Abstract: Method and apparatus for generating a precisely defined dynamic pressure pulse. A rigid pressure chamber contains a pressure transmission agent. The pressure chamber has a through opening in which is disposed a piston. A drop weight outside the pressure chamber coacts with the piston to generate a pressure pulse. The mass of the drop weight and the cross section of the piston, along with the chronological curve of acceleration of the drop weight during coaction with the piston, are used to generate a curve representing the pressure pulse. The curve satisfies the following equation: ##EQU1## wherein: m=mass of the drop weight;a(t)=said acceleration curve; andA=said cross sectional area of said piston.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling the volume stream of a sub-quantity which is continuously removed from a gas stream and which is supplied and mixed with a gaseous dilutant stream, the sub-quantity is conducted from the main stream through a back-up region where the control of the flow of sub-quantity without affecting its composition is effected by a counterflow in a back-up region which is controllably directed in opposition to the sub-quantity flow such as by an annular upstream directed gap surrounding the sub-quantity conduit or by openings which are directed in a direction against the sub-quantity flow or by a pipe directing a flow against the discharge end of the sub-quantity flow. The sub-quantity flow is mixed in a mixing tunnel with a dilution gas and a small quantity of this mixed gas is removed for testing.

Abstract: A hydraulically operated valve with controlled lift, in particular a fuel/gas injection valve for internal combustion engines, has a stop face fixed on the valve stem. For accurate control of the opening of the valve a stop cam is provided, which is drivn mechanically via a friction clutch, and which cooperates with the stop face. By rotating the cam through a predetermined angle the maximum valve lift will be obtained. The cam may be brought into contact with the stop face even in the closed position of the valve.

Abstract: In an exhaust system for two-stroke cycle engines, comprising an exhaust pipe whose front end, which is characterised by a constant cross-section, is followed by two or more conical sections, these conical sections are configured as diffusers, which are connected to the front end of the exhaust pipe with its constant cross-section by means of branch pipes of different length, and which open into a common exhaust header at the other end, which header in turn is connected to the exhaust tail pipe comprising a catalytic converter and/or a silencer. This arrangement has the effect that a pressure wave coming from the cylinder is twice reflected as a suction wave arriving at the still open exhaust port at different times due to the difference in pipe length. In this manner the effective duration of the suction wave is prolonged over that of comparable exhaust systems of a known kind.

Abstract: In known two-stroke internal combustion engines with piston-controlled intake passages for the fresh charge and one or more exhaust passages for the exhaust gases, the actual direction of flow will deviate from the theoretical flow direction defined by the passage walls because of the influence exerted by the piston edge. The scavenge flow is deflected in the direction of the exhaust passage and the cylinder head, which will cause increased losses of fresh charge. This will considerably lower scavenge efficiency, and thus lead to a marked deterioration of engine performance, fuel consumption and exhaust emission. In the invention these disadvantages are avoided by aligning the flow guide vanes such that they form an angle, preferably of 90.degree., thus acting as a flow director.

Abstract: For control of the injection rate of a device for feeding fuel into the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, comprising an injection valve opening into the combustion chamber, which is used for taking compressed gas from the cylinder and injecting it together with the fuel supplied by a metering device, and further comprising a gas storage cell for holding the compressed gas, the proposal is put forward that a variable throttle be provided between the valve seat of the injection valve and the gas storage cell, whose flow cross-section can be controlled in accordance with load and speed parameters of the engine.

