bundles of control bars or rods for extracting the control bars from and introducing the control bars into fuel cells of nuclear reactors in which the control bars are in bundles connected by a spider-like head at the top and the gripping device includes a plate with a perforation through which the head can pass. When the head is released from the fuel cell and lifted upwardly through the plate, the plate provides lateral guidance for the control rods thereby facilitating replacement of the control rods into a fuel cell. The gripping device includes a reciprocable gripper body in a gripper tool detachably connectable thereto and to said head and guided on said plate by guide members projecting from the plate.

Abstract: In a procedure for determining the direction of echo signal pulses in a medium by means of a close range sonar system having at least one linear array of electroacoustic transducers and presenting a wide aperture angle and high azimuth and radial resolution, accurate determinations are made at a reduced component cost by: dividing the total aperture angle into a plurality of partial regions each having a respective median direction and an aperture angle ##EQU1## where c is the speed of sound in the medium, D is the length of the transducer array, and B is the bandwidth of the emitted signal pulses; subjecting the received signals associated with each partial region to a delay time compensation corresponding to its associated median direction; scanning the signals received by successive units of the transducers of said array at a selected frequency f.sub.s .sub.'; intermediately storing the scanned signals; sampling successive ones of the intermediately stored signals at a sampling frequency f.sub.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for improving the directional characteristic of an echo sounder receiving base, which includes a plurality of transducers arranged in a common plane, by means of multiplicative processing of output signals obtained from the signals received by the transducers from a submarine or underwater sound wave generator having a constant transmitting frequency. A plurality of output signals of different frequencies are derived from every signal received by each transducer with the same frequency as the transmitting frequency, with one output signal being of the transmitting frequency and with other output signals being of a higher and of a lower frequency than the transmitting frequency respectively. The output signals from all transducers of the same frequency are added together to form first, second and third group signals of the transmitting frequency, the higher frequency and the lower frequency respectively.

Abstract: Apparatus for forming a yarn reserve and for moving yarn back and forth in open-end spinning devices. This type of device has at least one spinning turbine, a yarn delivery opening, and a pair of delivery rollers opposite the opening. A yarn guide rod has guide elements and is located downstream of the delivery opening in the direction of yarn movement. The yarn guide rod is displaceable in a direction transverse to the axis between the opening and the delivery rollers. This rod defines a deflection device for diverting the yarn from the axis. A drive is provided for driving the yarn guide rod and is in interruptable connection therewith. The drive moves the guide rod back and forth and moves the guide rod to a further position for providing a yarn reserve.

Abstract: Fruits, such as nuts and the like, are loaded at an inlet end into an elongated housing having a passage provided with a rotatable screw. At the end adjacent the inlet the screw serves to crush and thoroughly comminute the fruit so that the oil therefrom can be drawn off through strainers. The screw is formed with a thread having gaps which receive flow-interruptors which project inwardly from the housing and which insure complete mixing of the crushed fruit. In addition the screw is formed with a ridge defining a narrow gap with the inner wall of the housing so that no large particles can be left in the finished product. The screw also has a region of lesser diameter where the crushed fruit is degassed by withdrawal of air and vapor through the wall of the housing. The housing and the screw are heated so that as the fruit is being crushed and the oil extracted this fruit is roasted. At the downstream end the paste-like pulp of the fruit is extruded.

Abstract: A hydraulically operable linear motor with a double-acting reciprocable piston in a cylinder, in which one side of the piston has connected thereto a piston rod so as to form with this one side an annular piston surface which is continuously exposed to a desired working pressure. The other side of the piston is by means of a hydraulically actuated control valve alternately exposed to the working pressure and to the pressure in an exhaust conduit. The pressure for actuating the valve spool of the control valve is generated in a conduit section which communicates with two annular grooves in the two cylinder sections separated from each other by the piston and adapted alternately to be closed off from the above mentioned conduit section. This conduit section communicates through throttles with the exhaust conduit.

Abstract: A wear-resistant shaped body comprises a core of a hard metal body and a surface coating on the core, with the hard metal body core containing at least one carbide suitable as a hard material and at least one binder metal. The surface coating is composed of two superimposed layers including an outer, extremely wear-resistant layer consisting essentially of aluminum oxide and/or zirconium oxide. The inner layer is composed of at least one boride selected from the group consisting of borides of the elements titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten.

