Abstract: This invention relates to improved catalysts for gaseous phase fluorination of aliphatic chlorinated and chlorofluorinated derivatives by hydrofluoric acid. The catalysts are characterized by an active carbon support having a total specific surface area greater than about 1000 m.sup.2 /g but less then about 2000 m.sup.2 /g, a surface area of pores of 40 to 50 .ANG. in radius above about 5 m.sup.2 /g but less then about 15 m.sup.2 /g, a surface area of pores greater than or equal to 250 .ANG. in radius above about 2 m.sup.2 /g but less than about 6 m.sup.2 /g, which has been impregnated with an aqueous chromium sulfate solution and dried. This invention also relates to gaseous phase fluorination processes for chlorinated or chlorofluorinated derivatives utilizing these catalysts in fluidized bed reactors.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for the preparation of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole and substituted derivatives by catalytic cycloreduction of starting material N-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-2,4-dinitroaniline or a substituted derivative by hydrogen gas. According to the invention, the starting material is treated in suspension in an aqueous solution of hydrochloric or phosphoric acid, the content (C) of starting material in said suspension ranging from 0.15 to 1.5 mole per liter and the molar ratio (A): acid/starting material being from 2 to 20. The process is carried out at a hydrogen pressure from 5 to 100 bars and a temperature (T) from 20.degree. to 150.degree. C. selected so that the product T.times.A.times.C is equal to or greater than 25. There is thereby obtained a product of excellent purity with very good yields.

Abstract: The invention disclosed provides a method for synthesizing proteins by means of strains of microorganisms improved as regards their performances in using methanol.

Abstract: A process for destroying primary aromatic amines in residual waters by treating the residual waters containing said amines at a temperature between 40.degree. C. and 90.degree. C. and for a period longer than 5 minutes with a mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid or with a mixture of a solution of an alkali metal or ammonium nitrite and an acid, the final pH of the reaction medium being lower than 3.

Abstract: The present invention relates to laminates comprising a polyvinylidene fluoride resin layer, a thermoplastic resin layer, and an intermediate polyalkyl methacrylate layer and to the method of making such laminates, preferably by coextrusion.

Abstract: The invention relates to new chromiferous complex dyestuffs of the general formula: ##STR1## in which R represents a hydrogen atom or a .beta.-hydroxyethyl group, A represents a hydrogen atom, a phenyl group or a phenyl group substituted by one or more halogen atoms or alkyl groups of low molecular weight, and the nucleus B may be substituted by one or more chlorine atoms.These complexes may be used for the coloration of the natural or synthetic polyamides or leather.

Abstract: A process for the production of chlorine dioxide by the reaction of an alkali metal chlorate and hydrochloric acid in aqueous solution at temperatures of from about 35.degree. to about 70.degree. C. wherein the chlorate and the hydrochloric acid are introduced into a first reaction zone (the primary reactor) and after a residence time of two to ten minutes the reactants are fed through a system of reaction zones (secondary reactors) filled and emptied in sequence, the temperature of the reaction mixture in each secondary reactor being equal to or at most 15.degree. C. above that in the primary reactor, the residence time in each secondary reactor being from 20 to 40 minutes, the process permitting the use of less expensive reactor materials, such as polyvinyl chloride, with consequent savings in the cost of the reactors so employed.

Abstract: The process for the addition of iodoperfluoroalkanes of the formula CF.sub.3 (CF.sub.2).sub.n I, in which n is an integer from 1 to 19, onto ethylenic or acetylenic compounds, by electrocatalysis of the mixture of reactants.

Abstract: Process for the selective extraction of iodine from aqueous solutions containing the same, comprising utilizing as the iodine solvent a hydrophobic compound comprising ether groups, having a non-ionic character, of the type ##STR1## in which R is a methyl and/or ethyl group, n is a number from 1 to 200, and X is the remainder of an hydropholic compound which comprises at least one reactive hydrogen atom.

Abstract: The process for the preparation of iodoalcohols having a perfluoroalkyl chain by the reaction of iodoperfluoroalkanes with unsaturated alcohols, in which the reaction is carried out in the presence of a catalyst pair selected from mercurous iodide/mercuric iodide, mercurous acetate/mercuric iodide, or manganous acetylacetonate/manganic acetylacetonate.

Abstract: Processes for the production of sulfamic acid by the reaction of urea, sulfuric anhydride, and sulfuric acid in (1) a two-stage process wherein the sulfuric anhydride used in the first stage at a temperature less than 50.degree. C. is dissolved in a halogenated fluorocarbon or a mixture of halogenated fluorocarbons having a boiling point of from 0.degree. to 50.degree. C. or (2) in a one-stage process at 60.degree. to 100.degree. C. with the sulfuric anhydride dissolved in a halogenated fluorocarbon or a mixture of halogenated fluorocarbons having a boiling point below 100.degree. C. at atmospheric pressure, the halogenated fluorocarbon serving to remove the heat generated by the exothermic formation of the sulfamic acid from the original reactants.

