Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are described for guiding placement of transducer arrays on a patient.

Abstract: Characteristics of alternating electric fields that will be applied to a target region in a subject's body can be selected by applying different sets of pulses between electrode elements positioned on opposite sides of the target region. Thermal responses to the different sets of pulses are determined. Based on these thermal responses, the system selects a set of characteristics for output pulses of alternating current that will (a) maximize peak current amplitude and (b) keep temperatures at the electrode elements below a threshold value.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are described for fast approximation of electric field distribution.

Abstract: Alternating electric fields (e.g., TTFields) may be induced in a target region in a subject's body by applying, during each of a plurality of first time intervals, a series of pulses of alternating current between electrode elements positioned on or in the subject's body. Immediately following each first interval of time, the electrode elements are allowed to cool. Although the pulses of alternating current within any given first time interval have amplitudes at a level that would cause overheating if the series of pulses was allowed to continue for one hour, each series of pulses does not, in fact, continue for one hour. To the contrary, each series of pulses is short enough to avoid overheating. Interleaving the cooling periods between the pulsing periods enables higher-current pulses to be used, and the use of those higher-current pulses can advantageously improve the efficacy of treatment.

Abstract: An electrode assembly for delivering tumor treating fields to a subject's body, the electrode assembly apparatus including a layer of conductive anisotropic material, an electrode element and a cover. The electrode assembly is provided in different shapes, such as an asymmetric oval, including ovaloid, ovoid and ovate shapes or stretched asymmetric oval, ovaloid, ovoid, or ovate shapes, as well as a pear shape and a rounded arrowhead shape. These shapes can be provided in different sizes to allow the electrode assembly to be attached or secured to a subject or patient's body, especially when the site may be nonplanar, or otherwise contoured, resulting in a more comfortable experience, or even a more favorable clinical outcome.

Abstract: Alternating electric fields (e.g., Tumor Treating Fields or TTFields) can be applied to a subject's body using an apparatus (e.g., a transducer array) that includes at least one metal pad disposed on a substrate and a plurality of temperature sensors (e.g., thermistors). The temperature sensors are disposed on the substrate at positions that are outside a first convex hull that encloses the at least one metal pad (e.g., at the edges of the apparatus). A layer of graphite is disposed in front of the metal pads and the temperature sensors and is in thermal contact with both the metal pads and the temperature sensors. Positioning the thermistors outside the first convex hull (e.g., at the edges of the apparatus) can help prevent overheating in situations where the edges of the apparatus tend to be the hottest portions of the apparatus.

Abstract: Alternating electric fields can be applied to a target region in a subject's body using an apparatus that comprises a plurality of electrode assemblies and one or more stretchable bands. Each of the of electrode assemblies is configured to impose an alternating electric field in the target region of the subject's body. The one or more stretchable bands are connected to the plurality of electrode assemblies, and are collectively shaped and dimensioned to press the plurality of electrode assemblies against respective locations of the subject's body so that the target region will be positioned between the plurality of electrode assemblies.

Abstract: A method of assisting transducer placements on a subject's body for applying tumor treating fields includes: determining, based on one or more images associated with a portion of a subject's body, a first image data, wherein the first image data comprises one or more recommended transducer placement positions; determining, based on the one or more images, a second image data, wherein the second image data comprises one or more transducer placement positions; registering the second image data to the first image data; and generating a composite data comprising the one or more transducer placement positions and the one or more recommended transducer array placement positions.

Abstract: A method for determining transducer locations for delivery of tumor treating fields based on approximate abnormality location, includes: receiving a selection of a healthy model from a plurality of healthy models, the healthy model being representative of a subject; receiving an identification of a location of an abnormality and a size of the abnormality; associating, by at least one processor, a model of the abnormality with the healthy model based on the location of the abnormality and the size of the abnormality to obtain a customized model of the subject; receiving a selection of locations on the customized model of the subject to place transducers to treat the abnormality; calculating for each of the locations, a dosage of tumor treating fields treatment for a region of interest in the customized model of the subject; and selecting one or more of the locations as recommended locations based on the dosage.

Abstract: A method for determining transducer locations for delivery of tumor treating fields based on models of healthy subjects, including: receiving a medical image of a subject having an abnormality; receiving a selection of a healthy model from a plurality of healthy models, the healthy model being representative of the subject, the selection based on the medical image of the subject; receiving a selection of locations on the healthy model to place transducers to treat the abnormality of the subject without identifying a location of the abnormality in the healthy model; receiving an indication of a region of interest in the healthy model; and calculating for each of the locations, a dosage of tumor treating fields treatment in the region of interest of the healthy model without modifying the healthy model to include abnormal tissue.

Abstract: A method for reviewing a medical image including: accessing from memory a medical image of a subject, the medical image comprising voxels; generating, using a first trained machine learning model and the medical image, a first segmented medical image, the first trained machine learning model trained to generate a medical image segmenting normal tissue in a medical image; generating, using a second trained machine learning model and the medical image, a second segmented medical image, the second trained machine learning model trained to generate a medical image segmenting abnormal tissue in a medical image; combining the first segmented medical image and the second segmented medical image to obtain a segmented medical image, the segmented medical image comprising segmented normal tissue based on the first segmented medical image and segmented abnormal tissue based on the second segmented medical image.