Abstract: In a method and device for feeding fuel into a combustion chamber of a cylinder of an internal combustion engine the following steps are discerned to withdraw a small amount of compressed hot gas via a valve opening into the combustion chamber of the cylinder during one working cycle, to store this small amount of hot gas withdrawn, in a valve chamber of the valve, to inject fuel into this valve chamber containing the small amount of hot gas, building a fuel-gas mixture, and to inject the fuel-gas mixture through the valve opening into the combustion chamber of the cylinder during next working cycle of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A charge amplifier circuit comprising an operational amplifier unit whose signal output is back to a signal input of the amplifier unit via a capacitative feedback element, the signal output of the operational amplifier unit also being coupled to an input of a following, further transmission unit that has a proportional, integrating transfer characteristic with a break-over frequency that is at least approximately equal to the break-over frequency of the operational amplifier unit, this being at least in the proximity of the break-over frequency defined by the feedback element of the operational amplifier unit. The feedback element of the operational amplifier unit can be optimized independently of the operating frequency range, this, allowing for a low resistance value for the feedback element given a transfer behavior that remains linear, this despite the low capacitor value that increases the charge sensitivity.

Abstract: In a valve-controlled internal combustion engine with direct fuel injection and a swirling air charge, a combustion chamber is located in the piston and is configured as a toroidal part ending in a throat-like cylindrical part towards the piston top. A narrow, ring-shaped overflow passage leads from the toroidal part to the cylindrical part of the combustion chamber. The proposal is put forward that the thermal and fluid-mechanical parameters be improved by placing the axis of the combustion chamber between the tip of the injection nozzle and the cylinder axis, and by varying the width of the ring-shaped overflow passage. The narrowest part of said overflow passage lying in the area closest to the tip of the nozzle, and further, the top of the center part is unsymmetrical, with a minimum distance to the injection jets at upper dead center of the piston.

Abstract: In order to improve the temperature stability of piezoelectric and elastic properties of piezoelectric crystal elements based on GaPO.sub.4, preferably for resonator applications, and to facilitate alignment when the crystal elements are cut from the raw crystal bars, the proposal is put forward that the principal plane H of the crystal element be parallel to a cutting plane, which is generated by rotating a hexagonal prism face of a raw crystal bar, which lies parallel to the optical axis, around one of the two-fold crystallographic symmetry axes a.sub.1, a.sub.2 or a.sub.3 through an angle .theta. of -5.degree. to -22.degree..

Abstract: In an air-cooled internal combustion engine with one or more cylinder banks, a cooling-air blower and an intercooler for the air charge, the intercooler--as seen in the flow direction of the cooling-air--is placed directly in front of the cylinder bank, i.e. preferably over its entire length. The intercooler is subject to the full stream of cooling-air passing through the cylinder bank. A comparison of conventional designs and the arrangement described by the invention shows that the power requirements of the blower are reduced by as much as 15% in conventional assemblies, and by even 20% in special-purpose vehicles as described below.

Abstract: In order to prevent tilting and torsional stresses from entering the actual sensor element of a pressure sensor comprising a supporting part and an integrated sensor part, the proposal is put forward that the coresponding surfaces of a shoulder of the supporting part and of a fastening element screwed into the measuring bore be confugured as the lateral surfaces of cones whose generating lines intersect with the longitudinal axis of the supporting part, or as parts of the surface of a sphere whose center is situated on the longitudinal axis of the sensor part. The two corresponding faces transmitting the pressure from the fastening element onto the supporting part, and permitting a slight tilt of the longitudinal axis of the supporting part relative to the axis of the internal thread of the measuring bore.

Abstract: An intake system for multi-cylinder internal combustion engines, in particular of a V-type design, whose suction pipes extend in longitudinal direction and are connected to the intake channel leading towards the intake valve by means of passages of different lengths, a control element being provided for selectively activating one of the two flow paths. The design is kept simple by providing only one control element for controlling the inlets of two groups of intake pipes, the connection between one of the intake pipes, or rather, one of the two pairs of intake pipes, and the intake channel being established via manifold passages of one length, and the connection of the other intake pipe, or pair of intake pipes, via manifold passages of a different length.

