Abstract: Process for preparing 4-alkyl-3-chloroalkylsulfonylbenzenes of the formula (1) ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different and are each (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4)-alkyl.

Abstract: Process and use of reactive disperse dyes for dyeing and printing aminated, textile cotton and cotton-polyester blend fabricsHydroxyl-containing materials, in particular fiber materials, such as cellulose fiber materials, which have been modified with an amino-containing compound are dyed as such or in blend with polyester fibers with the aid of a fiber-reactive disperse dye in an aqueous, low-electrolyte or completely electrolyte-free medium and in the absence of an alkaline or alkali-donating agent at a temperature of between 100.degree. and 210.degree. C. Not only the modified cellulose-containing material but also the polyester material can be dyed in one and the same dyeing process with one and the same fiber reactive disperse dye. A uniform overall dyeing not only for modified hydroxyl-containing material but also for polyester material is obtained.

Abstract: Novel dye mixture comprising three to seven fiber-reactive dyes selected from dyes of the below-indicated and defined formulae (1) to (7) with the proviso that the dye mixture contain at least one representative of the formulae (1) and/or (2), at least one representative of the formulae (3) and/or (4) and at least one representative of the formulae (5) and/or (6) and/or (7): ##STR1##

Abstract: A catalyst consisting essentially of a quaternary ammonium compound, comprising at least one linear or branched alkoxypolyoxyalkyl chain, and a quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salt or a polyether, or a mixture of each of the specified compounds, is suitable for accelerating, or making possible for the first time, many nucleophilic aromatic substitutions.

Abstract: Copper phthalocyanine pigments are finely divided in an ecologically and economically advantageous manner by first of all subjecting crude, coarsely crystalline copper phthalocyanine pigments to dry milling and then wet milling the finely divided prepigments which are obtained in the course of dry milling, in aqueous suspension and with the addition of from 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the total millbase, of an organic solvent which is inert with respect to the process conditions, on a stirred ball mill which is operated at an energy density of more than 2.5 kW per liter of milling space and a peripheral stirrer speed of more than 12 m/s under the action of grinding media having a diameter of less than or equal to 1 mm. Copper phthalocyanine pigments prepared in this way are particularly suitable as colorants for pigmenting paints, printing inks and plastics.

Abstract: Water-insoluble azo colorants, their preparation and use The invention relates to monoazo and disazo compounds of the formula (I) ##STR1## in which D is the radical of a carbocyclic or heterocyclic diazo or bisdiazo component, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, independently of one another, are each a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl radical, X.sup.1 and X.sup.2, independently of one another, are each ring-forming ether oxygen or a substituted or unsubstituted imide grouping and n has the value 0 or 1, in which rings A and B, independently of one another, can each be additionally substituted and/or carry substituted or unsubstituted fused rings.These new compounds of the formula (I) are obtained by coupling diazotized amines or diamines of the type D--NH.sub.2 or H.sub.2 N--D--NH.sub.2 with (benzoxazol-2-yl)- or (benzimidazol-2-yl)-arylacetamides.Depending on the presence and length of alkyl chains, the compounds of the formula (I) are suitable for use as pigments, disperse dyes or oil-soluble dyes.

Abstract: Supported catalyst, process for its preparation and its use for the preparation of vinyl acetateThe invention relates to improved Pd/K/Au, Pd/K/Ba and Pd/K/Cd supported catalysts, their preparation and their use for the preparation of vinyl acetate from ethylene, acetic acid and oxygen in the gas phase. The stated catalysts are prepared by atomizing a solution of corresponding metal salts by means of ultrasonics and then applying them in such limited amounts and within such a limited time to the carrier particles, and beginning to dry them, so that the catalytically active metal salts cannot penetrate into the carrier particles as far as the core but only into a larger or smaller outer part.

Abstract: Fluoronitrobenzenes are prepared in an advantageous way from the corresponding chloronitrobenzenes and an alkali metal fluoride by means of a chlorine-fluorine exchange reaction with replacement of a chlorine atom by a fluorine atom, by catalyzing the reaction with a quaternaryammonium compound which comprises at least one alkoxypolyoxyalkyl radical.

Abstract: Cycloolefin block copolymers and a process for their preparation Cycloolefin block copolymers, which in particular are suitable as phase promoters, are preferably obtained by copolymerization of polycyclic olefins, such as norbornene, with acyclic olefins, such as ethylene, by, at a molecular weight distribution M.sub.w /M.sub.n of the polymer block forming of less than 2, changing the reaction conditions one or more times in such a way that the monomer/comonomer ratio changes by at least 10% or a further polymerizable monomer is metered into the monomer or the monomers.

Abstract: The present invention describes a process for preparing glyoxylic acid by electrochemical reduction of oxalic acid in aqueous solution in divided or undivided electrolytic cells, wherein the cathode comprises carbon or at least 50% by weight of at least one of the metals Cu, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Al, Sn and Cr and the aqueous electrolysis solution in the undivided cells or in the cathode compartment of the divided cells in addition contains at least one salt of metals having a hydrogen overpotential of at least 0.25 V, based on a current density of 2500 A/m.sup.2. The process according to the invention has the advantage that inexpensive materials available on an industrial scale, in particular stainless chromium-nickel steels or graphite can be employed as the cathode material.

