Abstract: Tumors in portions of a subject's body that have a longitudinal axis (e.g., the torso, head, and arm) can be treated with TTFields by affixing first and second sets of electrodes at respective positions that are longitudinally prior to and subsequent to a target region. An AC voltage with a frequency of 100-500 kHz is applied between these sets of electrodes. This imposes an AC electric field with field lines that run through the target region longitudinally. The field strength is at least 1 V/cm in at least a portion of the target region. In some embodiments, this approach is combined with the application of AC electric fields through the target region in a lateral direction (e.g., front to back and/or side to side) in order to apply AC electric fields with different orientations to the target region.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method to determine locations of transducers to apply tumor treating fields to a target tissue of a subject's body, the computer-implemented method comprises: obtaining a three-dimensional model of at least a portion of the subject's body, wherein the portion of the subject's body includes the target tissue, wherein a single lung of the subject's body includes the target tissue; determining a first location on the three-dimensional model to place a first transducer, wherein the first location is a front of a thorax of the subject's body; determining a second location on the three-dimensional model to place a second transducer, wherein the second location is a back of the thorax of the subject's body, wherein the single lung of the subject is located between the first transducer and the second transducer; determining a third location on the three-dimensional model to place a third transducer, wherein the third location is on a torso of the subject's body; determining a fourth location on

Abstract: When arrays of electrode elements are used to apply alternating electric fields to a subject's body, the subject may experience electrosensation. This electrosensation can be ameliorated by selectively deactivating different electrode elements (or reducing the current that flows through different electrode elements) during respective different periods of time, and accepting feedback that indicates whether the electrosensation is occurring during each of those respective different periods of time. If deactivating a given one of the electrode elements (or reducing the current) ameliorates the electrosensation, the subject can be treated with alternating electric fields while the given electrode element is deactivated (or being driven with less current).

Abstract: Compositions, systems, and methods for reducing electrosensation and/or skin irritation in response to the application of alternating electric fields to a skin of a subject are disclosed. The compositions, systems, and methods involve administration of at least one composition comprising at least one localized numbing agent to the subject followed by application of an alternating electric field to the subject.

Abstract: Immunogenic compositions and systems are disclosed, as well as methods for producing the immunogenic compositions. Compositions, systems, and methods of reducing viability of cancer cells and treating cancer, as well as methods of reducing volume of a tumor and/or preventing an increase in volume of a tumor present in a body of a living subject, are also disclosed. The systems and methods involve application of an alternating electric field to cancer cell(s) (before or after isolation from a targeted portion of a subject), and irradiation of the isolated and treated cancer cell(s). The methods may further include administration of the irradiated, treated cancer cells back to the subject from which the cancer cell(s) were isolated, and/or application of an alternating electric field to the subject. The immunogenic compositions comprise populations of isolated, apoptotic cancer cells.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method to background noise from a medical image comprising voxels, each voxel having a voxel intensity, the method comprising: generating a mask based on the medical image, wherein the mask comprises a foreground portion designating foreground voxels, a background portion designating background voxels, and a perimeter separating the foreground portion from the background portion; designating a perimeter portion of the mask, the perimeter portion enclosing the perimeter, a subset of the foreground portion, and a subset of the background portion; designating a threshold for the perimeter portion to separate voxels based on voxel intensity; filtering the medical image with the mask and the threshold to obtain a filtered image; and displaying the filtered image on a display.

Abstract: Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) therapy is a proven approach for treating tumors using alternating electric fields. When treating tumors in certain anatomic locations (e.g., at certain locations within a subject's head) it may be beneficial to induce an electric field through the subject's body with an overall directionality that varies between more than two directions. The embodiments described herein can induce electric fields in many different directions by simultaneously applying AC signals to different pairs of transducer arrays and adjusting the amplitudes of those AC signals.

Abstract: When transducer arrays (i.e., arrays of electrode elements) are used to apply alternating electric fields to a subject's body, the subject may experience electrosensation. This electrosensation can be ameliorated by changing the way the voltage ramps up from zero to its peak when the AC voltage is first applied to any given transducer array, and also when the alternating electric field switches direction.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for generating a three-dimensional (3D) composite model of a region of a subject, the method comprising: generating a 3D clinical model of the region of the subject based on one or more images of the region of the subject; obtaining a 3D generic model of the region of a generic subject; combining the 3D clinical model and the 3D generic model using an affine transformation, a bending transformation, and a squeezing transformation of the 3D generic model to obtain the 3D composite model of the subject; and displaying the composite 3D model on a display.

