Abstract: Electrochemical cells utilize crystalline chalcogen halides as solid eleclytes. Processes for the manufacture of the chalcogen halides and of the solid electrolyte cells are disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus for investigating the course of fast chemical reactions, which are initiated in a liquid chemical system under investigation by an external perturbation, e.g. a steep temperature rise (temperature jump). The apparatus comprises first and second light paths conveying a probing light beam and a sense light beam, respectively, and an optical system of extremely high aperture which allows a wide variety of types of measurements, including absorption, fluorescence, fluorescence polarization, and the like with a high signal-to-noise ratio even if small sample concentrations are used.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for testing the aptitude of a person for an activity requiring manual dexterity according to which a joint in an arm of the person is subjected to a predetermined stress in a direction in which the joint moves, and the resulting deflection is measured.

Abstract: A corpuscular beam microscope, specifically an electron microscope, inclug means for adjusting the position of the object image in the microscope, and means, coupled to said adjusting means, for determining and correcting drift of the object image by means of a control signal which controls the adjusting means and is derived from a convolution of an actual object image with a stored reference object image. The improvement of the invention comprises the provision of means for deriving the convolution by imaging the actual object image directly on the reference object image.A method for determining the convolution of the actual and reference object images in which the brightness values of the images are reduced to two values and the images are subsequently brought into coincidence is also disclosed.

Abstract: A preparation consisting essentially of lipid A or alkali-treated lipid A sorbed on a particulate organic carrier material and an immunizing agent containing same being useful against diseases caused by gram-negative enterobacteriaceae.

Abstract: A method for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of antigens r antigen-effective substances in a sample provides placing the sample in a carrier medium through which it migrates toward a plurality of physically separate carrier strips. The medium on each strip contains a quantity of a specific ingredient, for example an antibody, which is expected to undergo a specific immunoreaction with one of the constituents in the sample, thereby producing a visible precipitate. The dimensions of the final precipitate then permit a direct measurement of the identified substance. A known concentration of a calibrating substance may be added to the sample to provide for calibration precipitates in the various strips. The apparatus for practicing the method includes a base plate on which the neutral, antibody-free carrier medium as well as the various strips containing media with antibodies or other immunoreactive ingredients are located.

Abstract: A method and an arrangement for measuring the concentration of gases in a mple includes the generation of a monochromatic light beam having predetermined color characteristic. An indicator generates light signals indicative of the concentration of the gases in a sample to be measured and includes a light-transmissive surface positioned to be impinged by the monochromatic light beam, a diffusion membrane adapted to be placed in the proximity of a sample and being permeable to a selected gas component thereof, and an indicating substance positioned to be impinged by the monochromatic light beam penetrating the light-transmissive surface and by the gas component penetrating the diffusion membrane. The indicating substance reacts when illuminated by the incident monochromatic light by emitting a resultant light beam having an emitted component which has a color characteristic different from the predetermined color characteristic of the monochromatic light beam.

Abstract: To prevent time jitter of laser action after occurrence of an event -- such s energization of the laser -- after a reference time, in which the laser is stimulated to emission after having received a pump pulse energy slightly less than the laser threshold energy, an additional, auxiliary pulse is superimposed on the main pumping pulse at a predetermined time after the reference time, and of sufficient energy to raise the laser above threshold, to thereby stimulate the laser to emission precisely with respect to the auxiliary pulse, and hence with respect to the reference time. The auxiliary pulse can be applied, for example, by an auxiliary pulse source, and having an energy level small with respect to the main pulse, but with an extremely short rise time.

Abstract: A highly doped optical amplifier in the form of a thin layer or fiber wherein the pump light is directed transversely to the surface of the layer or fiber. A transparent substrate is provided underneath the layer or fiber and a solar cell is provided in light receiving relationship to light passing through the layer or fiber on the opposite side of the substrate.

Abstract: A circuit device for electron multipliers, especially photomultiplier tub in which the amplification is varied by switching the number of active dynodes. Sensitivity ranges from diode-mode up to a multiplier with full number of dynodes. The signal is taken from the last active dynode, and from the cathode in diode-mode. Any switchable dynode is provided with its own load resistor inserted between the relevant dynode and a dynode voltage divider. An amplifier connected to the last active dynode and to the dynode voltage divider provides a feedback that compensates for voltage drops at the next lower dynodes due to the finite impedance of the dynode voltage divider. The circuit device features fast signal risetime, high linearity and wide dynamic signal range together with high DC-current capability and clean transient response. Applications are transient-spectrophotometers where high signal-to-noise ratios are needed, accurate pulse-height-analysis, etc. The device may be constructed as a self-contained unit.

