Abstract: An integrated semiconductor device, including an insulated-gate field effect transistor biased to a constant level, has a drain-source current characteristic as a function of the gate-source voltage which exhibits a negative transconductance zone beyond a maximum, the slopes of the characteristic on both sides thereof being substantially symmetrical so that two values of the gate-source voltage which are symmetrical with respect to said maximum correspond substantially to the same value of the drain source current, and in that the transistor comprises biasing means ensuring that its operating zone is situated in the region of said characteristic around said maximum.

Abstract: A semiconductor device and a circuit suitable for use in an intelligent power switch include an insulated gate field effect transistor (IGFET) (T2) and a power semiconductor switch (T1). The insulated gate field transistor IGFET (T2) is provided by a semiconductor body (6) which has a first region (7) of one conductivity type adjacent a given surface (6a) of the semiconductor body with the first region (7) forming at least part of a conductive path to a first main electrode of the power semiconductor switch. A second region (8) of the opposite conductivity type is provided within the first region adjacent the given surface (6a) and a third region (11) of the one conductivity type is provided adjacent the given surface (6a) within the second region (8), an area of the second region (8) underlying an insulated gate (14) provided on the given surface (6a) for defining a conduction channel (15) providing a gateable connection between the third region (11) and a fourth region (12) of the one conductivity type.

Abstract: An optical heterodyne or homodyne receiver comprises an integrated optical component (140) in which the local oscillator beam and the signal beam are combined and simultaneouly split into orthogonally polarized sub-beams. The optical component comprises a polarization-sensitive beam-splitting layer in a first face (141) and a second beam-splitting layer in a second face (142) which is perpendicular thereto. This second layer functions as a beam-combining element in the optical receiver and has two distinct portions (142a and 142b), one portion (142a) of which passes and reflects one state of polarization (s) to the desired extent and the other portion (142b) having this property for the other state of polarization (p).

Abstract: Photomultiplier tube (10) segmented into a plurality of elementary photomultipliers (11), comprising a photocathode (12), a plurality of elementary electron multipliers (13) of the "apertured sheet" type, and a plurality of focusing electrodes (14) providing the convergence of the photoelectrons emitted by the photocathode (12) towards the elementary multiplier (13). In accordance with the invention, the homologous sheets (15) of the elementary multipliers are realised on one single segmented conductor wafer (16) having a neutral zone (17) separating the active apertured zones (18) constituting the different multipliers (13). The said focusing electrodes (14) can be made from one single conductor sheet (19) in which feedthrough apertures (20) are punched through which the photoelectrons are passed towards the elementary multipliers (13).

Abstract: When information is recorded on a record carrier (1) of the thermomagnetic type, the thermomagnetic recording layer (4) is scanned by a magnetic field generated by a magnetic-field modulator (7). The magnetic field is modulated depending on an information signal (Vi). Moreover, the scanned portion of the record carrier (1) is at the same time locally heated by radiation pulses (10) generated by an optical scanning device (5). By means of radiation pulses (10) the record carrier is heated above a write temperature (Ts), above which temperature the magnetization of the record carrier assumes the direction dictated by the magnetic field. A synchronizing circuit (9) generates the control signal (Vm) for modulating the magnetic field and the control signal (Vr) for generating the radiation pulses, in such a way that at the end of the radiation pulses the field strength is sufficiently high for the heated area of the record carrier to be magnetized in the directio dictated by the magnetic field.

Abstract: An energy selecting filter comprising a structure of four hemispheres to be transpassed successively by a beam of charged particles to be filtered. The structure is symmetrically with respect to a plane of symmetry in which the energy selecting element, such as slit or a knife-edge is introduced. In a charged particle beam apparatus such as a high resolution electron microscope the energy spread introduced by a source can adjustable be reduced to below for example 0,1 eV without introducing any beam deviation at the cost of only a small lengthening of the apparatus.

Abstract: A switching mechanism is provided including a control member and a switching element which is coupled to the control member and by means of a coupling element can be moved between a first and a second position. The switching mechanism includes two coupling elements which are arranged in series in the switching direction, each coupling element being constituted by a hinging V-shaped member, a point of intersection of a V-shaped member being alternately located within range for action thereon by the control member.

Abstract: The device is provided with an optical fiber bundle (5) having a first linear end face (9) at the document side and a second end face (11) whose shape is adapted to the shape of the detection system (3).To reduce the quantity of disturbing light from the light source (43; 61, 62; 44), which may reach the detection system (3), to a maximum possible extent, and to increase the quantity of signal light from the document (1), the second end face (11) is provided with an optical system (13, 14; 50; 70) for an improved coupling in and for reflections. The first end face (9) may also be provided with an optical system (16, 17) for reducing unwanted reflections.

Abstract: A digital frequency generator is formed from generators for fist and second clock signals which feed a frequency adder stage that produces an output having a frequency of the sum of the frequency of the second clock signal and one half the frequency of the first clock signal. The frequency adder stage is formed from a phase shifter which produces four different phases, each at a frequency of the first clock signal divided by two, and a multiplexer which selects phases under the control of a sequence controller supplying an address signal thereto. The sequence controller is fed from the first and second clock signals and produces in an address counter a sequence of count states synchronously with edges of the first clock signal after an ascending edge of the second clock signal. The count state of the address counter determines the selected phase.