Abstract: A method for determining transducer locations for delivering tumor treating fields based on models of healthy subjects, comprising: receiving a plurality of external measurements of the subject, the plurality of external measurements not derived from a medical image of the subject; receiving a selection of a general location of an abnormality of the subject, the general location selected from a plurality of general locations of the subject; selecting a healthy model from a plurality of healthy models, the selected healthy model being representative of the subject, the selection based on the external measurements of the subject; selecting locations on the selected healthy model to place transducers to treat the abnormality of the subject using tumor treating fields, the selection based on the selected general location of the abnormality of the subject; and providing the selected locations to place transducers to treat the abnormality of the subject using tumor treating fields.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method to determine placement of transducers on a subject's body, the method including: selecting a plurality of intersecting line segment pairs on an image of the subject's body, each of the line segment pairs intersecting in a region of the image corresponding to a tumor in the subject's body, each of the line segment pairs corresponding to locations to place the transducers on the subject's body; determining a pair value for each of the intersecting line segment pairs, each pair value based on a length of each line segment of the corresponding intersecting line segment pair; selecting one or more intersecting line segment pairs based on the pair values to obtain one or more selected intersecting line segment pairs; and outputting the locations to place the transducers on the subject's body corresponding to the one or more selected intersecting line segment pairs.

Abstract: Treatment of a target region using alternating electric fields (e.g., TTFields) may be planned by determining, based on a plurality of impedance measurements obtained during a first window of time, a first impedance at each of a plurality of voxels that correspond to the target region. Then, based on the first impedances, a plan for treating the target region with alternating electric fields is generated. Subsequently, an electric field may be induced in the target region based on the plan. In some embodiments, a baseline MRI of the target region is obtained, and contemporaneous baseline impedances are registered to the MRI. In these embodiments, the plan for treating the target region is further based on a comparison between the first impedances and the baseline impedances.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for selecting transducers for delivering alternating electric fields to a subject, the method comprising: obtaining a three-dimensional model of at least a portion of the subject; determining a location of a region of interest (ROI) in the three-dimensional model; determining first and second potential surfaces of the three-dimensional model for placement of first and second transducers on the subject based on the ROI; and selecting a first pair of transducers from a plurality of transducers to deliver alternating electric fields to the ROI at selected locations on the three-dimensional model based on the location of the ROI in the three-dimensional model and the potential surfaces of the three-dimensional model, wherein the plurality of transducers comprises a small transducer and a large transducer having an area larger than an area of the small transducer.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for tumor segmentation, the method comprises obtaining image data of a region of interest of a subject's body, wherein the region of interest corresponds to a tumor of the subject's body, generating two or more tumor segmentation predictions based on the image data, calculating a divergence between the two or more tumor segmentation predictions, and generating a visualization of tumor segmentation uncertainty based on the calculated divergence between the two or more tumor segmentation predictions.

Abstract: Alternating electric fields (e.g., TTFields) can be delivered at a therapeutically effective strength to a target region of the spinal anatomy. In some embodiments, first and second sets of electrode elements are positioned with their centroids adjacent to upper and lower portions of the person's spine, respectively. In other embodiments, a first set of electrode elements is positioned with its centroid on an upper surface of the person's head, and a second set of electrode elements is positioned with its centroid adjacent to the person's spine (e.g., below the L3 vertebrae). Applying an AC voltage between the first and second sets of electrode elements generates a generally vertical field in the target region at levels that are not achievable using other layouts for positioning the electrode elements on the subject's body. These configurations are particularly useful for preventing and/or treating metastases.

Abstract: Many drugs and other molecules cannot ordinarily traverse the blood brain barrier (BBB). However, when alternating electric fields at certain optimum frequencies (e.g., 100 kHz) are applied to the brain, the BBB becomes permeable to those molecules. When the alternating electric fields are discontinued, the BBB eventually recovers to its original impermeable state. Subsequently, re-application of alternating electric fields at the optimum frequencies will re-open the BBB. Ordinarily, many frequencies (e.g., 200 kHz) of alternating electric fields are either ineffective or less effective at inducing permeability than the optimum frequencies. But once the BBB has been opened by applying alternating electric fields at the optimum frequencies, alternating electric fields at non-optimum frequencies can maintain the permeability of a previously-opened BBB.

Abstract: During Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) therapy, one or more pairs of electrode assemblies are used to impose an alternating electric field to the tumor. However, when the cancer cells are distributed among two or more different locations within the subject's body, it can be difficult to achieve sufficient field intensities in all of the different locations. By positioning one pair of electrode assemblies on the left half of the subject's scalp and the right side of the subject's posterior thorax, and positioning another pair of electrode assemblies on the right half of the subject's scalp and the left side of the subject's posterior thorax, it becomes possible to achieve sufficient field intensities in the following three locations simultaneously: (i) an upper half of the subject's thoracic spine, (ii) the subject's cervical spine, and (iii) the subject's head.

Abstract: Certain substances (e.g., large molecules) that ordinarily cannot traverse the blood brain barrier can be introduced into the brain by applying an alternating electric field to the brain for a period of time, wherein the frequency of the alternating electric field is selected so that application of the alternating electric field increases permeability of the blood brain barrier. In some embodiments, the frequency of the alternating electric field is less than 190 kHz (e.g., 100 kHz). Once the permeability of the blood brain barrier has been increased, the substance is able to cross the blood brain barrier.