Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for synthesis of ammonia, in which the gases formed on the burner side of the primary reformer are used at least partly as reactants.

Abstract: An arrangement includes a steam saturator for producing saturated steam and a device for refeeding the liquid evaporated in the steam saturator. The steam saturator includes a steam inlet via which steam is delivered to the steam saturator, a steam outlet for the saturated steam produced, a condensate inlet via which condensate is delivered to the steam saturator, and a condensate return line. In a lower region of the steam saturator, a condensate liquid level that is fluidically connected to the condensate return line is maintained. The condensate return line is connected to the device, which is a condenser and comprises a cooling apparatus for condensing steam. In the steam saturator, the evaporated liquid is replaced only if the condensate level in the steam saturator drops, through condensation of saturated steam delivered from the steam saturator to the condenser and is then condensed in the condenser by the cooling apparatus.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a particulate fertilizer, where the particulate fertilizer has a coating, where the coating contains polylactic acid compound. The polylactic acid compound has a proportion of 70% to 99% of L-lactic acid monomer units and a proportion of 1% to 30% of D-lactic acid monomer units. This polylactic acid compound comprises at least one first polylactic acid and at least one second polylactic acid. The first polylactic acid has a proportion of 50% to 67% of L-lactic acid monomer units and a proportion of 33% to 50% of D-lactic acid monomer units and the second polylactic acid has a proportion of 95% to 100% of L-lactic acid monomer units and a proportion of 0% to 5% of D-lactic acid monomer units.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a process for producing ammonia. A hydrocarbon mixture and steam are supplied to a primary reformer. The hydrocarbon mixture and the steam are at least partly converted to carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the primary reformer. The gas mixture from the primary reformer is directed into a secondary reformer. The secondary reformer is supplied with process air, at least comprising oxygen and nitrogen, such that unconverted hydrocarbon is converted to carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Abstract: A method of producing ammonia includes heating, with a start-up oven, a first synthesis gas for a first ammonia synthesis in a first reactor; transferring the heated first synthesis gas to the first reactor for initiating a chemical reaction; heating, with the start-up oven, a second synthesis gas for a second ammonia synthesis in a second reactor; and transferring the heated second synthesis gas to the second reactor for initiating a chemical reaction, wherein a high-pressure synthesis of ammonia is carried out in the first reactor and a low-pressure synthesis of ammonia is carried out in the second reactor at a process pressure which is lower than the process pressure in the first reactor.

Abstract: A process for producing hydrogen by cracking of ammonia includes cracking ammonia in the presence of a catalyst to hydrogen and nitrogen, wherein the ammonia is cracked without preceding noncatalytic oxidation in the absence of an oxidant merely by supply of heat in the presence of the catalyst. In one of several alternatively possible process variants, the cracking of the ammonia is conducted in a reactor analogously to a primary reformer, wherein the catalyst is disposed in at least one tube through which ammonia flows. In the combustion chamber of the reactor, a mixture of ammonia and hydrogen is preferably combusted, where the nitrogen formed in the reaction is an inert component that serves as an additional heat carrier. A mixture of hydrogen and ammonia is advantageous since it has a moderate flame temperature, has better combustion properties than pure ammonia and, depending on the mixing ratio, emits less NOx than the two pure substances.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing hydrogen, carbon monoxide and a carbon-containing product in at least one reaction apparatus, wherein the at least one reaction apparatus comprises a bed of carbon-containing material and is characterized in that the bed of carbon-containing material in the at least one reaction apparatus is alternately heated to a temperature of >800° C. and, no later than upon reaching a temperature of 1800° C., cooled to a maximum of 800° C., wherein hydrogen and carbon monoxide are produced during the heating phase and carbon and hydrogen are produced during the cooling phase.