Abstract: Organic radical anions and cations are formed by passage of electric curr through compounds to be ionized in solution in an organic solvent and the anions and cations are allowed to combine to form excited molecular associations (exciplexes) in a laser resonator where they give up their excitation energy by stimulated emission of radiation to form a laser beam. The necessary ions can be excited with interelectrode voltages of the order of 3 to 10 volts. Aromatic hydrocarbons are used to produce anions and electron donor molecules such as para-tri-substituted triphenylamines (tri-p-tolylamine) to produce cations in solution in tetrahydrofuran or a tetrahydrofuran derivative. Excimer-forming aromatic hydrocarbons or derivatives and di-aryl alkanes can be used to produce both anions and cations that will form exciplexes capable of producing laser radiation.

Abstract: An evacuation device for removing volatile components from a reaction ves of a protein sequenator and requiring connection to a single vacuum pump is provided. The evacuation device includes a vacuum path having a downstream end thereof connectable through a cooling trap to the vacuum pump and an upstream end defining an input. The vacuum path additionally includes a shutoff valve intermediate the length thereof. A further vacuum path bridges the first mentioned vacuum path upstream and downstream of the shutoff valve and has a smaller vacuum cross-section and houses a throttle therein, the second vacuum path being used for generating a prevacuum in response to the closing of the shutoff valve in the first mentioned vacuum path.

Abstract: To permit high density of light output, for example in the order of 400kW.sup.3 required to stimulate lasers, the arc is stabilized by generating the arc inside a transparent tube, the inner surface of which is covered with a film of liquid, such as water, or an aqueous metal salt solution, the liquid being supplied through one electrode secured in a rotatable holder to which the tube is attached, to a rotatable receiver holder in which the other electrode is located, the liquid then draining away. Rapid rotation of the tube adheres the liquid by centrifugal force to the inner surfaces of the tube.

Abstract: The pattern of X-rays produced by interaction of a beam of X-rays and a ted object is converted to an optical signal by a fine-grained zinc silicate screen which is viewed by a television camera through a magnifying optical system. The combination of a fine-grained luminescent screen of high resolving power with a camera having a photosensitive surface of much lower resolving power and high sensitivity provides real-time images of structural details not heretofore visualized except by photographic processes.

Abstract: The specification describes the total synthesis of L-norleucine-13-motilin ased on the replacement of the L-methionine radical located in the 13-position by an L-norleucine radical. In accordance with the present day development of peptide synthesis the central arginyl-methionyl-bond (amino acids 12 and 13 of motilin) can in practice hardly be synthesised, while on the other hand the norleucine-13-docosapeptide corresponding to motilin can be more readily produced synthetically, and this provides for a comparatively rapid determination of structure and can give important information as regards the biological effect specificity of methionine.

Abstract: An apparatus for investigating the course of fast chemical reactions, which are initiated in a liquid chemical system under investigation by an external perturbation, e.g. a steep temperature rise (temperature jump). The apparatus comprises first and second light paths conveying a probing light beam and a sense light beam, respectively, and an optical system of extremely high aperture which allows a wide variety of types of measurements, including absorption, fluorescense, fluorescense polarization, and the like with a high signal-to-noise ratio even of small sample concentrations.

Abstract: The determination and correction of the image drift in an electron microse is accomplished using a correction signal obtained by forming the convolution product of an actual object image (instantaneous microscope image) and a reference object image (microscope image at an earlier point in time) whose change in position is proportional to the image drift. The convolution product preferably is formed using an optical analog computer. To correct the image drift, the correlation signal is used as the controlled variable which acts on the image adjusting means.

Abstract: Calibration apparatus for use with particle volume measuring equipment us the Coulter process, which detects and analyzes the voltage pulses produced by particles passing a narrow aperture in which an electric field is maintained.The calibration apparatus includes a calibration pulse generator with pulse-shaping circuitry which produces a sequence of calibration pulses, approximately trapezoidal in shape, which are introduced into the particle measurement path, in series with the measurement aperture traversed by the particles. The generator includes precision attenuation resistors for varying the amplitude of the calibration pulses.The apparatus also provides for adjusting and maintaining a constant current through the measurement aperture and for amplifying the pulses produced by particles passing through the aperture whose amplitude is compared with the amplitude of the calibration pulses.

Abstract: Aminoethyl and methylaminoethyl esters of diacylglycerophosphoric acid in ich the acyl groups are alkanoyl or alkenoyl having 10 to 22 carbon atoms are prepared in good yield by reaction of the corresponding .beta.-bromoethyl esters with ammonia or methylamine base.

Abstract: A mechanical-electrical transducer for the simultaneous contact-free and reaction free determination of a plurality of translatory and/or rotary components of the motion or position of an object coupled to the transducer, with a computer circuit which generates signals corresponding in sign and magnitude to the components of the deviation of the object from a predetermined initial position.