Abstract: To compensate for temperature effects on the measuring signal of a pressure sensor which includes a membrane part with at least indirect signal generation and is a supporting base, the membrane part being deformed by the pressure to be measured and cooperable with a pressure sensing element, the the membrane part is constructed to include at least one pair of concentric cylindrical surfaces positioned at a small radial distance from each other. The cylindrical surfaces are closed along their circumference, and one of the cylindrical surfaces increases its diameter when subjected to pressure and the diameter of the other decreases. Changes of the two diameters in the same direction take place in the instance of a temperature change.

Abstract: A combustion chamber located in the piston of an internal combustion engine is divided by restrictions into two or more partial chambers. The ratio between the minimum distance in the restricted area and the maximum distance in concave areas of the wall of the combustion chamber, as measured from the axis of the combustion chamber, is greater than or equal to 0.2. To improve the turbulence in the combustion chamber the proposal is put forward that the ratio between the minimum distance in the restricted area and the radius of the piston be smaller than or equal to 0.5, the wall of the combustion chamber being convex in the restricted area, and that the ratio between the maximum distance and piston radius be greater than or equal to 0.7.

Abstract: A test stand for testing multiple engines which may be liquid cooled or air cooled including apparatus for preheating a liquid coolant to preheat the engine prior to testing, apparatus for heating lubricant for preheating the engine prior to testing, apparatus for conserving the heat through heat exchangers to heat the coolant and the lubricant for a supply of coolant and lubricant for testing a successive engine; a brake and drag for the engine arranged for generating electricity to obtain electrical energy from the testing forces. For an air cooled engine, a throttle arrangement is added to block the air for a fast heating of the engine prior to testing. In one form, lubricant is bypassed from the sump up to the head of the engine and heated in the bypass such as by a heat exchanger energized by heat from the coolant from testing a previous engine.

Abstract: To permit axial shifting of a camshaft dependent on its angle of rotation, a shifting device is used which includes a shifting profile made up of two guide grooves which are configured as oppositely oriented helixes and end in ring-shaped idling grooves, and further includes an engaging element which may be introduced into the guide grooves by an activating element.

Abstract: In a two-stroke internal combustion engine with at least one cylinder opeg into an exhaust passage with a diffuser-type flare whose shape is determined mainly by that of the lower contour, an optimum flow pattern in the exhaust passage is obtained by providing the exhaust passage with a nozzle-like throat in the immediate vicinity of the cylinder, which is formed by the lower contour and is followed by the diffuser-type flare, either immediately or at a distance.

Abstract: A simple and mechanically-rugged calculation or monitoring of the density of fluids, particularly of fuels serving the purpose of driving an internal-combustion engine, provides that a buoyant member is immersed into the fluid under examination, the buoyancy thereof being balanced out via a load applied with a spring. A capacitor that is dependent on the buoyancy and, therefore, on the density of the fluid under examination is formed between the buoyant member and the housing that holds the spring and is filled with the fluid under examination, the capacitor being monitored via a circuit arrangement.

Abstract: A measuring instrument and a method of measuring including providing an illumination arrangement having a plurality of independent illumination sources, a specimen region for conducting a specimen illuminated by the illumination arrangement, a measuring arrangement detecting radiation influenced by the specimen in the specimen region, the illumination arrangement having a plurality of independent aluminum sources which are energized by separate leads and separate switch elements that are operable to selectively operate either individually or in common for a linearity check.

Abstract: A sensor containing at least one piezoelectric transducer element is operated via a common, single signal line in both possible operating modes--first, at low frequencies as a measuring element for a mechanical quantity upon utilization of the direct piezoeffect and, second, at higher frequencies as a piezoelectric resonator upon utilization of the inverse piezoeffect for electrical excitation of mechanical oscillations and of the direct piezoeffect for generating the piezoelectric reaction. A high-frequency signal (u.sup.HF, u.sub.F) that describes the resonant characteristic and a lower-frequency signal (u.sub.NF, u.sub.Q) that describes the mechanical influence are generated from the measured signal on the signal line. The faultless function of the sensor together with the appertaining measuring amplifier, for example, can thus be monitored immediately during a measurement with the sensor or a simultaneous measurement of two different quantities can be undertaken.

Abstract: Valve-controlled internal combustion engine with air compression, for non-self-igniting fuels, comprising an injection nozzle for direct fuel injection into a combustion chamber provided in the piston, and a spark plug, and further comprising devices imparting a torque to the incoming combustion air. To obtain reliable ignition by simple means, the spark plug is positioned in the central area of the combustion chamber and a multi-hole injection nozzle is used.

Abstract: For single-cylinder evaluation of an internal combustion engine, the respective angular velocity is measured--for respectively defined crank angle positions--at at least one component part of the internal combustion engine, the respective overall moment of inertia is calculated from the design data of the internal combustion engine and, while operating the overall moment of inertia with the angular velocity, the respective overall energy of the internal combustion engine is calculated. A single-cylinder evaluation can then be implemented from the comparison of these overall energies in cylinder-associated crank angle ranges.