Abstract: A method and a system for producing synthesis gas, wherein process condensate is used to produce steam. To this end, steam is used to strip volatile impurities, in particular carbon dioxide, from the process condensate and then preferably convert the impurities together with flue gas and discharge them. Then a pH of at least 7.0 is preferably set by adding additives, the process condensate being evaporated and recycled as output steam for producing synthesis gas. In this way, it is possible to suppress the corrosive effect of the process condensate such that no, or less, corrosion-resistant stainless-steel must be used in the manufacture of the system components that come into contact with the process condensate. The steam used to strip the volatile impurities is preferably generated by heat from the synthesis gas and/or flue gas.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an ammonia plant, wherein the ammonia plant comprises a converter, a first heat exchanger, and a removal apparatus. The converter and the first heat exchanger are connected to one another via a product gas connection in such a way that the ammonia synthesis product gas is guided out of the converter via the first heat exchanger to the removal apparatus. The removal apparatus and the converter are connected to one another via a reactant gas connection in such a way that the circulation gas is guided from the removal apparatus to the converter. The ammonia plant comprises a hydrogen feed that is connected to the converter via a second heat exchanger. The ammonia plant comprises a first electric heater and a steam turbine. The first electric heater is connected to the converter or to the steam turbine.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a process for separating a hydrocarbon-containing feedstock stream by extractive distillation, wherein the feedstock stream is contacted with a water-soluble solvent for aromatics in countercurrent. An aliphatics fraction is distillatively removed as aliphatics product stream from the mixture obtained. The aromatics are stripped from the aromatics-enriched solvent that remains and the aromatics-depleted solvent is recycled in a solvent circuit, with compounds having a lower boiling point compared to the solvent accumulating in the solvent circuit as impurities. At least a substream of the solvent circuit is purified for removal of the impurities, wherein the substream for the purifying is subjected to a thermal separation process, in which the impurities are at least partly discharged in a top product and the purified solvent that remains is recycled into the solvent circuit. An apparatus for carrying out the process is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for the synthesis of methanol, wherein a carbonaceous energy source flow is supplied to a synthesis gas reactor arrangement for obtaining a synthesis gas flow having hydrogen and carbon oxides, wherein the synthesis gas flow is supplied to a thermal recovery apparatus for recovering heat from the synthesis gas flow and then to a synthesis gas compressor for pressure increase. The synthesis gas flow is supplied at least in part to a first reactor stage of a methanol reactor arrangement for partial conversion to methanol, a residual gas flow having unreacted carbon oxides being obtained from the methanol reactor arrangement, which residual gas flow is supplied to a recycling compressor for increasing its pressure, the pressure-increased gas flow being supplied to the methanol reactor arrangement for partial conversion to methanol, a recovery flow from an unreacted residual gas being supplied to the first reactor stage of a hydrogen recovery arrangement to obtain a H-recycling flow.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a process for separating a hydrocarbon-containing feedstock stream by extractive distillation. The feedstock stream is contacted with a water-soluble solvent for aromatics in countercurrent, an aliphatics fraction is distillatively removed as aliphatics product stream from the mixture obtained. The aromatics are stripped from the aromatics-enriched solvent that remains and the aromatics-depleted solvent is recycled in a solvent circuit, with aliphatic compounds and/or compounds with aliphatic moieties accumulating in the solvent circuit as impurities. At least a substream of the solvent circuit is purified for removal of the impurities, wherein for the purifying, a liquid/liquid extraction is carried out between the substream and an extractant for aliphatics and the raffinate of the liquid/liquid extraction is recycled into the solvent circuit. An apparatus for carrying out the process is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing methanol, wherein a fuel stream containing carbon is supplied to a synthesis gas reactor arrangement to obtain a synthesis gas stream including hydrogen and carbon oxides that is supplied to a first reactor stage of a methanol reactor arrangement for partial conversion into methanol, and is obtained with a generation pressure higher than the synthesis pressure with which the synthesis gas stream is partially converted into methanol. A residue gas stream is obtained from the methanol reactor arrangement, supplied to a recycle compressor and to the methanol reactor arrangement. Before being supplied to the first reactor stage, the synthesis gas stream is supplied to a heat recovery device to recover heat. A recovery stream is supplied to a hydrogen recovery arrangement to obtain an H-recycle stream. The pressure of the unreacted hydrogen is increased before it is supplied again to the first reactor stage.

