Abstract: Continuous-time linear equalization of received signals on multiple wire channels while maintaining accurate common mode signal values. Multiwire group signaling using vector signaling codes simultaneously transmits encoded values on multiple wires, requiring multiple receive signals to be sampled simultaneously to retrieve the full transmitted code word. By misaligning transitions on multiple wires, skew introduces a transient common mode signal component that is preserved by using frequency-selective common mode feedback at the receiver to obtain accurate sampling results.

Abstract: Circuits that are matched to balanced codes may recover transmitted information in a noise resilient and power efficient manner. Circuit components for processing a balanced code may include one or more of: matched amplification of the signals representing the balanced code, matched equalization and/or filtering on the signals representing the balanced code, matched non-linear filtering on the signaling representing the balanced code to detect the presence of particular symbols and matched latching of the signals representing the balanced code. Such matched circuits and circuit components may be achieved at least in part by incorporating suitable common circuit nodes and/or a single energy source into circuit topologies.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for transmitting data over physical channels to provide a high bandwidth, low latency interface between a transmitting device and a receiving device operating at high speed with low power utilization. Communication is performed using group signaling over sets of four wires using a vector signaling code, where each wire of a set carries a low-swing signal that may take on one of four signal values. Topologies and designs of wire sets are disclosed with preferred characteristics for group signaling communications.

Abstract: A communication system uses a bus to transmit information, by receiving signals and mapping them to a second set of signals representing codewords of a superposition signaling code, and transmitting the second set of signals. The superposition signaling code can comprise more than one layer. The pin-efficiency can be larger than 1. The system may encode bits into a codeword of a superposition signaling code that is defined by two basis vectors of predetermined size and then have two encoders for permutation modulation codes defined by the basis vectors. The bits of information are divided into a first part representing a predetermined number of bits and a second part representing a predetermined number of bits, with the parts provided to the respective encoding circuits and their outputs combined by a superposition.

Abstract: A vibrating footboard having a base plate and an intermediate plate coupled to each other, by first vibration-damping elements, at least one eccentric mass electric motor coupled to the intermediate plate, and two groups of upper plates capable to support feet of a user coupled to the intermediate plate through second vibration-damping elements. The vibrating footboard allows the user to undergo a neuromuscular stimulation, for both therapy and athletic enhancement.

Abstract: Method for setting a tridimensional shape detection classifier for detecting tridimensional shapes from depth images in which each pixel represents a depth distance from a source to a scene, the classifier comprising a forest of at least a binary tree (T) for obtaining the class probability (p) of a given shape comprising nodes associated with a distance function (f) that taking at least a pixel position in a patch calculates a pixel distance.

Abstract: The method and apparatus object of this invention refer to a system for using generic software applications by means of ocular control characterized by simple interaction techniques which minimize the cognitive effort of the user required to manipulate the software and which permit to overcome the problems resulting from the intrinsic problem of accuracy of eye-tracking systems. Indeed, such technique does not provide using the pointer of the mouse moved by means of the gaze to control the various software applications but to use a separate application which through the use of suitable interaction techniques is comfortable and does not involve an increased effort of concentration by the user. An attempt has indeed been made to simplify the process of interaction between the user and machine also by means of the use of visual feedback which allows the same operations of the mouse to be performed by the user without the typical user frustration due to the problems of accuracy of the eye-tracking device.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for creation of vector signaling codes having reduced or minimized electromagnetic emissions when transmitted over multiple conductor communications media such as microstrip channels. Particular code formulation constraints are shown to correlate with physical propagation characteristics leading to beneficial cancellation of far fields from adjacent signal conductors, and the number of such constraints may be chosen to balance EMI characteristics with information encoding capacity in the resulting code.

Abstract: A sorting decoder captures the rank-order of a set of input analogue signals in the digital domain using simple logic components such as self-timed first state elements, without requiring conventional analogue-to-digital signal converters. The analogue signals are each compared against a monotonic dynamic reference and the resulting comparisons are snapshot by a self-timed first state element for each input signal, or the last member of a sorted collection of input signals, at the time when it reaches the reference signal, so that a different snapshot representing the signal value ranking relative to the other signal values is produced for each input signal. The resulting rank-order estimation snapshots are binary signals that can then be further processed by a simple sorting logic circuit based on elementary logic components.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for transmitting data over physical channels to provide a high bandwidth, low latency interface between integrated circuit chips with low power utilization. Communication is performed using group signaling over multiple wires using a vector signaling code, where each wire carries a low-swing signal that may take on more than two signal values.

Abstract: In a high-impedance communications interface, driver energy consumption is proportional to the number of signal transitions. For signals having three or more distinct levels, it is possible for a signal driver to salvage energy from some downward signal transitions and reuse it on some subsequent upward signal transitions. To facilitate this energy-conserving behavior, communication is performed using group signaling over sets of wires using a vector signaling code, with the design and use of the vector signaling code insuring that energy availability is balanced with energy demand.

