Abstract: Conventional transducer arrays for applying tumor treating fields (TTFields) include a set of individual electrode elements, and the more peripherally-located electrode elements (e.g., electrode elements at the corners or edges of the transducer arrays) tend to get hotter than the more centrally located electrode elements. This situation can be ameliorated by reducing the capacitance of the more peripherally-located electrode elements. Reducing the capacitance of those elements reduces the current that travels through those elements (at any given voltage), which reduces the temperature of those elements. Once the capacitance of the more peripherally-located electrode elements is reduced, higher voltages can be used without overheating. This leads to an increase in the overall current, which can improve the efficacy of the TTFields treatment.

Abstract: This application discloses configurations for arranging transducer arrays on a person's head to impose tumor treating fields (TTFields) in the brain at field strengths that are as uniform as possible throughout the entire brain. In some embodiments, L-shaped sets of electrodes are positioned near the right and left ears, each with a horizontal arm above the ear and a vertical arm behind the ear. Optionally, these embodiments may be combined with a second pair of electrodes positioned on top of the head and behind the neck. In other embodiments, one pair of electrodes is positioned above the right ear and on the left/rear portion of the neck; and a second pair of electrodes is positioned above the left ear and on the right/rear portion of the neck. These configurations improve the uniformity of the electric fields imposed throughout the brain, and are particularly useful for preventing and/or treating metastases.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for imposing electric fields through a target region a patient are described. An apparatus includes a transducer array having a first and second electrode element receiving an alternating current waveform and a sensor array having a first temperature sensor positioned to detect a first temperature of the first electrode element and a second temperature sensor positioned to detect a second temperature of the second electrode element. The first temperature sensor is connected to a first conductor and second conductor. The second temperature sensor is connected to the second conductor and third conductor. A circuit provides a first known amount of electricity via the first conductor and second conductor to obtain the first temperature and a second known amount of electricity via the second conductor and the third conductor to obtain the second temperature. A controller adjusts the alternating current waveform based on the temperatures.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are described for managing temperatures induces my alternating electric fields by selectively activating/deactivating electrodes of a pair of transducer arrays according to defined parameters.

Abstract: Treatment of a target region using alternating electric fields (e.g., TTFields) may be planned by determining, based on a plurality of impedance measurements obtained during a first window of time, a first impedance at each of a plurality of voxels that correspond to the target region. Then, based on the first impedances, a plan for treating the target region with alternating electric fields is generated. Subsequently, an electric field may be induced in the target region based on the plan. In some embodiments, a baseline MRI of the target region is obtained, and contemporaneous baseline impedances are registered to the MRI. In these embodiments, the plan for treating the target region is further based on a comparison between the first impedances and the baseline impedances.

Abstract: A method of applying tumor treating fields to a subject includes: locating a plurality of transducers on the subject, the plurality of transducers being located to focus electric fields around a spinal area of the subject; and alternately inducing a first electric field for a first set of the transducers and a second electric field for a second set of the transducers.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are described for optimizing placement of transducer arrays on a patient.

Abstract: A method of applying tumor treating fields to a torso of a subject's body, the method including: locating a first transducer at a first location of the subject's body, the first location being on the torso of the subject's body; locating a second transducer at a second location of the subject's body, the second location being below the torso of the subject's body; and inducing an electric field between at least part of the first transducer and at least part of the second transducer.

Abstract: A transducer apparatus for delivering tumor treating fields to a subject's body, the transducer apparatus comprising: a substrate; and an array of at least one electrode disposed on the substrate, the array configured to be positioned over the subject's body with a face of the array facing the subject's body; wherein the transducer apparatus is substantially non-planar, wherein the transducer apparatus is substantially shaped as a truncated elliptical paraboloid, truncated oblique cone, or truncated cone, and a substantially circular opening is formed by an opening at a truncated portion of the truncated elliptical paraboloid, truncated oblique cone, or truncated cone.

Abstract: A method for generating at least one transducer location for delivering tumor treating fields to a subject is provided. The method includes obtaining a medical image of a subject, the medical image having a plurality of voxels, the medical image representing a plurality of tissue types of the subject, wherein at least one voxel is associated with each tissue type. The method further includes determining, using a trained machine learning model and the medical image of the subject, conductivities for the tissue types of the subject in the medical image, the trained machine learning model trained with medical images of a plurality of other subjects and resistances obtained from the application of tumor treating fields to the other subjects. The method further includes identifying a location of a tumor in the medical image and generating at least one transducer location for delivering tumor treating fields to the subject.

Abstract: A transducer apparatus for delivering tumor treating fields to a subject's body, the transducer apparatus comprising: a substrate; an array of at least one electrode disposed on the substrate, the array configured to be positioned over the subject's body with a face of the array facing the subject's body, the array capable of delivering tumor treating fields to a subject's body; and a layer of anisotropic material positioned on a skin-facing side of the array; wherein, when viewed from a direction perpendicular to the face of the array, the layer of anisotropic material comprises an interior slit extending substantially along a longitudinal direction of the layer of anisotropic material, the interior slit is surrounded by anisotropic material, and no electrodes are in the interior slit.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for treatment planning for administering tumor treating fields to a subject, the method comprising: presenting on a display a slice through a medical image of the subject, wherein the medical image comprises voxels; and determining a segmentation of a minimum number of voxels of at least one tissue type in the slice of the medical image; receiving a user selection to automatically generate a region of interest (ROI) in the medical image for application of tumor treating fields to the subject; and automatically generating the region of interest in the medical image for application of tumor treating fields to the subject based on the segmentation of the minimum number of voxels of at least one tissue type in the slice of the medical image.