Abstract: An infrared detection device, e.g. for the 8 to 14 micrometer waveband, comprises a Langmuir-Blodgett or other very thin film (10) having pyroelectric or other temperature-dependent characteristics. At least one detector element having opposite electrical conductors (21 and 22) is formed in the film (10). The film (10) which may have a support layer (15) is mostly free of contact with a mount arrangement (25) which supports the film (10) in a very low thermally-conductive manner. In accordance with the present invention, the film (10) is very thin, but very efficient absorption of the radiation (31) is obtained in the following manner: the facing surface (26) of the mount arrangement (25) is reflective for the radiation (31); the sum of the optical thicknesses of the film (10), of any support layer (15) and (d) of a gap (28) forming the multiple layer detector-element structure along the radiation path to the reflector (26) is approximately one quarter of a selected wavelength (e.g. 9.

Abstract: An optical fiber bundle for use in a device for scanning documents comprises optical fibers (10) which are substantially arranged along a line at the document side and which fill a plane at the side of an optical detector. To manufacture this bundle, the fibers (10) are first juxtaposed, subsequently slid together to the desired cross-section by means of one or two sliding members (21, 22) at the area where the second end is to be formed, after which the fibers are fixed and severed. The two end faces are subsequently provided with elements (52, 71) for coupling in and complying out radiation. These elements are preferably secured by means of an adhesive having a refractive index that is substantially the same as the refractive index of the core material of the fibers.

Abstract: A shaving apparatus is provided having at least one cutting unit comprising an external cutting member and an internal cutting member which is rotatable relative to the external cutting member, the external cutting member being formed with elongate hair-entry apertures, the longitudinal bounding walls of an aperture being substantially parallel. In order to improve the shaving performance the bounding walls of a hair-entry aperture are inclined from the outside towards the inside in the driving direction.

Abstract: Devices for and a method of manufacturing glass bodies, in which a porous green body is formed from the starting material for the glass body, being an aqueous suspension comprising a highly disperse solids content, which green body is then purified and sintered, and deposited by separating the phases of the suspension through electrophoresis, in such a manner that the solids content of the suspension is deposited on a porous deposition membrane having pores whose diameter is smaller than the average particle diameter of the solid particles present in the suspension, said membrane being arranged between the anode and the cathode, and the space between said membrane and the anode being filled with an electrically conducting liquid, a porous auxiliary membrane being arranged between and at a distance from the deposition membrane and the cathode, said auxiliary membrane having pores with a diameter which is smaller than the average particle diameter of the solid particles present in the suspension, and the space

Abstract: An arrangement for determining on approximation the equivalent circuit diagram of an electrical or electronic element at high frequencies includes a measuring apparatus (4), to which the element to be represented as a two-port element (59) or a one-port element (1) is connected through connection members (2; 57, 58, 60) and which measures over a preselected frequency range the parameters of the stray matrix of the two-port element of the impedance or the reflection factor of the one-port element with the connection members. To the measuring apparatus (4) is connected an evaluation circuit (7), which corrects the measurement result by inclusion of two-port parameters of the connection member(s) determined before the measurement and which calculates for a preselected equivalent circuit diagram of the element from the corrected measurement result values of the equivalent circuit diagram elements by means of an optimization strategy.

Abstract: Increasing the storage capacity of high-performance signal processors while maintaining the original RAM cell necessitates modification of the entire lay-out of the circuit. The invention relates to the once-only design of peripheral circuitry which provides control of blocks of 4 full CMOS RAM cells (easy to process) or 9 double-layer polysilicon cells (more difficult to process, but having smaller dimensions). It is defined in the RAM peripheral circuitry whether all 9 cells can be accessed (memory capacity from 2.sup.xx n to (2.sup.xx (n+1)+2.sup.xx (n-2)) or 8 cells can be accessed (memory capacity from 2.sup.x n to 2.sup.xx (n+1).

Abstract: A positioning device includes a table (101, 213) guided by a carriage (15, 199), the carriage (15, 199) being displaceable in two coordinate directions (X, Y) with respect to the base (3) and the table (101, 213) being displaceable with respect to the carriage (15, 199) in the same coordinate directions (X, Y) solely by Lorentz forces, while in a third coordinate direction (Z) the position of the table (101, 213) is determined by a static gas bearing. The two-step positioning device is particularly suitable for use in opto-lithographic devices.

Abstract: The invention relates to a rotor (10) for an electric motor, in particular for a multi-phase or single-phase electric motor, comprising a permanent-magnetic ceramic rotor cylinder (1) made of an imperforate solid material and provided with moulded-on plastic elements (5) on at least the cylinder end faces (3), which elements carry axially projecting shaft portions (6) for rotatably journalling the rotor (10), the cylinder end faces (3) being formed with recesses and the moulded-on plastic elements (5) engaging in the recesses (4).

Abstract: An optically switchable device (1) has a heterostructure (2) defining a first potential well (3) separated by a barrier layer (4) from a second potential well (5) which provides an electron energy level (e.sub.5) which is lower in electron energy than the lowest electron energy level (e.sub.3) of the first potential well (3). The barrier layer (4) provides an intermediate electron energy level (e.sub.4) and is sufficiently thick to inhibit tunnelling of holes from the first (3) to the second (5) potential well. The barrier layer (4) thus confines holes of electron-hole pairs generated in the first potential well (3) by an incident optical beam to the first potential well (3) while facilitating transfer of the electrons from the first potential well (3) to the second potential well (5) via the intermediate electron energy level (e.sub.4) provided by the barrier layer (4).

Abstract: Circuit includes an (E)EPROM and a programming voltage generator. This generator has a charge pump, a programming voltage controller and an edge controller which limits the increase of the programming voltage per unit of time. In the memory circuit, the controllers are fed back to the charge pump in order to switch the charge pump on or off in dependence on the programming voltage variation.

Abstract: A depilating apparatus is provided comprising a depilating member which can be driven so as to be rotating and at least one clamping element. The depilating member is disc-shaped and comprises entrance slots which open into an end face, a clamping element being situated in an entrance slot so as to be movable with respect to the depilating member.