Abstract: A charge amplifier circuit for balancing drift between periodically occurring measured signals includes a drift-compensating device with a sample/hold unit which is triggered by a trigger device in accordance with the period of the measured signals. The trigger device is connected for supplying trigger pulses, so that the drift at an output of the charge amplifier, determined at the end of a compensation period, can be taken into account by the sample/hold unit to supply a compensating current to an input of the charge amplifier. The triggering of the sample/hold unit can be performed by external or internal triggering arrangements, so that simple measurements can be undertaken without a large outlay of equipment.

Abstract: A method and device for delay-free measurement of the air/fuel ratio of combustion systems, especially internal combustion engines, by measuring individual components of the fuel, the ambient air used for fuel combustion, and the exhaust gas, wherein the water vapor concentrations of the exhaust gas and, preferably, the ambient air or the gas supplied for fuel combustion are measured, and wherein the air/fuel ratio are computed by the obtained values and data on fuel composition.

Abstract: In an internal combustion engine with two or more cylinders and two inlet valves per cylinder, in which the intake passages of two adjacent cylinders, which lead towards the inlet valves, are located side by side, symmetrically relative to the symmetry plane of the two cylinders, and in which the cylinder head is made in one piece and has one common inlet flange with an inlet channel, which is flow-connected, past a lug receiving one of the cylinder head studs, with the intake passages formed by guiding surfaces and leading towards the individual inlet valves, the intake passages leading to the inlet valves positioned at a lesser distance in the direction of flow are guided on one side of the lug and the intake passages leading to the inlet valves positioned at a greater distance are guided on the other side of the lug, and the inlet valves of the adjacent cylinders are controlled in such a way that the cylinders are fed with combustion air at different points in time.

Abstract: In order to prevent crystal seeds with retrograde solubility from dissolving in the hydrothermal growing solution at the beginning of the growing process, and to protect the finished crystal at the end of the growing process, and in order to reach the thermodynamic growth equilibrium as soon as possible, the proposal is put forward that the growing solution be prepared, pre-saturated and pre-heated to a temperature close to saturation temperature outside of the growing tank, and that, for the growing process proper, the hot growing solution be added to the pre-heated growing tank provided with crystal seeds, where it should be further heated to a temperature at which the crystals start growing, and, further, that the hot growing solution be quickly removed from the growing tank as soon as the growing process has been completed.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for identifying the path/time relationships of a projectile within a weapon barrel, even upon live firing, includes a coupling element having at least two openings in a sidewall thereof through which a generated electromagnetic wave is divided and then introduced into the barrel. The divided wave includes wave parts that propagate toward and away from the barrel, the parts propagating toward the barrel adding up and being introduced into the barrel while the parts propagating away from the barrel cancel each other out. The wave reflects off from the projectile and is then received after undergoing an inverse division.

Abstract: In order to achieve less deformation under gas pressure load and also under thermal load, the bottom piece of a piston with ring-carrying barrel is configured as a supporting cone tapering towards the piston pin and connected with the piston pin bosses by means of supporting elements. Cone, bosses and supporting elements are made in one piece. The supporting elements comprise walls extending essentially parallel to the axis of the piston pin. First distance (A) to the outer perimeter of the piston in the direction of the piston pin axis (Y--Y) are greater than the corresponding second distances (B) normal to this axis. The end parts of the walls are curved inwardly and leave open an area around an axis (X--X) normal to the piston pin axis.

Abstract: In piecoelectric measuring elements comprising two or more crystal elements that are jointly subject to the mechanical variable to be measured and are provided with electrically conductive electrodes on opposite surfaces located essentially normal to the electric (x) axes of these crystal elements, disadvantages arising from shearing stresses can be prevented by using crystal elements (2) from crystals of point group 32, in which exist two opposite types of enantiomorphism, l and r, in which part of the crystal elements used belong to one of the two enantiomorphic types l or r, and have one of the two absolute orientations of the x-axis, .alpha..sub.1 or .alpha..sub.2, while the remaining crystal elements belong to the opposite enantiomorphic type and have the opposite orientation of the x-axis.