Abstract: Provided are a photocatalyst electrode for oxygen generation exhibiting a satisfactory onset potential, and a module including this photocatalyst electrode. The photocatalyst electrode for oxygen generation includes a current collector layer; a photocatalyst on the current collector layer; and a promoter supported on at least a portion of the photocatalyst, in which the promoter contains a first metal oxide having an oxygen generation overvoltage of 0.4 V or lower, and a second metal oxide having an oxygen generation overvoltage of higher than 0.4 V.

Abstract: A diaphragm includes a porous supporting body and a polymer porous membrane. When one of surfaces of the porous membrane is defined as a surface A, the other surface opposite to the surface A is defined as a surface B, a section of the porous membrane parallel to the surfaces A and B is defined as a section C, an average pore diameter on the surface A is defined as an average pore diameter DA, an average pore diameter on the surface B is defined as an average pore diameter DB, and an average pore diameter on the section C is defined as an average pore diameter DC, the average pore diameters DA and DB are substantially equal to each other, and the average pore diameter DC is larger than each of the average pore diameters DA and DB.

Abstract: A durable composite diamond electrode is disclosed which comprise at least a relatively thicker conductive UNCD (Ultrananocrystalline Diamond) layer, with low deposition cost, on a substrate underlying a relatively thinner conductive MCD (Microcrystalline Diamond) layer. The electrode exhibits long life and superior delamination resistance under extremely stressed electrochemical oxidation conditions. It is hypothesized that this improvement in electrode reliability is due to a combination of stress relief by the composite film with the slightly “softer” underlying UNCD “root” layer and the electrochemically durable overlying MCD “shield” layer, an effective disruption mechanism of the fracture propagation between the compositing layers, and thermal expansion coefficient match between the diamond layers and the substrate.

Abstract: An anode for oxygen evolution that operates at a small overpotential and in a stable manner, and can be used favorably in an organic chemical hydride electrolytic synthesis apparatus. An anode 10 for oxygen evolution that evolves oxygen in a sulfuric acid aqueous solution containing a substance to be hydrogenated dissolved at a concentration higher than 1 mg/L, wherein an anode substrate 10a is composed of a valve metal, and an anode catalyst layer 10b containing at least one oxide, nitride or carbide of iridium, and at least one oxide, nitride or carbide of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of elements belonging to groups 4, 5 and 13 of the periodic table is formed on the surface of the anode substrate 10a.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process of abatement of the organic content of a depleted brine coming from epoxy compound production involving a vapour stripping step and a mineralisation with hypochlorite in two steps, at distinct pH and temperature conditions.

Abstract: To provide an ion exchange membrane for alkali chloride electrolysis, which has low membrane resistance and which reduces the electrolysis voltage during alkali chloride electrolysis, even if the spacing between reinforcing yarns is made narrow to increase the membrane strength.

Abstract: Various break-resistant anode assemblies and method of installing the same in the ground are disclosed. Each anode assembly basically comprises an anode, at least one pulling cable, and a protective nose cone. The nose cone is a hollow member receiving the leading end of the anode and from which the anode's electrical conductor extends. The nose cone includes a tapered leading surface that facilitates and guides the anode assembly as it is pulled through the ground, while protecting the anode. A break-away mechanism may also be provided to ensure that no more than a maximum pulling force is applied to the anode assembly during its installation to ensure that the anode is not damaged.

Abstract: A photochemical electrode includes: an optical absorption layer; a catalyst layer for oxygen evolution reaction over the optical absorption layer; and a conducting layer over the catalyst layer. A valance band maximum of the catalyst layer is higher than a valance band maximum of the optical absorption layer. A work function of the conducting layer is larger than a work function of the catalyst layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for applying a superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave to a target object or a target region that is formed by the target object and a medium surrounding the target object, comprising a device for generating a superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave where the time-varying AC wave is riding on the predefined DC bias voltage. When applied to the object or region, the superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave is able to induce a flow of ionic current having a DC component traveling in a pulsating and time-varying manner in the target object and/or in the medium and effect induced vibration of electrons and molecules of the target object and the medium. The invention also relates to a method applying a superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave to a target object or a target region.

Abstract: An electrode with a conductive substrate and an electrocatalyst comprising zinc oxide and copper oxide supported on a carbon nanomaterial, a method of fabricating the electrode, an electrochemical cell that utilizes the electrode as a working electrode, and a process for producing propanol from CO2 with the electrochemical cell. Various combinations of embodiments of the electrode and the method of fabricating thereof, the electrochemical cell, and the process for producing propanol from CO2 is provided.

Abstract: An electrochemical reduction device includes an electrode unit, a power control unit, an organic material storage tank, a concentration measurement unit, a water storage tank, a gas-water separation unit, and a control unit. The electrode unit includes an electrolyte membrane, a reduction electrode, and an oxygen evolving electrode. The control unit controls the power control unit so as to satisfy a relation of VHER?Vallow?VCA?VTRR when the potential at a reversible hydrogen electrode, the standard redox potential of the aromatic compound, and the potential of the reduction electrode are expressed as VHER, VTRR, and VCA, respectively. Vallow is adjusted according to the concentration of the aromatic compound measured by the concentration measurement unit.