Abstract: For calculating motional characteristics, particularly of a projectile moving in a barrel of weapon, a microwave directed onto the projectile by a measuring structure is superimposed with the reflected wave and a a calculation of location-dependent velocity and acceleration is carried out based on the chronological curve of the phase difference by a one-time or, respectively, two-time differentiation. In order to reduce measured errors, the operating phase difference and, therefore, the location of the projectile is first assigned to each amplitude value in a registered interferometer signal. A compensation function for the time-dependent location of the projectile is then placed through the arc-cosine-transformed individual action points and the location-dependent projectile velocity is calculated by one-time differentiation and the acceleration is calculated by a further differentiation.

Abstract: Cylinder head of an internal combustion engine with more than two valves in overhead arrangement for each cylinder, which are actuated via rocker arms, each rocker arm being individually supported on the cylinder head by means of a bridge. A compact design is achieved by providing a valve bridge for actuation of every two valves of identical function, which valve bridge is attached to the bridge. At least one of the two rocker arms per cylinder acts on a valve bridge supported by the bridge, the pivots of the rocker arms having different distances from the center plane of the cylinder.

Abstract: In an internal combustion engine with two or more inlet valves for each engine cylinder and roof-shaped boundary surfaces of the combustion chamber in the cylinder head--the main flow directions of the partial streams admitted into the combustion chamber by the inlet valves each forming an acute angle with the plane defined by the cylinder axes of a cylinder bank, i.e., the symmetry plane--, a strong torque of the charge in the combustion chamber is obtained at partial load without impairing the intake of charge at full load due to a deterioration of flow characteristics, by providing that the angle of at least one partial stream on one side of a plane going through the cylinder axis and being normal to the symmetry plane, be made larger by 10 to 40 degrees than the angle of at least one corresponding partial stream on the other side of this normal plane.

Abstract: In order to utilize recycling of exhaust gases at high engine loads in an internal-combustion engine with an exhaust gas turbocharger, optionally with a charge cooler, as well as an exhaust gas recycling valve which is arranged within a connecting pipe through which a partial exhaust gas stream flows, the connecting pipe, in the direction of the flow, branching from the exhaust pipe upstream of the exhaust gas turbine and connecting into the charge pipe downstream of the exhaust gas turbine, an apparatus is employed which injects water into the partial exhaust gas stream flowing the connecting pipe at operating temperature and at high load operation of the internal-combustion engine.

Abstract: In a method and device for feeding fuel into a combustion chamber of a cylinder of an internal combustion engine the following steps are discerned to withdraw a small amount of compressed hot gas via a valve opening into the combustion chamber of the cylinder during one working cycle, to store this small amount of hot gas withdrawn, in a valve chamber of the valve, to inject fuel into this valve chamber containing the small amount of hot gas, building a fuel-gas mixture, and to inject the fuel-gas mixture through the valve opening into the combustion chamber of the cylinder during next working cycle of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: In order to obtain a high precision of measurement which is independent of the soot content of the exhaust gas to be tested in a given process, the proposal is put forward that the volume of exhaust gas taken for each loading of the filter be determined by means of a suitable algorithm from the value of filter blackening obtained in a previous test, sampling being continued if the blackening of the filter is outside a specified range.

Abstract: For evaluating the essentially-periodic signal sequence of inductive measured-value sensors in view of the appearance of zero-axis crossings, all zero-axis crossings in the sensor signal are identified in a zero-axis crossing branch of an evaluation unit and the significant zero-axis crossings are enabled in a parallel enable branch after logarithmic transformation of the sensor signal.

Abstract: In order to prevent crystal seeds with retrograde solubility from dissolving in the hydrothermal growing solution at the beginning of the growing process, and to protect the finished crystal at the end of the growing process, and in order to reach the thermodynamic growth equilibrium as soon as possible, the proposal is put forward that the growing solution be prepared, pre-saturated and pre-heated to a temperature close to saturation temperature outside of the growing tank, and that, for the growing process proper, the hot growing solution be added to the pre-heated growing tank provided with crystal seeds, where it should be further heated to a temperature at which the crystals start growing, and, further, that the hot growing solution be quickly removed from the growing tank as soon as the growing process has been completed.

Abstract: In a device for controlling the lift of a hydraulically operated valve comprising an actuating element which is pressure-loaded or spring-loaded in closing direction and which acts as the boundary of an actuating chamber in the valve cage, and further comprising a pressure-generating unit, the valve lift is made continuously adjustable, independent of the control times of the valve, by providing that a flying setting plunger be used, which is guided in a cylinder, and which bounds a pressure from the actuating chamber in the valve cage, and by further providing that the pressure-generating unit have a high pressure line controlled by a valve and leading into the pressure chamber, as well as a low pressure line controlled by another valve and leading into the actuating chamber, the setting plunger being pressed against a stop in the cylinder during maximum valve lift.

Abstract: In order to prevent tilting and torsional stresses from entering the actual sensor element of a pressure sensor comprising a supporting part and an integrated sensor part, the proposal is put forward that the corresponding surfaces of a shoulder of the supporting part and of a fastening element screwed into the measuring bore be configured as the lateral surfaces of cones whose generating lines intersect with the longitudinal axis of the supporting part, or as parts of the surface of a sphere whose center is situated on the longitudinal axis of the sensor part. The two corresponding faces transmitting the pressure from the fastening element onto the supporting part, and permitting a slight tilt of the longitudinal axis of the supporting part relative to the axis of the internal thread of the measuring bore.