Abstract: Object positioning apparatus for positioning the object to be observed in a orpuscular beam apparatus such as an electron microscope or the like having both lateral or rotational degrees of freedom in which means are provided to mechanically separate the lateral motion and rotational or tilting motion of the object whereby a point on the object can be laterally positioned on the rotational axis and after separation from the lateral moving means may then be rotated or tilted without wandering out of the field of view of the microscope.

Abstract: A double-focussing mass spectrometer having an electrostatic field energy alyser followed by a magnetic field momentum analyser. The entrance diaphragm is essentially annular and thus the entrance aperture of the spectrometer defines a hollow cone with its apex at the ion source. The number of ions received per second by such an aperture is significantly larger than for a conventional spectrometer entrance aperture.

Abstract: A waveguide for submillimeter and infrared wavelength range electromagnetic radiation comprises a metal grating with a grating constant criterion: ##EQU1## BEING GREATER THAN (2/.lambda.).sup.2, WHERE .lambda. IS WAVELENGTH OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATING FREELY IN THE SURROUNDING MEDIUM AND G.sub.X, G.sub.Y ARE GRATING CONSTANTS IN ORTHOGONAL DIRECTIONS. The constants g.sub.x, g.sub.y may be equal to each other or different.

Abstract: Cells are grown in a layer attached to the roughened inner wall of a conter of fluorinated ethylenepropylene copolymer filled with a culture medium buffered with bicarbonate ions. The pH of the medium is monitored and maintained by varying the rate at which carbon dioxide is fed to the gas phase in an incubator enclosing the container which is permeable to gas, but impermeable to liquid. The partial pressure of oxygen in the gas phase is monitored, and controlled by varying the rate at which oxygen is fed to the incubator. Nitrogen is fed to the incubator at a rate varying inversely to the change in carbon dioxide feeding rate to maintain the partial pressure of oxygen under otherwise stable conditions. The medium may be pumped through the container intermittently or continuously and may be replaced by fresh medium when pH changes cannot be compensated by varying the carbon dioxide feeding rate.

Abstract: Glycerol is reacted with a ketone having 19 to 35 carbon atoms to 1,2-O-dialkylmethylidene-glycerol which is phosphorylated by means of .beta.-bromoethylphosphoric acid dichloride. The resulting intermediate is aminated with ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, or trimethylamine to a compound of the formula ##EQU1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are alkyl having 9 to 17 carbon atoms, and R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.5 are hydrogen or methyl. The compounds and their non-toxic acid addition salts are surfactants which may be employed in detergent compositions or as emulsifiers in food.

Abstract: A housing retains an essentially disk-like center element made of light-tsmissive material, or formed with an opening therein, and shaped to receive a capillary tube (or formed with a capillary opening itself) extending radially transversely to the disk-shaped element, essentially half-way in the thickness thereof, the central element being bounded on at least one side by window-like diaphragm elements, either separate parts or incorporated on the central part to define a light path through the capillary tube to permit centrifuging and optical investigation of minute quantities of substances to be tested by centrifuging, for example blood sera to determine sedimentation.

Abstract: An autoclave body is formed with a pressure chamber which has a closable ning; to permit rapid replacement of a rupturing membrane, the body is formed with a slot, channel, or notch, in which a strip of membrane material can be inserted, to be secured against the opening of the chamber by a quick-release movable pressure head, so that, upon rupturing of the membrane facing the pressure head, a new element of membrane material can be quickly placed over the opening of the chamber. The movable pressure head is hollow, with a cylinder opening facing the pressure head opposite the membrane side which closes the opening, and a piston is located in the hollow of the pressure head, to permit application of a vacuum to the side of the membrane not facing the opening of the pressure fluid chamber.

Abstract: A mass spectrometry apparatus, a quadrupole field mass analyser, is discld together with a novel method of investigating ions in or for mass spectrometry. The apparatus and method employ multiple-channel quadrupole mass filter devices to which the ions are fed via a relatively large entry aperture afforded preferably by a transverseley-split spherical or cylindrical capacitance analyser arranged in conjunction with a stop aperture device to remove ions having energies which are not within a predetermined energy band. The ions are accelerated into the first half of the capacitance analyser, decelerated to pass into the filter devices, and then reaccelerated to the ion detection device.

Abstract: The cell of a liquid laser is defined between the rounded, parallel edges four coaxial cylinder sectors of fused quartz. The narrow gaps circumferentially bounded by the flat, converging side faces of the sectors provide conduits for rapid flow of dye liquid into and out of the cell which extend over the full axial length of the cell. The light of a flash tube is directed toward the cell through the cylindrically arcuate outer face of each sector.