Abstract: In addition to having at least one piezoelectric sensor element, a transducer is provided with at least one further measuring element, which is influenced by the state variable to be measured in the same way as the piezoelectric sensor element, and has its own signal lead.The additional measuring element may also be a piezoelectric element which may be excited so as to produce mechanical vibrations by utilizing the inverse piezo-effect, the change of the vibration characteristics of the vibration system consisting of the excited piezo-element and its environment serving as a measurement value for a static or quasi-static measurement.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine whose engine unit support, comprising such sound-generating parts as cylinders, cylinder head, piston rods, crankshaft bearings, crankshaft, is provided with a bracket of at least two arms at least at its output end. This bracket is attached to the bearing seats of the crankshaft and is provided with at least one sound-insulating element at each end of its arms for connecting said engine unit support to the crankcase. This will reduce any relative movements between the crankshaft and the crankcase in a simple manner.

Abstract: A device for ascertaining the internal pressure in a pressure system, particularly in a fuel injection pipe system, wherein the pressure to be measured is contained within an element which includes at one point a wall portion of reduced thickness so as to act like a membrane, and wherein a sensor device is included which is positionable in engagement with the membrane-like wall portion to detect any elastic deformation and variation of the membrane caused by the influence of the internal pressure.

Abstract: A transducer with a flexible sensor element for measurement of mechanical values, at least one flexible piezoelectric sensor element being provided for piezoelectrical or capacitive measurement, the opposite surfaces of the sensor element being at least partially connected to electrically leading contact surfaces.

Abstract: The oil pump of an internal combustion engine having an engine unit support elastically suspended in a crankcase, is arranged in a front wall of the crankcase and actuated by a flexible shaft driven by the crankshaft of the engine. Thereby, a vibrational decoupling between the engine unit support and the crankcase is ensured and a ducting of the pressurized oil out of the crankcase is simplified.

Abstract: The particulates content of exhaust gases is determined by a sampling device connected to the exhaust supply line. The particulates in the exhaust gases are deposited onto a gas-permeable filter material and the particulates determined by light reflected from the filter material. A constant differential exhaust gas pressure is maintained and a predetermined sample volume per time unit is metered to the filter material. The total cross-section of the exhaust-gas flow through the measuring device is maintained constant. The sampling is taken in short consecutive intervals at a rate such that the characteristics of dynamic changes in the particulates content of the exhaust gas can be determined.

Abstract: A transducer device for measuring mechanical values on hollow bodies, such as the internal pressure in pipes, by detecting deformation in the outer surface thereof, comprises a housing for removably enclosing the hollow body whose outer surface deformation is to be measured and at least one elastic sensor element which is capable of being elastically and at least indirectly pressed against the outer surface of the hollow body by an elastic endorsing element and capable of stretching due to the deformation of the hollow body due to frictional contact therewith. The endorsing element is combined with the sensor element and/or at least a part of the housing into one piece, whereby manufacture and adjustment of the transducer device are simplified.

Abstract: In a pressure indicator for measurement of hot pressure mediums, comprising an indicator housing adjustable to an opening in an enclosure for the medium to be measured, a measuring element, and a power train comprising a diaphragm connected to the housing and a power transmission element for connecting the diaphragm to the measuring element, a narrow gap is provided for between at least one of the parts of the power train on the one side and the housing on the other side, and that part of the housing being adjacent the gap is substantially in direct heat conducting connection with the enclosure for the medium when the indicator is adjusted to the opening therein.

Abstract: A controllable operating spindle includes a decompression cam mounted thereon, which cam is able to keep a valve actuation-movement transmitting element in a position which is spaced away from the position determined by a base circle of a cam on the engine camshaft. A ratchet wheel is connected to the operating spindle which extends along the length of and parallel to the engine camshaft and is adapted to co-act with a trip element for restoring the decompression cam to its original position. The operating spindle includes at least one decompression cam for each cylinder of the engine and between the decompression cam and the valve actuation-movement transmitting element there is provided a decompression lever which influences the transmitting element in accordance with the lift of the decompression cam.

Abstract: In a water-cooled, multi-cylinder internal combustion engine, which comprises cylinders and a cooling jacket, the cylinders are connected in the lower region thereof to each other and to the cooling jacket, and crankshaft main bearings consisting of two parts which are mutually connected by means of main bearing bolts, the lower ends of the cylinders are connected to the cooling jacket at a height from the bottom edge of the cylinders corresponding to 0.5 to 0.75 times the cylinder diameter, and downwards from this level the lower cylinder ends are connected to each other but otherwise free and unconstrained, and the threads for the main bearing bolts are arranged at a height from the bottom edges being at least that great as the distance of the connection between the cylinders to the bottom edges.

Abstract: An air-cooled internal combustion engine has a cylinder barrel which is detachably fastened in an opening of the crankcase by means of a bearing ring screwed from the inside of the crankcase on an external thread of the cylinder barrel. A flange of the bearing ring lies close to the inner surface of the crankcase and a ring nut is screwed from the outside of the crankcase on an external thread on the bearing ring, whereby the cylinder barrel is fixedly secured relative to the crankcase.