Abstract: A method for processing a medical image of a subject is provided. The method includes presenting on a display a slice through the medical image of the subject. The medical image includes voxels. The method further includes performing automatic edge detection in the slice of the medical image to obtain a segmented slice. The automatic edge detection is based on a user selected voxel in the slice of the medical image. The automatic edge detection is based on a user controllable edge detection brush. Not all of the voxels selected by the edge detection brush are designated as an edge.

Abstract: A method for generating a transducer layout for delivering tumor treating fields includes storing medical images of a subject, identifying one of the medical images as an anchor medical image, and registering computed tomography medical images with magnetic resonance imaging medical images. The method further includes segmenting abnormal tissue in the medical images from other tissue types and defining a region of interest (ROI) in the medical images. The method further includes creating a 3D model of the subject. The method further includes generating a plurality of transducer layouts for application of tumor treating fields to the subject, selecting at least two of the transducer layouts as recommended transducer layouts, presenting the recommended transducer layouts, receiving a user selection of at least one recommended transducer layout, and providing a report for the selected recommended transducer layout(s).

Abstract: A computer-implemented method comprising: obtaining a three-dimensional model of a subject, the model comprising voxels; identifying a gross tumor volume for the three-dimensional model, the gross tumor volume representing a current location of a tumor in the subject; identifying a primary clinical target volume for the three-dimensional model, the primary clinical target volume having a larger volume than the gross tumor volume, the primary clinical target volume representing an approximation of the current location of the tumor in the subject; identifying a predictive clinical target volume for the three-dimensional model, the predictive clinical target volume having a larger volume than the primary clinical target volume, the predictive clinical target volume representing a predicted future location of the tumor in the subject; and selecting at least one transducer layout for delivering tumor treating fields to the subject based on the primary clinical target volume and the predictive clinical target volum

Abstract: A method for generating a transducer layout for delivering tumor treating fields to a subject includes presenting a user-selectable icon to display a slice through medical images, which can be MRI medical images and CT medical images registered together. The slice includes corresponding slices through the MRI and CT medical images overlaid on each other. The medical images include voxels. The method further includes presenting a user-selectable icon to manually segment the slice through the medical images to obtain a manually segmented slice through the medical images. The method further includes presenting a user-selectable icon to automatically clean up the manually segmented slice to obtain a cleaned up manually segmented slice through the medical images. The method further includes presenting a user-selectable icon to generate transducer layouts for application of tumor treating fields to the subject based on the cleaned up manually segmented slice through the medical images.

Abstract: A multi-mode MRI scanner relies on conventional hardware and control software to operates in a typical first mode that captures images of whatever body part is positioned within the bore of the scanner. The multi-mode MRI scanner also operates in a novel second mode in which (a) a first subset of the MRI scanner's electromagnetic coils is driven with an AC current (which induces a first alternating magnetic field in the body part), and (b) a second subset of the MRI scanner's electromagnetic coils is driven with an AC current (which induces a second alternating magnetic field with a different direction in the body part). Steps (a) and (b) are repeated in an alternating sequence. The first and second alternating magnetic fields give rise to corresponding alternating electric fields in two different directions, which provide a therapeutic effect (e.g., for treating a tumor) in the body part.

Abstract: A method for treatment planning for delivering tumor treating fields to a subject, the method comprising: obtaining a plurality of treatment locations for delivering tumor treating fields to a subject, each treatment location comprising a plurality of transducer locations for delivering tumor treating fields to the subject; for each treatment location, locating a plurality of transducers on the subject, wherein each transducer is located on the subject according to a respective transducer location for the treatment location; delivering tumor treating fields to the subject using the transducers located on the subject; recording data from delivering tumor treating fields to the subject; and removing the plurality of transducers from the subject; and selecting at least one of the treatment locations for further delivering tumor treating fields to the subject.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for enhancing a medical image, the method comprising: obtaining a first medical image of a subject, the first medical image having a plurality of voxels, the first medical image missing voxels in a portion of a region of interest; obtaining a second medical image of the subject, the second medical image having a plurality of voxels, the second medical image having voxels in the portion of the region of interest; and generating a combined medical image based on the first medical image and the second medical image, wherein the combined medical image is not missing voxels in the portion of the region of interest.

Abstract: Compositions, kits, systems, and methods for reducing viability of cancer cells and treating cancer, as well as reducing a volume of a tumor and/or preventing an increase in volume of a tumor present in a body of a living subject, are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods of increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells, along with methods of enhancing cytotoxicity of at least one thioredoxin reductase inhibitor and/or at least one glutathione inhibitor against cancer cells. The systems and methods involve application of an alternating field in combination with administration of at least one composition comprising at least one thioredoxin reductase inhibitor and/or at least one glutathione inhibitor.