Abstract: In a process for operating an ammonia plant, a gas mixture comprising nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia is conveyed cyclically in a synthesis circuit with a conveying device which comprises at least a first compressor, nitrogen and hydrogen are converted at least partly into ammonia in a converter, the gas mixture is cooled in a cooling device in such a way that ammonia condenses out of the gas mixture, and hydrogen is provided at least partly by electrolysis. In this process, the utilization of fluctuating renewable energies can be integrated into existing plant designs, for the provision of hydrogen; for this reason, a master controller is provided and the master controller keeps at least the pressure in the synthesis circuit approximately constant via at least one control loop, on the basis of the anticipated amount of hydrogen. For this, the apparatus comprises a first bypass line for circumventing the first compressor, and a second bypass line for circumventing the cooling device.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a process for producing ammonia, wherein a hydrocarbon mixture and steam are supplied to a primary reformer. The hydrocarbon mixture and the steam are at least partly converted to carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the primary reformer. The gas mixture from the primary reformer is directed into a secondary reformer. The secondary reformer is supplied with process air, at least comprising oxygen and nitrogen, such that unconverted hydrocarbon is converted to carbon monoxide and hydrogen. In examples, the firing output of the primary reformer is increased, the oxygen content of the process air is reduced before the process air is directed into the secondary reformer.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an ammonia plant, wherein the ammonia plant comprises a converter, a first heat exchanger, and a removal apparatus. The converter and the first heat exchanger are connected to one another via a product gas connection in such a way that the ammonia synthesis product gas is guided out of the converter via the first heat exchanger to the removal apparatus. The removal apparatus and the converter are connected to one another via a reactant gas connection in such a way that the circulation gas is guided from the removal apparatus to the converter. The ammonia plant comprises a hydrogen feed that is connected to the converter via a second heat exchanger. The ammonia plant comprises a first electric heater and a steam turbine. The first electric heater is connected to the converter or to the steam turbine.

Abstract: A process may be utilized to coat urea-containing granules with organic polymers. The process may involve compressing gaseous carbon dioxide and condensing the carbon dioxide to obtain liquid carbon dioxide, increasing the pressure and/or the temperature above the critical point of carbon dioxide and obtaining supercritical carbon dioxide, dissolving an organic polymer in the supercritical carbon dioxide to obtain a polymer-containing solution, and mixing the polymer-containing solution with urea-containing granules and lowering the temperature and/or the pressure below the critical point of carbon dioxide and obtaining coated urea-containing granules and gaseous carbon dioxide. In some cases the organic polymer may include biodegradable polymers, and the polymer-containing solution may contain between 20 to 70% by weight biodegradable polymers.

Abstract: A reformer for production of synthesis gas may include a reformer firing space having a reformer base, reformer walls, and a reformer roof. The reformer may include a first reformer tube and a second reformer tube, with at least sections of the first reformer tube and the second reformer tube being arranged within the reformer firing space. At least one reformer burner is disposed outside the reformer firing space. A cooling duct on or beneath the reformer base is disposed between the first reformer tube and the second reformer tube. The first reformer tube and the second reformer tube can be connected to a collecting system outside the reformer firing space, with the collecting system being disposed beneath the reformer base.

Abstract: A process can be utilized to produce hydrogen and pyrolysis carbon from hydrocarbons where the hydrocarbons are converted into hydrogen and carbon in a reactor at temperatures of 1000° C. or more and the reactor has at least two electrodes that are at a distance from one another in a flow direction of the hydrocarbons. To avoid carbon deposits in a region between the electrodes, which can lead to failure of a heating system, the carbon particles may be introduced into the reactor in countercurrent to the hydrocarbons and may be heated in a heating zone between the electrodes to a temperature above a decomposition temperature of the hydrocarbons at such a mass flow that a reaction zone in which the hydrocarbons are converted into hydrogen and carbon is spatially separated in a flow direction of the carbon particles from the heating zone.

Abstract: A method of removing inert gas dissolved in liquid ammonia involves evaporating, compressing, and then condensing the liquid ammonia together with the inert gas dissolved therein. Thereby, a product stream of warm liquid ammonia that has been freed of the inert gas is obtained, which is under elevated pressure relative to standard pressure and hence suitable for immediate use in methods in which pure liquid pressurized ammonia is required. If, by contrast, the ammonia is cooled first, for example, below the boiling temperature for ammonia and expanded to standard pressure to store it in tanks as liquid ammonia at low temperatures, it is necessary first to reheat and compress it for further processing operations. Thus the disclosed methods lead to significant energy savings.