Abstract: A process for producing esters comprises esterifying an acid or anhydride with an excess of an alcohol to produce a crude ester, recovering excess alcohol from the crude ester and recycling recovered excess alcohol to the esterification reaction together with fresh alcohol. The process is improved by controlling the ratio of the amount of recycled alcohol and the amount of fresh alcohol in dependence on the level of impurities in the recycle alcohol. Further improvements come from feed forwarding fresh alcohol analysis results and from preheating the alcohol before loading into the reactor. Preferably, ester product quality is improved by stripping the alcohol for oxygen removal prior to esterification.

Abstract: This invention provides for the use of compounds represented by the structure of the general formula (I): wherein R1 is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; R2 is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2 to 30 atoms; X is either a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or a physiologically acceptable polymer, wherein X is a glycosaminoglycan; and n is a number from 2 to 1,000; wherein if Y is nothing the phosphatidylethanolamine is directly linked to X via an amide bond and if Y is a spacer, said spacer is directly linked to X via an amide or an esteric bond and to said phosphatidylethanolamine via an amide bond, thereby inhibiting the development of a psoriatic plaque or reducing plaque size in a subject.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of (1R,2R)-3-dimethylamino-1-ethyl-2-methyl-propyl)-phenol.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for efficiently producing a sulfonic acid group-containing ether compound having a high purity and a good polymerizability while preventing production of a byproduct, and provides a sulfonic acid group-containing ether compound containing fewer impurities and having a good radical (co)polymerizability. The present invention provides a method of producing a sulfonic acid group-containing ether compound by reacting a sulfurous acid compound with a compound represented by the formula (1): wherein R1 represents a single bond, a CH2 group, or a CH2CH2 group, and R2 represents H, or a CH3 group, the method comprising the steps of: adjusting pH of a reaction system to 5.5 or greater with use of an alkaline substance; and adding the compound represented by the formula (1) to a reaction vessel containing the sulfurous acid compound.

Abstract: The invention makes public a method for preparing xanthophyll crystals with higher content of zeaxanthin from plant oleoresin. The current methods generally are to get quite pure crystal forms of xanthophyll or zeaxanthin, and they refer to several separation steps.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for preparing carbamatoorganosilanes (S) of the general formula (7) in which a haloorganosilane (S1) of the general formula (8) is reacted with a metal cyanate (MOCN) and an alcohol (A) of the general formula (9) in the presence of at least one aprotic solvent (L), where R1, R3 and R4 are each an unsubstituted or halogen-substituted hydrocarbyl radical having 1-10 carbon atoms, R2 is a divalent unsubstituted or halogen-substituted hydrocarbyl radical which has 1-10 carbon atoms and may be interrupted by nonadjacent oxygen atoms, X is a halogen atom, and x is a value of 0, 1, 2 or 3, where the removal of the solid metal halides formed as by-products and of any solid metal cyanate residues still present is preceded by distillative removal of at least 50% of the solvent (L).

Abstract: The present invention relates to catalysts, to processes for making catalysts and to chemical processes employing such catalysts. The catalysts are preferably used for converting acetic acid to ethanol. The catalyst comprises a precious metal and one or more active metals on a modified support. The modified support may comprise cobalt tungstate.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for preparation of fluorinated alcohols of Formula (I) RfCH2CH2OH??(I) by contacting a fluorinated iodide with an alkyl vinyl ether in the presence of an initiator and a base to generate an intermediate hemi-acetal or aldehyde or a mixture thereof, followed by hydrogenation of the hemi-acetal of Formula (II) RfCH2CH(OCxH2x+1)m(OH)p??(II) or aldehyde of Formula (III) RfCH2CHO??(III) or a mixture thereof, to yield a compound of Formula (I).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for synthesizing ramalin, and more particularly to a method for synthesizing ramalin, which comprises allowing 2-hydrazinylphenol to react with L-glutamic acid having a protected carboxyl group at C-1 and a protected amino group at C-2, and a method for preventing decomposition of the ramalin. According to the present invention, ramalin having excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities can be synthesized in high yield, and thus can be produced in large amounts. In addition, ramalin can be stably maintained for a long period of time, and thus can be easily used for industrial purposes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to salts having uronium cations and to a process for preparing same comprising alkylating urea C(O)(NR2)2 using an ester ARo.