Abstract: A zero-gap electrode is taught herein having a non-platinum containing catalytic coating that can be applied ex situ or in situ and that significantly reduces hydrogen overpotential. Moreover, the electrode taught herein includes a catalyzed fine mesh layer, cushion layer, and rigid backing.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and system for preventing corrosion of at least one metallic structure in an electrolyte medium, comprising applying a superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave to the structure, the method comprising the steps of generating a superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave (DAC wave) where an AC driving signal with time-varying frequency is riding on a DC output with a predefined DC bias voltage, transmitting the DAC wave current to one or more emitters, emitting the DAC wave via the one or more emitters, placing the one or more emitters at a spaced distance from the metallic structure, subjecting the metallic structure to the DAC wave current, controlling the negative return current of the DAC wave from the metallic structure, such that the DAC wave is distributed across the structure surface and directly excites a target region of the metallic structure, and wherein the excitation induces a flow of ionic current having a DC component travelling in a

Abstract: An electrode may include a substrate, a first layer and a second layer. The first layer may include an inorganic material. The first layer may further be disposed between the substrate and the second layer. The second layer may include ruthenium. The second layer may further have a hexagonal compact crystalline structure.

Abstract: A substrate holder has a first holding member having a first surface configured to contact with a substrate, and a second holding member for sandwiching and holding the substrate together with the first holding member. The first holding member has a positioning member for positioning the substrate in contact with the first surface at a prescribed position of the first surface. The positioning member is configured to move between a first position where the substrate is to be positioned at the prescribed position of the first surface, in contact with a peripheral edge part of the substrate, and a second position not in contact with the substrate. The second holding member has a driving member configured to cause the positioning member to be positioned at the first position, at the time when holding the substrate by the first holding member and the second holding member.

Abstract: At least one corrosion protection unit is located adjacent to a region of a structure immersed in an electrolyte. Each corrosion protection unit includes a circuit for applying rectified alternating current voltage between the structure and electrodes in the electrolyte. Each corrosion protection unit includes Reference Cells to produce direct current voltage between the Reference Cells and the structure, a measuring circuit coupled to the Reference Cells for measuring the potential between the Reference Cells and the structure, and a control circuit for controlling the level of the rectified alternating current voltage in accordance with the measured potential levels. Corrosion protection units are independent of one another, so that independently established rectified alternating current voltages are applied between different regions of the structure and e first and second corrosion protection units.

Abstract: A sacrificial electrode attachment structure includes: a first pipe in which electrolyte flows; a second pipe which is formed of an insulating material and allows the electrolyte to flow; a cylindrical sacrificial electrode unit arranged between the first pipe and the second pipe so as to allow the electrolyte to flow, and including a sacrificial electrode that contacts the electrolyte; a first pipe joint adapted to liquid-tightly connect the first pipe to the sacrificial electrode unit in a detachable manner; and a second pipe joint adapted to liquid-tightly connect the second pipe to the sacrificial electrode unit in a detachable manner.

Abstract: An anode mount assembly is provided for facilitating rapid replacement of an anode component. The adapter mount assembly can comprise a mount component comprising a component body having at least one mounting aperture disposed therein and at least one protrusion or recess that can engage a recess or protrusion of the anode component for restricting movement of the anode component with respect to the mount component in at least one of a rotational and a translational direction of movement. Further, the anode component can comprise an engagement aperture, and the mounting aperture and the engagement aperture can be configured to receive a fastener for securing the anode component to the mount component and for restricting at least one additional degree of movement of the anode component with respect to the mount component to thereby secure the anode component to the mount component.

Abstract: In a method for cathodically protecting and/or passivating a metal section in an ionically conductive material such as steel reinforcement in concrete or mortar, an impressed current or sacrificial anode communicates ionic current to the metal section and a storage component of electrical energy which can be a cell, battery or capacitor is provided as a component of the anode. The storage component can have replacement energy introduced by re-charging or replacing the component from an outside supply. Typically the cell or storage capacitor has an outer case which carries an anode material as an integral outer component. A mechanical clamp is provided to attach the assembly to a rebar. A current limiter is provided which prevents excess current draining the supply.

Abstract: A system and methods of controlling a powered anode are disclosed. The method includes varying an electrical power input driving the powered anode through a range of values of a first electrical parameter, the range defined by an upper range limit and a lower range limit and measuring a current value of a second electrical parameter of the electrical power input during the varying. The method also includes determining a slope between the measured current values of the first and corresponding second electrical parameters and measured previous values of the first and second electrical parameters and comparing the determined slope to a predetermined slope threshold range and applying the current value of a first electrical parameter to the electrical power input when a discontinuity in the slope is determined.