Abstract: A determination is made of a real-time azimuthal position of a notch alignment feature located on a support surface of a substrate holder relative to a fixed reference ray extending perpendicularly away from a rotational axis of the substrate holder as the substrate holder rotates about the rotational axis. A determination is made of an approach initiation azimuthal position of the notch alignment feature relative to the fixed reference ray at which vertical movement of the substrate holder should initiate in order to have the notch alignment feature located at a prescribed azimuthal position relative to the fixed reference ray when the substrate holder reaches a prescribed vertical position. A determination is made of a time delay required to have the notch alignment feature located at the approach initiation azimuthal position. Vertical movement of the substrate holder is initiated in accordance with the determined time delay.

Abstract: Sacrificial anodes for installing in an ionically conductive medium at an installation site containing metal requiring cathodic protection are formed by locating anode cores in a tray having dividing members defining a row of side by side chambers with each chamber containing a respective one of the anode cores and casting into the receptacle a covering mortar for the anode cores with each anode core receiving a coating at least partly surrounding the anode core with the connecting wire exposed. The mortar is cast to form frangible bridges between each anode and the next. The trays are stacked and transported to the site where the installer separates and individually installs the anodes into the medium.

Abstract: An active layer/membrane assembly to be incorporated into a hydrogen production device comprises an active layer in contact with a membrane capable of exchanging ions, the active layer comprising catalyst particles and particles referred to as support particles, wherein the size of the support particles is greater than the thickness of the active layer, so that the support particles emerge from the active layer, at the surface opposite the surface in contact with the membrane. A unit comprising the assembly and a porous current collector, the assembly and the collector having a complementarity of surface finish is provided. A process for manufacturing the assembly is also provided.

Abstract: An electrode for electrolysis includes a conductive substrate, a first layer formed on the conductive substrate, and a second layer formed on the first layer. The first layer contains at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, and titanium oxide. The second layer contains an alloy of platinum and palladium. The electrode for electrolysis shows low overvoltage and has excellent durability over a long period.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a manufacturing process for an anode assembly intended for cells for the production of aluminum by electrolysis, the anode assembly being of the type having an anode rod, a longitudinal member interdependent with one end of the anode rod and a carbon anode including a cavity in which is housed the longitudinal member, the method comprising a formation phase of at least one sealed area filled with sealing material and at least one unsealed area devoid of sealing material, said at least one unsealed area extending to one of the longitudinal ends of the longitudinal member.

Abstract: An anode assembly is disclosed for use in a cathodic protection system. The anode assembly includes an elongated housing, an electrical cable, an anode, and electrically conductive backfill. The housing has a leading end and a trailing end through which the electrical cable extends. The anode is located within the housing and is in the form of a plurality of electrically conductive segments which are spaced apart from each other and which are electrically connected to the electrical cable at respective electrically conductive joints. The backfill surrounds the anode and cable within the housing.

Abstract: Anode assembly (100) comprising an anode (3) and an anode support (4) for the production of aluminum, characterized in that the anode assembly (100) comprises an electrical connecting element (1) to electrically connect the anode support (4) with the anode (3), and at least one thermally insulating element (6) arranged to reduce heat transfer between the anode (3) and the anode support (4) during the production of aluminum.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are lipseal assemblies for use in electroplating clamshells which may include an elastomeric lipseal for excluding plating solution from a peripheral region of a semiconductor substrate and one or more electrical contact elements. The contact elements may be structurally integrated with the elastomeric lipseal. The lipseal assemblies may include one or more flexible contact elements at least a portion of which may be conformally positioned on an upper surface of the elastomeric lipseal, and may be configured to flex and form a conformal contact surface that interfaces with the substrate. Some elastomeric lipseals disclosed herein may support, align, and seal a substrate in a clamshell, and may include a flexible elastomeric upper portion located above a flexible elastomeric support edge, the upper portion having a top surface and an inner side surface, the later configured to move inward and align the substrate upon compression of the top surface.

Abstract: A method is described to regenerate an oxygen trap, comprising at least the following steps: circulating a current in the trap material (2) to reduce this material; measuring the value Im of the current and estimating its derivative dIm/dt in relation to time; estimating the length (?) of material reduced by the current as a function of the value of the current and its derivative; stopping circulation of the current when the length of reduced material is at least equal to a threshold value (?s).

Abstract: A substrate holder for vertical galvanic metal deposition on a substrate, comprising a first substrate holder part and a second substrate holder part, wherein both said parts comprise an inner metal comprising part and an outer non-metallic part in which the substrate holder further comprises a hanging element in each substrate holder part, a first sealing element in each substrate holder part, a second sealing element between the inner metal comprising part and the outer non-metallic part of the substrate holder, a fastening system for detachably fastening both substrate holder parts to each other, a first contact element in each substrate holder part for forwarding current from an outer source through the hanging element to the at least second contact element, and a second contact element in each substrate holder part for forwarding current from the at least first contact element to the substrate to be treated.