Abstract: Vector signaling codes providing guaranteed numbers of transitions per unit transmission interval are described, along with methods and systems for their generation and use. The described architecture may include multiple communications sub-systems, each having its own communications wire group or sub-channel, clock-embedded signaling code, pre- and post-processing stages to guarantee the desired code transition density, and global encoding and decoding stages to first distribute data elements among the sub-systems, and then to reconstitute the received data from its received sub-system elements.

Abstract: A memory circuit, such as an embedded DRAM array, stores information as groups of bits or data using information coding in storage and retrieval data, instead of each bit being stored separately. Write data words can be mapped to storage format words that are stored and defined by a Hadamard matrix. The storage format word is stored as charge levels in an addressable memory location. For retrieving stored data, charge levels are read from the storage cells and interpreted to a valid storage format word. Hadamard code maximal likelihood decoding can be used to derive a read data word corresponding to a previously written write data word. The write data word is then output as the result of a read of the selected addressable location, or a portion thereof. The mapping can be two or more Hadamard matrix mappings concatenated for each of a plurality of storage format words.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for transmitting data over physical channels to provide a high speed, low latency interface such as between a memory controller and memory devices with significantly reduced or eliminated Simultaneous Switching Output noise. Controller-side and memory-side embodiments of such channel interfaces are disclosed which do not require additional pin count or data transfer cycles, have low power utilization, and introduce minimal additional latency. In some embodiments of the invention, three or more voltage levels are used for signaling.

Abstract: The present invention relates to electronic percussion musical instrument system, and particularly to an electronic drum, which comprises one or more electronic control units to generate sounds. The system has an upper surface, which receives the percussion and is covered by a rubber layer useful for giving a realistic rebound to the musician, a lower surface and an electromagnetic sensor operating according to the Faraday-Neumann-Lentz physics law, which has a magnet placed in adherence to the upper surface and a bobbin applied to the lower surface, and a shock absorber spacer arranged between the two surfaces to allow the two components of the electromagnetic sensor to remain in reciprocal suspension.

Abstract: Advanced detectors for vector signaling codes are disclosed which utilize multi-input comparators, generalized on-level slicing, reference generation based on maximum swing, and reference generation based on recent values. Vector signaling codes communicate information as groups of symbols which, when transmitted over multiple communications channels, may be received as mixed sets of symbols from different transmission groups due to propagation time variations between channels. Systems and methods are disclosed which compensate receivers and transmitters for these effects and/or utilize codes having increased immunity to such variations, and circuits are described that efficiently implement their component functions.

Abstract: In a detection circuit, inputs correspond to received indications of vector signaling code words received by a first integrated circuit from a second integrated circuit. With four inputs, the circuit compares a first pair to obtain a first difference result and compares a second pair, disjoint from the first pair, to obtain a second difference result. The first and second difference results are then summed to form an output function. A system might use a plurality of such detection circuits to arrive at an input word. The circuit can include amplification, equalization, and input selection with efficient code word detection. The vector signaling code can be a Hadamard matrix code encoding for three input bits. The circuit might also have frequency-dependent gain, a selection function that directs one of the summation function result or the first difference result to the output function, variable gain, and/or a slicer.

Abstract: A storage device stores data in groups of memory cells using vectors corresponding to voltage code codewords, each codeword having k entries. Entries have values selected from a set of at least three entry values and 2n distinct inputs can be encoded into k-entry codewords for some n>k. A vector storage element comprising k cells can store an k electrical quantities (voltage, current, etc.) corresponding to a codeword. The voltage code is such that, for at least one position of a vector, there are at least three vectors having distinct entry values at that position and, for at least a subset of the possible codewords, the sum of the entry values over the positions of the each vector is constant from vector to vector in that subset. The storage device might be an integrated circuit device, a discrete memory device, or a device having embedded memory.

Abstract: A memory circuit, such as an embedded DRAM array, stores information as groups of bits or data using information coding in storage and retrieval data, instead of each bit being stored separately. Write data words can be mapped to storage format words that are stored and defined by a Hadamard matrix. The storage format word is stored as charge levels in an addressable memory location. For retrieving stored data, charge levels are read from the storage cells and interpreted to a valid storage format word. Hadamard code maximal likelihood decoding can be used to derive a read data word corresponding to a previously written write data word. The write data word is then output as the result of a read of the selected addressable location, or a portion thereof. The mapping can be two or more Hadamard matrix mappings concatenated for each of a plurality of storage format words.

Abstract: An efficient communications apparatus is described for a vector signaling code to transport data and optionally a clocking signal between integrated circuit devices. Methods of designing such apparatus and their associated codes based on a new metric herein called the “ISI Ratio” are described which permit higher communications speed, lower system power consumption, and reduced implementation complexity.