Abstract: The process for the polymerization in aqueous dispersion of tetrafluoroethylene in the presence of an emulsifier and an initiator, with the latter yielding free radicals between 0.degree. and 45.degree. C. and being destroyed for a temperature above 45.degree. C., characterized by the fact that the temperature of the reaction medium as a function of polymerization time is made to follow an ascending curve, Temperature .degree.C. versus t (time in minutes) whose slope (.DELTA.T/.DELTA.t) cannot be less than 1/6, .DELTA.T representing the temperature in .degree.C. at a given time in minutes .DELTA.t, with this ascending curve being situated inside of a sector limited by two straight lines y=(7/12)x and y=(15/7)x+45, in which y and x respectively represent the temperature in .degree.C. and the time expressed in minutes, and by the fact that the initiator is destroyed before the concentration of polytetrafluoroethylene in the dispersion has reached 20%.

Abstract: The present invention relates to hydrogenation and hydroformylation catalysts based on a binuclear rhodium complex having the formula: ##STR1## wherein X and X' can be the same or different; when X and X' are the same they are organic tertiary phosphite groups and when different X is a CO group and X' is an organic tertiary phosphite group or an aromatic phosphine group, and SY and SY' are thiolato groups. The invention also comprises the processes of hydroformylation and hydrogenation using such catalytic complex.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of aromatic isocyanates by carbonylation of nitro derivatives comprising carrying out the reaction in the presence of supported catalysts containing as the active phase particles or an oxide of a precious metal of Group VIII and of a metal selected from Group V.sub.B, VI.sub.B, and VIII of the Periodic Table; the precursor of the active phase being a heteropolymetallic complex and, more particularly, a mixed bimetallic cluster.

Abstract: The process for making a fluorinated product comprising reacting a perfluoroalkyl iodide and an olefin in the presence of a finely divided zinc and an acidic solvent.

Abstract: A novel easily handled substantially particulate ammonium uranate with a mean diameter between 30 and 150 micrometers, an apparent untamped bulk density of 2 to 2.8 g/cm.sup.3, and a flowability measured on the Carr scale equal to or greater than 95, with a low sulfate ion content between 0.5 and 1%, together with a fluidized bed process for preparing such ammonium uranate by precipitation of a super-saturated solution of ammonium uranate obtained by reacting an uranium sulfate solution and an ammoniacal solution, operating at a pH of about 6.6 to 7.2.

Abstract: This invention relates to improved catalysts for gaseous phase fluorination of aliphatic chlorinated and chlorofluorinated hydrocarbons by hydrofluoric acid. The catalysts are characterized by an active carbon support having a total specific surface area greater than about 1000 m.sup.2 /g but less than about 2000 m.sup.2 /g, a surface area of pores of 40 to 50 .ANG. in radius above about 5 m.sup.2 /g but less than about 15 m.sup.2 /g, a surface area of pores greater than or equal to 250 .ANG. in radius above about 2 m.sup.2 /g but less than about 6 m.sup.2 /g, which has been impregnated with an aqueous chromium trioxide solution and dried. This invention also relates to gaseous phase fluorination processes for chlorinated or chlorofluorinated derivatives utilizing these catalysts in fluidized bed reactors.

Abstract: Process of preparing substantially anhydrous solutions of percarboxylic acids which comprises reacting hydrogen peroxide contained in an aqueous solution with a water miscible carboxylic acid in the presence of a catalyst and an azeotropic organic solvent, continuously removing the water added with the hydrogen peroxide and formed during the reaction by azeotropic distillation by way of a distillation column, and continuously injecting water into the top of the distillation column during at least the major portion of the reaction time, the quantity of the injected water being less than the quantity of the water removed by azeotrope distillation.

Abstract: Processes for desizing and bleaching cloth in a single operation utilizing a bath containing hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide, a sequestrant, an enzyme preparation based on a starch-degrading enzyme, and a surface active agent, such processes resulting in significant economies in usage of water and of steam, labor, and capital costs.

Abstract: Process for hydroxylating alkylphenols in which the carbon atoms of the alkyl group bonded to the aromatic nucleus has at least one hydrogen atom bonded thereto and the phenolic ethers thereof, at the meta position relative to the phenol or ether function, by reacting the phenol compound with an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution in the presence of a liquid superacid at low temperature.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of true acetylene hydrocarbons with a perfluoro chain, characterized by dehydroiodination with an alkali metal hydroxde in an alcoholic medium of the iodohydrin ##STR1## wherein R.sub.F is a straight or branched perfluoroalkyl chain C.sub.n F.sub.2n+1 -- where n is 1 to 20, and R and R' are identical or different alkyl radicals, followed by distillation, in the presence of solid alkali metal hydroxide, of the resulting acetylenic alcohol obtained to produce a true acetylene hydrocarbon of the formula R.sub.F --C.tbd.CH. The acetylene hydrocarbons are useful for forming compounds having the ability to carry gases such as oxygen for biological purposes.