Abstract: A cathode protection method of embedded CFRP anode for reinforced concrete structure includes the following steps. Provide a preformed groove with a predetermined shape and size in a surface of a protection area of a reinforced concrete body, and remove dust in the preformed groove. Provide a CFRP member on the surface of the protection area of the reinforced concrete body. Coat an electrical conductive adhesive material between side surfaces of the reinforcing column of the CFRP member and the preformed groove and between the reinforcing plate and the reinforced concrete body. Connect the CFRP member with a positive electrode of an external DC power supply and the steel reinforcing element with a negative electrode of the external DC power supply.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for electroplating are described. Apparatus described herein include anode supports including positioning mechanisms that maintain a consistent distance between the surface of the wafer and the surface of a consumable anode during plating. Greater uniformity control is achieved. The consumable anode in one implementation has a plurality of through channels and at least one depression on its surface (e.g., a depression surrounding a channel) that is configured for registering with a protrusion on a component of an anode assembly, such as with a support plate. Fasteners may pass through the channels in the anode and attach it to a charge plate.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and devices for detection of ion migration and binding, utilizing a nanopipette adapted for use in an electrochemical sensing circuit. The nanopipette may be functionalized on its interior bore with metal chelators for binding and sensing metal ions or other specific binding molecules such as boronic acid for binding and sensing glucose. Such a functionalized nanopipette is comprised in an electrical sensor that detects when the nanopipette selectively and reversibly binds ions or small molecules. Also disclosed is a nanoreactor, comprising a nanopipette, for controlling precipitation in aqueous solutions by voltage-directed ion migration, wherein ions may be directed out of the interior bore by a repulsing charge in the bore.

Abstract: Provided are an elastic cushion member and an ion exchange membrane electrolyzer using the same, which elastic cushion member can be installed even in an ion exchange membrane electrolyzer having such a small gap between an electrode and an electrode current collecting plate that a conventional elastic cushion member cannot be arranged therein. An elastic cushion member (10) has a pair of corrosion-resistant metal thin plates (11) arranged at a distance in parallel fashion and a fixing member (12) which fixes the pair of corrosion-resistant metal thin plates (11) and comprises a metal elastic body (13) wound between the pair of corrosion-resistant metal thin plates (11). The fixing member (12) is attached to the pair of corrosion-resistant metal thin plates (11) in a manner that enables detachment of the fixing member therefrom. The metal elastic body (13) is preferred to be a metal coil body.

Abstract: A galvanic anode system for the corrosion protection of steel in concrete includes a galvanic anode material, which includes of zinc and alloys thereof, embedded in a solid electrolyte, and is characterized in that the galvanically available surface is larger, preferably at least twice as large, as the total geometrical surface of the metal anode. The galvanic anode system is also characterized in that, during operation, during which the anode disintegrates as a sacrificial anode, the galvanically active anode surface is reduced only slightly, preferably is not reduced up to at least 50%, in particular 75%, of the time during use.

Abstract: An anodic structure for electrowinning cells having an anode hanger bar, a support structure of insulating material, at least one anode mesh having a valve metal substrate provided with a catalytic coating, said at least one anode being subdivided into at least two reciprocally insulated sub-meshes, said sub-meshes being individually supplied with electrical current through conductive means connected with said anode hanger bar, the anodic structure being further provided with at least one electronic system having at least one current probe and at least one actuator for individually measuring and controlling current supply to each of said sub-meshes.

Abstract: The methods and systems of lower the grounding potential of an AC electrical grid for protecting a potable water delivery systems from corrosion due to a chemical redox reaction between protective concentration of disinfection chemicals in water and iron, lead and/or copper metal pipes within the potable water delivery system. The methods protect the surface of interactive metals more noble than zinc. These methods are also effective in corrosion protection of the national metallic infrastructure of metals more noble than zinc, such as street signs, lights stands, bridges, and any systems connected to the electrical grid.

Abstract: Methods for measuring chemical oxygen demand, a composition and a kit useful for measuring chemical oxygen demand, a method for calibrating a chemical oxygen demand analysis method, and a method for determining carbonaceous chemical oxygen demand are disclosed.

Abstract: The anode assembly for cathodic protection of offshore steel piles provides stability and protection for a sacrificial anode used in the cathodic protection of offshore steel piles, particularly in regard to the challenges presented in positioning the anode in a submerged, underwater environment. The anode assembly for cathodic protection of offshore steel piles includes a conventional sacrificial anode received within a protective housing. The housing is supported underwater by a support cable. A weight is fixed to the lower end of the support cable to anchor the lower end of the support cable on an underwater surface of a body of water when the housing and the sacrificial anode are suspended in the body of water. The upper end of the support cable is secured to an external support such that the housing and the sacrificial anode are suspended therefrom in a desired underwater position.

Abstract: A cathodic protection system for use with a wood veneer dryer is provided. The system includes a DC power supply and an anode mounted inside the dryer in a position to be electrolytically coupled to metallic structures or surfaces inside the dryer when an electrolytic medium is present inside the dryer. The electrolytic medium comprises a high-humidity atmosphere. A method for reducing the corrosion of metallic structures or surfaces inside the dryer is further provided. The method comprises mounting an anode inside the dryer in a position to be electrolytically coupled to the metallic structures or surfaces inside the dryer when an electrolytic medium is present. Wood veneer is conveyed through the dryer and heated to a temperature sufficient to produce a high-humidity atmosphere inside the dryer. A controlled amount of current is supplied by the DC power supply to electrolytically couple the anode to the metallic structures or surfaces.