Abstract: Process for soot-free preparation of hydrogen and carbon monoxide containing synthesis gas, comprising partial oxidation of a steam containing carbonaceous process gas at low temperature and at low steam carbon ratio in a reactor having an upper portion with process gas and oxidizer inlet means and a lower portion with a catalyst bed, wherein a stream of the process gas is injected in a stream of oxidizer gas, which oxidizer gas has been brought into a swirling motion to obtain a maximum number of mixing points for the process and oxidizer gas and to provide substantial soot-free partial oxidation of the process gas.

Abstract: In a method for cooling a process gas with a cooling gas being admixed into the process gas, wherein one or more streams of the cooling gas are injected into one or more streams of the process gas and the streams of the obtained gas mixture being brought into a spiral movement in a cylindrical mixing chamber with a central distribution chamber and being further provided with a number of spiral blades mounted on the distribution chamber and having perforations, so that each stream of the gas mixture periodically is divided into a number of substreams with a radial flow direction through the perforations of the blades towards the distribution chamber and into a number of substreams with a tangential flow directions along the blades towards the distribution chamber, andthe substreams are recombined in the distribution chamber.

Abstract: Process for the recovery of fluorinated sulphonic acid catalyst from tar being formed during alkylation of hydrocarbons in the presence of the fluorinated sulphonic acid catalyst and containing spent fluorinated sulphonic acid catalyst in form of salts with basic components in the tar, which process comprises,treating the tar with an alkyl ester of sulphuric acid to form a fluorinated sulphonic acid alkyl ester;separating the obtained ester from the tar by stripping the ester off the tar with an inert stripping agent; and finallyrecovering the separated sulphonic acid alkyl ester from the stripping agent.

Abstract: Method of direct cooling synthesis gas in a catalytic reactor with one or more catalyst beds of a metal oxide catalyst being loaded on gas permeable partitions with distribution means, which method comprises admixing the synthesis gas during its passage through the reactor with a cooling gas being introduced into a mixing zone beneath each partition, wherein the mixing zones are obtained by passing a reducing gas through the catalyst bed, so that the catalyst volume shrinks during reduction of the catalyst particles, and, thereby, providing necessary cavities for the mixing zones beneath each partition.

Abstract: Waste heat boiler comprising within a cylindrical shell a plurality of heat exchanging tubes having an inlet end and outlet end;attached to the shell, means for introducing water on shellside of the tubes;means for introducing a hot process stream into the inlet end of the tubes and passing the gas stream through the tubes in indirect heat exchange with the water on the shellside of the tubes to produce water/steam and to cool the introduced process stream;means for withdrawing produced water/steam, and means for withdrawing the cooled gas stream;wherein the tubes are arranged in at least two tube bundles each of which is provided with means for adjusting flow distribution and flow rate of the hot gas stream between the tube bundles to control the production of steam and the cooling of the process stream.

Abstract: The preparation of organic isocyanates of formula by the thermal decomposition of the corresponding carbamates in an inert solvent, is improved by thermally treating the dissolved carbamate in separate steps, decomposing the carbamate to isocyanate and alcohol, with intermediate steps of removing the alcohol with an inert stripping agent, recovering a solution rich in isocyanate.

Abstract: In a process for carrying out non-adiabatic catalytic reactions in a tubular heat exchange reactor by indirect heat exchange between a process stream and a heat conducting medium, the wall temperature at the critical outlet end of the reactor tube is decreased, by progressively supplying the heat conducting medium to the external surface of the reactor tube in increasing amounts from a region close to the outlet end to a region between the outlet end and the inlet end of the tube.

Abstract: A process for the alkylation of hydrocarbon feedstock with an olefinic alkylating agent in the presence of a hydrogen fluoride catalyst, wherein the hydrogen fluoride catalyst is supported on a support material comprising a solid material with a Hammett acidity H.sub.0 >-8 calculated on the material in protonated form.

Abstract: Process for the recovery of acid catalyst from acid catalyzed hydrocarbon conversion processes comprising the steps of: passing a product stream of converted hydrocarbons leaving the hydrocarbon conversion process and containing the acid catalyst through a fixed bed of a solid adsorbent material having affinity for the acid catalyst and, thereby, adsorbing the acid catalyst on the material; desorbing the adsorbed acid catalyst by passing a process stream of hydrocarbons through the adsorbent bed; and cycling the process stream together with the desorbed acid catalyst contained therein to the hydrocarbon conversion process.

Abstract: Gas injector nozzle comprising a discharge chamber with a cylindrical inner wall and having at its outlet end a circular gas discharge orifice, an outer wall concentrically surrounding the inner wall, the outer wall following a continuously curved path at a region 1 at the chamber outlet end and being joint sharp-edged with the inner wall at the discharge orifice, wherein the curved path has a curvature radius R complying with the relationship: ##EQU1## where 1 is as defined above,t is the maximal horizontal distance between the inner and outer wall, and.alpha. is the tip angle of the edge at the discharge orifice.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of electricity in a fuel cell system by steam reforming a carbonaceous fuel to form fuel cell reactant gas and recycling recovered reactants from the anode exhaust gas to the anode inlet. There is obtained an increase of the electricity production of 20-30% if prior to the recovery and recycling the anode exhaust gas is passed over a steam reforming catalyst by which lower hydrocarbons in said exhaust gas is converted to reactants for use in the fuel. The carbonaceous fuel may for instance be natural gas or methane. A fuel cell system for use in the process comprises supply means (2,10) for carbonaceous fuel; an inlet reformer unit (6) for producing reactant gas for the fuel cell (4); an outlet reforming unit (12) for converting hydrocarbon-containing anode exhaust gas to anode reactant gas; and means (18,90) for recovering the reactant gas and recycling recovered anode reactant gas.