Abstract: Process for cooking lignocellulosic materials by heating the said materials in a cooking solution containing caustic soda with or without an alkali metal sulphide, in which the solution used contains about 0.01% to 10%, preferably 0.05% to 2%, by weight of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9,10-anthracenediol based on the weight of the dry lignocellulosic material.

Abstract: Process for the isomerization of ortho- and para-bromophenols or the ethers thereof into corresponding meta-brominated derivatives by isomerizing ortho- and para-bromophenols in the corresponding ethers in the presence of a liquid superacid at a temperature in the region of ambient temperature.

Abstract: This invention relates to catalysts for gaseous phase fluorination of aliphatic chlorinated derivatives by hydrofluoric acid. The catalysts comprise chromium oxide microspheres obtained by a sol-gel process. This invention also relates to gaseous phase fluorination processes for aliphatic chlorinated derivatives utilizing these catalysts.

Abstract: New compounds of the formula: ##STR1## where n, x, y and z have value 1 or 2, their process of preparation and their use as dielectrics such as insulating fluids for transformers alone or in mixture with one or more products of general formula: ##STR2## where a varies from 2 to 4, b varies from 0 to 2 and R is an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical containing from 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Modified crude toluene diisocyanate characterized by the fact that it is obtained by reaction first of a crude toluene diisocyanate with a polyol in such a quantity that the lowering of the isocyanate concentration of the crude toluene diisocyanate at the most amounts to about 2.0--NCO groups per kilogram of crude toluene diisocyanate and by the fact that in a second step the above reaction product is aged under heat application for such a temperature and period of time that the lowering of the isocyanate concentration of this reaction product at the most amounts to 0.4--NCO groups per kilogram of product. This modified crude toluene diisocyanate can be used for making high resiliency polyurethane foam with improved properties.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of polyurethanes by direct reaction in the liquid phase, comprising reacting, in the presence of a catalyst, carbon monoxide with a nitrated hydroxy-aromatic derivative of the formula:HO--Ar--NO.sub.2wherein Ar represents the aromatic radical: ##STR1## with the nitro and hydroxyl functional groups being in the para or meta positions with respect to each other, and R representing hydrogen or halogen atoms, or an alkyl group containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Resorcinol is prepared by an improved process through superacid (such as perfluorinated alkanesulfonic superacids of one to eighteen carbon atoms or polymeric perfluorinated resinsulfonic acids, such as Nafion-H) catalyzed cleavage-rearrangement reaction of meta-isopropylphenol hydroperoxide in the form of its protected ether or ester derivatives, including readily cleavable and reusable trimethylsilyl and trifluoromethanesulfonyl derivates. Part of the process is the preparation of needed meta-isopropylphenol in high purity free of other isomers by treating any mixture of isopropylphenol isomers in an excess of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride or a perfluorinated alkanesulfonic superacid of one to eighteen carbon atoms and a Lewis acid fluoride or by alkylating (transalkylating) phenol with a propyl alkylating agent in the presence of the aforementioned superacid systems.

Abstract: A process for lubricating polyvinylidene fluoride consisting of introducing into a polyvinylidene fluoride base resin from 0.1 to 10% by weight of low molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene, in the preferred embodiment.

Abstract: Resorcinol is prepared by an improved process through superacid (such as perfluorinated alkanesulfonic superacids of one to eighteen carbon atoms or polymeric perfluorinated resinsulfonic acids, such as Nafion-H catalyzed cleavage-rearrangement reaction of meta-isopropylphenol hydroperoxide in the form of its protected ether or ester derivatives, including readily cleavable and reusable trimethylsilyl and trifluoromethanesulfonyl derivates. Part of the process is the preparation of needed meta-isopropylphenol in high purity free of other isomers by treating any mixture of isopropylphenol isomers in an excess of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride or a perfluorinated alkanesulfonic superacid of one to eighteen carbon atoms and a Lewis acid fluoride or by alkylating (transalkylating) phenol with a propyl alkylating agent in the presence of the aforementioned superacid systems.

Abstract: A process for the selective preparation of .alpha.- or .beta.-naphthol, respectively, by acid (Lewis or Bronsted, or superacidic mixtures thereof) catalyzed hydroxylation of naphthalene with hydrogen peroxide. Conventional (non-superacidic) acid systems, such as hydrogen fluoride, pyridine-hydrogen fluoride complexes (i.e., pyridinium polyhydrogen fluoride), anhydrous aluminum chloride, and the like give .alpha.-naphthol regioselectivity in isomeric purity of 92 to 98+%. The use of superacidic systems, such as fluorosulfuric acid, fluorosulfuric acid-antimony pentafluoride, hydrogen fluoride-boron trifluoride, hydrogen fluoride-antimony pentafluoride, hydrogen fluoride, tantalum pentafluoride, and the like, result, on the other hand, in the formation of .beta.-naphthol in 92-98% isomeric purity.