Abstract: A transducer device for measuring mechanical values on hollow bodies, which comprises a housing and at least one elastic sensor element mounted in the housing. The element is so formed as to be connected with at least two points of the housing and has a free length between these connecting points so as to be stretched over the surface of the hollow body when the transducer device is attached.

Abstract: A water-cooled internal combustion engine includes piping defining a hydraulic oil circuit having an oil pump and using hydraulic oil lubrication and a cooling-water pump driven as a function of the operating condition of the engine. The hydraulic motor is provided in the circuit for the drive of the cooling-water pump which, by means of a control element, can be switched into the hydraulic oil circuit of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A liquid cooled multi-cylinder internal combustion engine comprises a crankcase which extends above the crankshaft axis and a cylinder block which is fixed to the upper edge of the crankcase by means of a connecting flange arranged on the cooling jacket. The engine has two-part crankshaft main bearings which are connected to the cylinder block by means of through bolts. The cooling jacket of the cylinder block is shorter than the cylinder liners, and adjacent to the cooling jacket and extending to the end of the cylinder liners downward opening conduits are formed which are communicating with each other. These conduits are tightly covered by a cover plate, which is arranged between the lower end of the cylinder block and the upper bearing parts and serve for the oil supply, especially of the crankshaft main bearings of the engine.

Abstract: An operational testing device for inlet valves and outlet valves of reciprocating engines which are separately driven for an operational test comprises at least one microphone arranged in the inlet pipe and at least one microphone arranged in the outlet pipe of the engine, a combined amplifier and electronic filter, and a gate circuit to which the signals of the microphones are supplied after passing the amplifier and electronic filter. To enable a clear identification of the microphone signals of a defective valve as compared to signals generated by valve noise and extraneous noise, a gate circuit is controlled according to the crank angle of the engine, at least one limit value switch is provided to which the signal is forwarded via the gate circuit in a predetermined crank angle area, and an interpretive circuit is controlled according to the crank angle, actuated by the output signal of the limit value switch and allocating the output signal to the particular valve causing the signal.

Abstract: An assembly of auxiliary equipment for a water-cooled internal combustion engine having an oil pump, a water pump and an oil cooler/oil filter unit, wherein the oil pump, water pump and oil cooler/oil filter unit are provided as separate interchangeable subassemblies and are combined and interconnected into a constructional unit that can be mounted on the engine.

Abstract: In a squeezed tube valve which comprises a valve block with a longitudinal groove to guide a flexible tube and a transverse groove for an electromagnetically actuated clamping bolt to shut off the tube, the crossing between the longitudinal and the transverse groove is rounded off at its edges, and the clamping force exerted by the bolt rises from zero according to an asymptotic rise function over the duration of the shutting action.

Abstract: In a water-cooled multi-cylinder internal combustion engine the cylinder head is cast without the use of a core for the water jacket and is provided with cast channels of a predominantly longitudinal direction in the area of the upper ends of the cylinders, which are open towards the cylinderhead gasket, and with a bore for the cooling water going lengthwise through the cylinderhead in the vicinity of the valve guides. A continuous cast cooling channel is provided at one of the long sides of the cylinderhead only, which is open towards the cylinderhead gasket and is intended for cooling the upper cylinder ends. At least one inlet bore per cylinder is arranged at the long side opposite of the open cooling channel, which connects to the cooling water chamber in the cylinder block and ends in a crosshole going through the cylinderhead in the area of the valve bridges, or of the bore holding the spark plug or injection device, respectively.

Abstract: In a capillary reference electrode with a capillary body which comprises a measuring chamber connected through an electrolytic bridge to a test sample which is adapted to be introduced into a capillary bore, the inlet orifice for the electrolyte is arranged at a point of the measuring chamber which is in a low position when the element is installed and the outlet orifice is arranged at a high position of the measuring chamber. The electrolytic bridge is formed through a communicating passage which has a substantially conical narrow end adjacent to the capillary bore with a very fine communication bore leading to the capillary bore. The resulting economy in electrolyte-consumption and absence of sensitivity in respect of potentially occuring air bubbles are further improved by providing the said communication bore with a substantially annular cross section.

Abstract: In a water-cooled, multi-cylinder internal combustion engine, which comprises a cylinder block, a cylinder head, and a cooling jacket, all cast in one piece and wherein the cylinder head comprises, for each cylinder of the cylinder block and on one longitudinal side thereof, an intake and exhaust duct as well as valve guide sockets and on the other longitudinal side a mounting socket for an injection nozzle or sparking plug, forming a connection between the end wall of the cylinder and the cooling jacket, at least one fin is provided on the side where the mounting socket is arranged to make an additional connection between the end wall of the cylinder and the cooling jacket.This arrangement compensates for the differential section modulus between the two longitudinal sides of the cylinder head regarded as a bending section, that is to say, the neutral axis of the cylinder head is shifted, at least approximately, back into the plane which contains the cylinder axes.