Abstract: Process for the removal of olefinic impurities from 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropaneThe invention relates to a process for the removal of olefinic impurities from 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (R 227) in which the contaminated R 227 is brought into contact with an alcohol and a base, and the R 227 is simultaneously or subsequently removed by distillation.

Abstract: These reaction products are suitable as catalysts with improved properties for curing coating binders.

Abstract: Polyol/epoxy adducts obtained by reaction of(A) an aliphatic polyol having an average molecular weight (Mw) of 200 to 2000 and(B) an epoxy compound having at least two epoxy groups per molecule and an epoxy equivalent weight of 100 to 2000,the equivalent ratio of the OH groups to the epoxy groups being 1:3.51 to 1:10, preferably 1:4 to 1:9, particularly preferably 1:45 to 1:8, and the epoxy equivalent weight of the adduct being between 150 g/eq and at least 800 g/eq, preferably between 250 g/eq and 1000 g/eq which adducts serve as nonionic emulsifiers in water-dilutable epoxy liquid resins.

Abstract: Metallocenes having benzo-fused indenyl derivatives as ligands, processes for their preparation and their use as catalysts A very effective catalyst system for olefin polymerization comprises a cocatalyst, preferably an aluminoxane, and a metallocene of the formula I ##STR1## in which, preferably, M.sup.1 is Zr or Hf, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are halogen or alkyl, R.sup.3 is alkyl, R.sup.4 to R.sup.10 are alkyl or hydrogen and R.sup.11 is a (substituted) alkylene or heteroatom bridge.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of an olefin polymer using metallocenes containing specifically substituted indenyl ligandsA highly effective catalyst system for the polymerization of olefins comprises a cocatalyst, preferably an aluminoxane, and a metallocene of the formula I ##STR1## in which, preferably M.sup.1 is Zr or Hf, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are alkyl or halogen, R.sup.5 is hydrogen or alkyl, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are alkyl, where R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 may be halogenated, --(CR.sup.7 R.sup.8).sub.m --R.sup.6 --(CR.sup.7 R.sup.8).sub.n -- is a single- or multi-membered chain in which R.sup.6 may also be a (substituted) heteroatom, and m+n is zero or 1.

Abstract: Preparation of aqueous plastics dispersions which contain vinyl ester polymers or vinyl ester copolymers and have reduced contents of undesirable preparation-related residual monomeric vinyl esters and, where appropriate, acetaldehyde, from corresponding starting dispersions such as are obtainable by customary polymerization or copolymerization methods from ethylenically unsaturated monomers, by selective alkaline hydrolysis of the residual monomeric vinyl esters which can be hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions and if appropriate oxidation of the acetaldehyde to acetic acid in the aqueous dispersions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of crystalline, salt-free, chlorine-substituted 3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid hydrates from sulfonation mixtures containing chlorine-substituted 3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid, in which the sulfonation mixture is mixed with from 8 to 25% strength by weight aqueous sulfuric acid at from 40.degree. C. to 100.degree. C., the resulting suspension is cooled to from 5.degree. C. to 20.degree. C., the precipitate is filtered off and dissolved with water at from 30.degree. C. to 100.degree. C., filtration is carried out if desired, the solution is cooled to from 5.degree. to 40.degree. C. and filtered, and the sulfuric acid-containing filtrate is recycled if desired.

Abstract: Process for preparing di(3-(2-chloroethylsulfonyl)-1-propyl)amine hydrochloride, byreacting 1 mol of an N,N-diallylcarboxamide of the formula (1)R-CON(CH.sub.2 --CH.dbd.CH.sub.2).sub.2 (1)in which R is hydrogen, alkyl(C.sub.1 -C.sub.6) or cycloalkyl(C.sub.4 -C.sub.8) with about 4 to about 8 mol of mercaptoethanol at temperatures of about 0.degree. to about -70.degree. C. in the presence of pure oxygen or a mixture of oxygen with an inert gas or an inert gas mixture, if appropriate in an inert organic solvent, to give the carboxamide of the formula (2)R--CON(CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --S--CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --OH).sub.2(2)in which R has the abovementioned meaning,hydrolyzing this compound with the aqueous solution of an alkaline agent at temperatures of about 40.degree. to about 120.degree. C.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of activated chitosans, in which process a chitosan is reacted with an acid for salt formation, preferably followed by a reaction with a base. The addition of acid and the addition of bases which is preferably to be effected in the activation are carried out in a suspending agent which largely prevents the chitosan salts from dissolving, suitable suspending agents can be both aqueous solutions of inorganic salts and organic or aqueous-organic solvents. The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of both water-soluble and water-insoluble chitosan derivatives by reacting the activated chitosans with reagents which are generally suitable for the reaction of polysaccharides or amines.

Abstract: The demands on the properties of pigments, in particular in the areas of emulsion paints and printing inks, which are continuously becoming more specific made it necessary to develop selective and environmentally safe dispersing and emulsifying agents and coupling auxiliaries.The compounds according to the invention are alkoxylation products prepared from fatty amine dialkylenediamines which, if desired, are linked to give recurring structural units by means of esterification with dicarboxylic acids and in which, preferably, the hydroxyl end groups of these fatty amine alkylenediamine alkoxylates have been esterified with fatty acids, aromatic carboxylic acids and/or resin acids and any hydroxyl groups still present have been converted to the corresponding mono-ester-containing anionic radicals by means of dicarboxylic acids and sulfites.