Abstract: Compositions, systems, and methods for activating dendritic cells are disclosed. Also disclosed are compositions, systems, and methods for reducing viability of cancer cells and treating cancer, as well as preventing an increase in volume of a tumor present in a body of a living subject, along with methods of treating other diseases and infections. The systems and methods involve application of an alternating electric field to dendritic cell(s) in vivo or ex vivo and/or to a subject or cancer cells isolated therefrom. The systems and methods may further include administration of activated dendritic cells to a subject. The compositions comprise populations of isolated dendritic cells activated by exposure to an alternating electric field.

Abstract: A cage assembly can have at least one enclosure. Each enclosure can have a floor defining a floor area having a major dimension and a cover having a bottom surface. A spacing between the bottom surface of the cover and the floor can define a cage height. At least one sidewall can extend between the floor and the cover. A ratio of the cage height to the major dimension of the floor area of each enclosure of the at least one enclosure can be at least 0.70.

Abstract: A transducer array for use in tumor-treating fields (TTFields) therapy is particularly suited for use in treating abdominal or thoracic cancers. The transducer array has features that increase its flexibility and adhesion to the patient's skin, including a branching configuration and a correspondingly branching top covering adhesive-backed layer. Additionally, a skin-level adhesive layer is provided beneath the flex circuit to which the electrode elements are attached, to help ensure thorough, lasting adhesion of the transducer array to the patient's skin over the course of treatment.

Abstract: A method for treating a subject, the method comprises delivering an interleukin 23 (IL-23) inhibitor to the subject and applying an alternating electric field to the subject at a frequency between approximately 50 kHz and approximately 10,000 kHz.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are described for interacting with images, segmenting the images, and determining one or more regions of interest within the images.

Abstract: This application discloses configurations for arranging transducer arrays on a person's head to impose tumor treating fields (TTFields) in the brain at field strengths that are as uniform as possible throughout the entire brain. In some embodiments, L-shaped sets of electrodes are positioned near the right and left ears, each with a horizontal arm above the ear and a vertical arm behind the ear. Optionally, these embodiments may be combined with a second pair of electrodes positioned on top of the head and behind the neck. In other embodiments, one pair of electrodes is positioned above the right ear and on the left/rear portion of the neck; and a second pair of electrodes is positioned above the left ear and on the right/rear portion of the neck. These configurations improve the uniformity of the electric fields imposed throughout the brain, and are particularly useful for preventing and/or treating metastases.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are described for interacting with images, segmenting the images, and determining one or more regions of interest within the images.

Abstract: To plan tumor treating fields (TTFields) therapy, a model of a patient's head is often used to determine where to position the transducer arrays during treatment, and the accuracy of this model depends in large part on an accurate segmentation of MRI images. The quality of a segmentation can be improved by presenting the segmentation to a previously-trained machine learning system. The machine learning system generates a quality score for the segmentation. Revisions to the segmentation are accepted, and the machine learning system scores the revised segmentation. The quality scores are used to determine which segmentation provides better results, optionally by running simulations for models that correspond to each segmentation for a plurality of different transducer array layouts.

Abstract: The planning of treatment using tumor treating fields (TTFields) in a portion of a subject's body (e.g., the subject's head) can be improved by obtaining an image of the body portion, and generating, based on the image, a 3D model of electrical conductivity. A target volume within the 3D model is identified, and a set of model electrodes is added to the 3D model at given locations. Then, for each voxel in the target volume, the power loss density (PLD) that will be present when TTFields are eventually applied is determined. The same process is repeated for a plurality of different electrode locations. Finally, the set of electrode locations that yielded the best PLD is selected, and a description of those locations is output.

Abstract: Methods of reducing the viability of cancer cells, preventing cancer cells of a subject from developing resistance to TTFields, and restoring sensitivity of cancer cells to TTFields by recommending or prescribing a PTGER3 inhibitor to a subject and applying an alternating electric field to the cancer cells are provided. In some instances, sensitivity of cancer cells to TTFields can be restored with one or more PTGER3 inhibitors (e.g., NSAIDs, cox2 inhibitors).

Abstract: Tumor treating fields (TTFields) may be applied to a person's body using six different types of electrodes. More specifically, the electrodes may be shaped and dimensioned (a) for insertion into blood vessels so that they make contact with the person's blood; (b) for insertion into a central canal of a spinal cord, so that they make contact with the CSF; (c) for insertion into a body orifice at a position that contacts an interior surface of the person's body; (d) for affixation to skin of the person's body (e.g., on the person's head, torso, back, abdomen, etc.); (e) for insertion into a brain ventricle so that they make contact with the person's CSF; or (f) for insertion into lymph vessels so that they make contact with the person's lymph. Applying an AC voltage between any two of these electrodes will create TTFields in respective parts of the person's body.