Abstract: A sulfonium compound represented by the following formula (1), a photoacid generator containing the sulfonium compound, and a resist composition containing the photoacid generator are provided: wherein X represents an electron donor group; R1 and R2 each independently represent an alkyl group or the like; R4 to R6 each independently represent an alkyl group, or the like; R3 represents a cyclic alkenediyl group or the like; and ?A represents an anion. The sulfonium compound has a photon yield that is controllable by introducing different absorbers to the cation region in one molecule, can address the inconvenience of using a mixture of different photoacid generators when the sulfonium compound is applied as a photoacid generator, has excellent miscibility in a resist, and has enhanced resolution and line edge roughness.

Abstract: The present invention relates to lithium salt-containing rare earth halide solutions in aprotic solvents, processes for production thereof and also use thereof.

Abstract: This invention relates to conjugated diene phosphinate compounds for making halogen free phosphinate-containing flame retardants, inimer and metal extractants, method for preparing said compounds from unsaturated ketones or aldehydes, and the 5 use thereof. The compounds of the present invention having the following formula (III), wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 represent, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or alkenyl groups; R7 represents hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl groups, or metals selected from the group consisting of Na, Li, Ca.

Abstract: The present invention relates to method for producing monosilane and tetraalkoxysilane comprising subjecting alkoxysilane represented by formula (1) HnSi(OR) 4-n??(1) wherein R represents alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and n represents an integer of from 1 to 3, to dismutation reaction in a gaseous phase in the presence of a catalyst containing an alkali metal fluoride and a catalyst activator. The method can solve problems in a method for producing monosilane and tetraalkoxysilane by dismutation reaction of alkoxysilane in a liquid phase: i.e. problems such that separation from the solvent is difficult and that the reaction is too slow and not suitable for industrial production.

Abstract: Processes and systems for forming ethanol from methanol. The process involves carbonylating the methanol to form acetic acid and hydrogenating the acetic acid to form ethanol. In a first aspect, at least some hydrogen for the hydrogenating step is derived from a tail gas stream formed in the carbonylation step. In a second aspect, at least some carbon monoxide for the carbonylation step is derived from a vapor stream in the hydrogenation system. In a third aspect, a syngas stream is separated to form a hydrogen stream and a carbon monoxide stream, and the hydrogen stream is methanated to remove residual carbon monoxide prior to being introduced into the hydrogenation system.

Abstract: An isomerization process is disclosed. The process involves contacting 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene with a suitable catalyst in a reaction zone to produce a product mixture comprising 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for the preparation of an aqueous colloidal precious metal suspension, which process comprises reducing a precious metal salt in aqueous solution using a functionalized, water soluble quaternary ammonium salt in the absence of organic solvents, to form elementary nanoparticles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a more advanced preparation method of organic-transition metal hydride as a hydrogen storage material, precisely a more advanced preparation method of organic-transition metal hydride containing aryl or alkyl group that facilitates safe and reverse storage of massive amount of hydrogen. The present invention relates to a preparation method of an organic-transition metal hydride comprising the steps of preparing a complex reducing agent composition by reacting alkali metal, alkali earth metal or a mixture thereof and (C10-C20) aromatic compound in aprotic polar solvent and preparing organic-transition metal hydride by reacting the prepared complex reducing agent composition and organic transition metal halide. The method of the present invention has advantages of minimizing the numbers and the amounts of byproducts by using a complex reducing agent and producing organic-transition metal hydride safely without denaturation under more moderate reaction conditions.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes operationally simple methods for the low temperature, catalytic activation of carboxylic acids for organic reactions, in particular for direct amidation reactions with amines. The methods involve the use of orthosubstituted arylboromc acids of the formula (I), wherein the groups R1 to R5 are as defined herein. In preferred embodiments R1 is halogen. The arylboromc acids catalyze nucleophilic 1,2-addition reactions, conjugate 1,4-addition reactions, and cycloaddition reactions, including Diels-Alder reactions involving ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acids.

Abstract: A catalyst composition includes an active material having a molybdenum- and sulfur-containing substance impregnated with an effective amount of cesium sufficient to promote synthesis of an alcohol, optionally carried on an inert support, wherein the active material is at least substantially free of a transition metal. The present invention is further directed to methods of preparing and using the same.