Abstract: Process for the hydrotreating of a hydrocarbon feedstock, wherein the feedstock is passed through a fixed bed catalyst system of a hydrotreating catalyst comprising a physical mixture of high void catalyst particles and low void catalyst particles, which particles are mixed in different amounts in different layers of the catalyst bed so as to obtain within the fixed bed catalyst system a layered structure with different layers having different mixing ratios of the high and low void particles.

Abstract: A series of modified phosphoric acid electrolytes containing fluorinated carbon compounds and silicone fluids as additives are disclosed. The modified electrolytes can improve the fuel cell performance due to the enhanced oxygen reduction kinetics. These additives are, preferably, potassium perfluorohexanesulphonate (C.sub.6 F.sub.13 KO.sub.3 S), potassium nonafluorobutanesulphonate (C.sub.4 F.sub.9 KO.sub.3 S), perfluorotributylamine [(C.sub.4 F.sub.9).sub.3 N] and polymethylsiloxanes [(--Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2 O--).sub.n ]. The additives are added in an amount of 0.1-5 wt % with respect to the phosphoric acid electrolyte.

Abstract: A superconductive conductor or cable comprising a core, which comprises at least one string of a ceramic, superconductive material, and where the core is encapsulated by a metal cap. In order to manufacture a conductor or a cable with an encapsulation, and in which it is possible as well during the manufacturing process as under the operation to maintain a controlled atmosphere around the superconductive core, at least one layer of not sintered, ceramic powderous material is provided between the cap and the core, which material has a higher sintering temperature than the superconductive material in the core. The superconductive core may be sintered for formation of the superconductive ceramics by placing in the tubular metal cap a starting material in powderous form, and shaped as a core in the other ceramic powder material and subsequently forgeing the the metal cap with its content, preferably by swaging at an ambient temperature, which is below the sintering temperature of the core.

Abstract: From a synthesis gas mainly consisting of hydrogen and carbon oxides an acetic acid product consisting of acetic acid, acetic anhydride and/or methyl acetate is prepared by reactions known per se in a technically simple reaction sequence and a high conversion degree when the reactions are combined such that in a first step at a pressure of 5-200 bar and a temperature of 150.degree.-400.degree. C. the synthesis gas is converted in the gas phase in a first reactor to methanol, of which at least a substantial proportion is converted to dimethyl ether in the same reactor in the presence of one or more catalysts which together catalyze the reactionsCO+2H.sub.2 .revreaction.CH.sub.3 OH (1)2 CH.sub.3 OH.revreaction.CH.sub.3 OCH.sub.3 +H.sub.2 O (2)andCO+H.sub.2 O.revreaction.CO.sub.2 +H.sub.2 (3)and then passing the entire effluent from the first reactor to a second reactor in which methanol and dimethyl ether at a pressure of 1-800 bar and a temperature of 100.degree.-500.degree. C.

Abstract: A method of preparing methanol by reacting synthesis gas comprising hydrogen and carbon oxides in a fixed bed of methanol synthesis catalyst. The reaction of the synthesis gas is conducted under conditions where condensation of methanol occurs on the catalyst. Pressure, temperature and/or space velocity of the gas at the exit of the catalyst bed are adjusted to where conversion levels of the gas leads to formation of liquid methanol in the catalyst bed by exceeding the dew point of the reaction mixture.

Abstract: Ceramic binder for forming and processing ceramic ware, comprising a sol-gel of a mixture of highly charged metal hydroxy cations and one or more low charged metal hydroxy cations, which are able to form an aqueous sol.

Abstract: A process for preparing aromatic compounds, wherein a gaseous feed containing C.sub.6 to C.sub.20 hydrocarbons is reacted in the presence of a catalyst, which catalyst comprises a metal from Group VIII of the Periodic Table loaded on a hydrotalcite-type support material having in its uncalcined state the general formulaMe(II).sub.x Me(III).sub.y (CO.sub.3)(OH).sub.2x+3y-2 . aqwith an x-ray diffraction (d003) greater than about 7.4 Angstroms, and whereinMe(II) is at least one divalent metal selected from the group comprising copper, magnesium, manganese, zinc and a metal from Group VIII of the Periodic Table;Me(III) is at least one trivalent metal selected from the group comprising aluminum, chromium and iron; andx and y are positive numbers satisfying the following relationship x/y.gtoreq.0.5.

Abstract: A process for liquid phase alkylation of a hydrocarbon substrate with an olefinic alkylating agent comprising the steps of passing a process stream of the hydrocarbon substrate and alkylating agent at alkylating conditions through a fixed bed alkylation reactor of particulate polar contact material in the presence of a fluorinated sulfonic acid catalyst.

Abstract: A monolithic, structured catalyst for the preparation of aldehydes. Alcohol is converted to a corresponding aldehyde by partial oxidation of the alcohol using the catalyst which includes an active catalytic material and a monolithic, inert carrier for the same. The active material includes oxides of molybdenum and oxides of chromium, vanadium, aluminum, iron, tungsten, manganese and mixtures thereof.