Abstract: A grab bucket for pourable material and a method of operating the same, according to which during the closing of the grab bucket, at least one of the two grab bucket sections is at its closing edge subjected to oscillations with amplitudes in the direction toward the closing movement. The grab bucket has at least one of the two grab bucket sections provided with an oscillation starter.

Abstract: A method is provided for processing raw manganese nodules for the selective recovery of metal values of nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc contained therein by hydrometallurgical means. The raw nodules are suspended in water or dilute wash solution to form a suspension. The suspension and sulfuric acid are charged to a pressure vessel to provide a solid-liquid suspension of nodules and leach solution. The solid-liquid suspension of nodules and leach solution is heated in the pressure vessel to a temperature between about 150.degree. C and about 300.degree. C to cause the nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc to be selectively leached from the nodules into the leach solution to form a metal rich leach solution containing these metals and a residue, with the solid-liquid suspension having a sulfuric acid content of less than 35 g/l upon completion of the leaching. The metal rich leach solution containing nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc is separated from the residue.

Abstract: A method for melting sponge iron is provided in which pieces or pellets of sponge iron, which may be partly replaced by scrap, are placed on the surface of a molten metal bath. Oxygen is added to the metal bath at a position below the surface of the bath. Further substances required for the melting process are added to the metal bath under pressure at a position below the surface of the bath. The further substances that are added include solid carbonaceous dust and fine-grained sponge iron.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing steel from iron oxide-containing raw materials. The raw materials are initially converted, in a reduction furnace by direct reduction with a reducing gas, to a substantially metallized sponge iron. The metallized sponge iron is then melted with the addition of additives and possibly fine scrap in a melting vessel filled with a metal melt. Heat and carbon monoxide-containing exhaust gases are formed in the melting vessel due to the reaction of oxygen-containing gases with carbonaceous material. The heat is utilized in part to melt the sponge iron and the exhaust gases are utilized for the direct reduction. The melt is then transferred to a further vessel where it is further processed into steel by means of suitable metallurgical measures. In the process, the entire, strongly-heated exhaust gas from the melting vessel is caused to react in a reactor with (1) carbonaceous material, and with (2) water vapor and/or carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A wear-resistant hard metal body is provided including a core of a hard metal body and a surface coating of a hard material on the core. The core of hard metal body includes at least one of the binder metals iron, cobalt and nickel and at least one of the carbides of the elements titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten. The surface coating of hard material contains at least one carbide, nitride, boride and/or oxide. The binder metal contained in the core of hard metal body is also contained in the surface coating of the hard material and originates from the core of hard metal body.A method is provided for producing such wear-resistant hard metal bodies by subjecting a hard metal body comprising a core of hard metal body and a hard surface coating on the core to a pressure of between about 10.sup.-.sup.5 Torr and about 10 bar and a temperature between about 900.degree. and about 1600.degree.

Abstract: A molded article is provided which is comprised of (1) a core of hard metal body of at least one binder metal of iron, cobalt and nickel and at least one carbide of the elements titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten, and (2) a surface layer of a hard metal on the core. The same carbides that are in the core are in the surface layer. The carbide concentration in the surface layer is greater than in the core and the carbides of the surface layer originate from the core.A method is provided for producing such articles and comprises subjecting the core of hard metal body to a carbon monoxide-containing gas for a period of from 0.5 to 24 hours, at a temperature of from 1,000.degree. C to 1,600.degree. C and a pressure from 1 Torr to 1,000 Torr to form the surface layer of hard metal on the core.

Abstract: In a system for analyzing a gas mixture and including a semiconductor gas measuring sensor and an indicating element, a differential amplifier is connected in series between the sensor and the indicating element.

Abstract: A direction reversal device including a housing and an abutment rod passing through, and movable relative to, the housing, one of the housing and the rod being stationary and the other being arranged to be impacted by a moving unit whose direction of travel is to be reversed, the device also including a resilient connection disposed between the rod and the housing and arranged to have a potential energy storage capacity corresponding to the kinetic energy possessed by the moving unit, and control elements for adjusting the storage capacity and the location of the point of direction reversal of the device.