Abstract: A fluorinated sulphobetaine compound of the general formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.F represents a straight-chained or branched perfluorinated aliphatic chain C.sub.n F.sub.2n+1 (n being an integer between 1 and 20), a is an integer between 0 and 10, X is CO or SO.sub.2, p is an integer between 0 and 10, R.sub.1 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each alkyl radicals containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and Z is a bivalent organic group; and fire extinguishing compositions comprising such fluorinated sulphobetaine compounds.

Abstract: A treatment procedure for aqueous colloidal polytetrafluoroethylene dispersions obtained by polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene in the presence of the lithium salt of a perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid as the emulsifier, characterized by the fact that a basic hydroxide or a soluble ammonium, alkali metal or alkaline-earth salt, with the exception of lithium hydroxide or a lithium salt, is added to the dispersion.

Abstract: Structurally colored cross-linkable compounds usable in coating compositions of the formula: ##STR1## wherein A is a single bond, an oxygen atom or an ##STR2## group, R.sub.1 being an alkyl group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, .beta.-cyanoethyl, methoxymethyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, monochlorophenyl or dichlorophenyl; X is the residue of a dye of the formula X(COOH).sub.n or X(AH).sub.n ; Z is the residue of a polyisocyanate Z--N.dbd.C.dbd.O).sub.p+1 ; Y is the residue of a hydroxyl compound YOH bearing q groups having a polymerizable ethylenic double bond; p is 1 or 2; n is a whole number from 1 to 4; and q is a whole number from 1 to 7, are disclosed together with methods for their preparation, their use in coating compositions and the coatings obtained thereby.

Abstract: The invention relates to the manufacture of reactors for Oxo synthesis which are constructed of steel having a Brinell hardness of less than 300 and containing 1 to 6% chromium and 0.4 to 0.7% molybdenum.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of anthraquinone compounds by condensation of phthalic anhydride with a benzene derivative wherein a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and boron trifluoride is utilized as catalyst.

Abstract: Process for preparing high purity aluminas from ammonium alum, the process comprising separately dehydrating the alum and thereafter thermally decomposing the dehydrate, wherein the thermal decomposition is carried out by forcing a gas through a layer of the dehydrated alum so as to continuously remove the gaseous reaction products formed without removal of solids by the carrier gas, and providing improved productivity of high purity transition aluminas having specific surfaces above 125 m.sup.2 /g and/or bulk densities above 0.2 g/cm.sup.3, the transition aluminas so obtained being characterized by their greater reactivity for the preparation of corundum so that corundum having a bulk density greater than 0.4 g/cm.sup.3 can be economically prepared.

Abstract: Process for the purification of mercaptobenzothiazole in which the crude product resulting from the reaction of aniline, sulfur and carbon disulfide according to the known process is treated with aniline.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for providing an adherent coating of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) on the inner walls of a hollow metal body wherein a flexible membrane is used to form a space between the inner walls of the hollow metal body and the inner walls of a flexible membrane, filling the space with PTFE, compressing the PTFE by deformation of the membrane under isostatic pressure, removing the membrane, filling the inner cavities of the hollow metal body with a substantially incompressible solid substance having fluid flow characteristics and being thermally stable at the temperatures to which the PTFE is to be heated, heating the thus-formed assembly to a temperature above the melting point of the polytetrafluoroethylene for a period of time sufficient for the latter to lose its crystallinity.

Abstract: The invention relates to fluorinated copolymers and their application to the waterproofing and oil-resistance treatment of various substrates. These copolymers comprise by weight:(a) 35 to 98% of a monomer or monomers of the formula: ##STR1## in which Rf is a perfluoro radical, Q is an oxygen or sulfur atom, B is a bivalent chain linked to Q by a carbon atom, one of the symbols R is a hydrogen atom and the other a hydrogen atom or an alkyl radical:(b) 1 to 15% of a monomer or monomers of the formula: ##STR2## in which B' is an alkylene radical, R' is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl radical, R.sub.1 is an alkyl, hydroxyethyl or benzyl radical, R.sub.2 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl, hydroxyethyl or benzyl radical or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, together with the nitrogen atom, form a heterocyclic radical:(c) 1 to 50% of a monomer or monomers of the formula: ##STR3## in which R.sub.3, R'.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are hydrogen atoms or alkyl radicals; and possibly(d) up to 10% of any other monomer.