Abstract: An oxygen sensing element adapted primarily to determine an oxygen partial pressure of a measurement gas, including a solid electrolyte body having a surface, at least a portion of which is undulated. An electrode is formed on the undulated portion of the surface of the solid electrolyte body. The electrode is covered by a porous protective coating, such that the electrode is exposed to the measurement gas through the porous protective coating. The undulated portion of the solid electrolyte body has an average height of at least 50 microns between the top and bottom of its convexed and concaved parts. At least a portion of the porous protective coating is positioned within at least one of the concaved parts of the undulated portion of the solid electrolyte body. A method of producing the instant sensing element is also disclosed.

Abstract: A moisture (H.sub.2 O) measuring device for high temperature gas deriving the moisture content by taking a difference between measured values of oxygen concentration by an operational process. The one value of the an oxygen concentration is for oxygen content originally included in the measuring gas and the other value of the oxygen concentration is one additionally including oxygen content obtained by electrolysis of the moisture in the measuring gas. The two measured values are controlled by applying voltage for the oxygen pump.

Abstract: A method for determining nitrogen oxides in gaseous or liquid samples is disclosed. A semi-permeable membrane- type sensor comprising a sensor electrode, reference electrode and an electrolyte having a pH range of 6.8-8.0 or 8.0-9.2 is used. Potential between the electrodes is monitored as a measure of nitrogen oxides in the sample. When an electrolyte having a pH range of 8.0-9.2 is used the electrolyte additionally contains at least 25% v/v of a water miscible solvent having a dielectric constant of at least 10.

Abstract: A plating bath and process for electroplating coatings of palladium nickel alloys on a conductive substrate at current densities in the range of 10 amps/sq. ft. to 150 amps/sq. ft. wherein the palladium content of the alloy remains substantially constant despite current density variations during plating. The alloy composition stability is achieved by adding at least about 15 parts per million of iodide and/or iodate ions to the plating bath. The as-plated alloy has a thin surface layer which contains iodide at or near the surface.

Abstract: A lipid membrane is used as a chemo-receptive transducer for quantitative and semi-quantitative analysis of chemical test species in an electrolyte. The lipid membrane is contacted with an electrolyte containing the test species, and an electrical potential difference is applied across the membrane. From measurements of the trans-membrane ion current variation due to the presence of the test species, a quantitative analysis of the test species may be conducted, on a highly selective basis. Receptors showing a high degree of selectiveity towards the species are included in the membrane.

Abstract: Tin, lead or tin-lead alloy electroplating baths producing little or no foam during electroplating, even at conditions of high-speed plating using high current densities and/or vigorous bath circulation, are disclosed comprised of tin and/or lead salts of alkane sulfonic acids, free alkane sulfonic acid, brightening agent, a deforming agent comprised of silicone and silica and/or a silicate in polypropylene glycol, a first nonionic surfactant consisting of an ethoxylated arylphenol and a second nonionic surfactant consisting of an ethoxylated short-chain alcohol.

Abstract: A plating bath and process for electroplating coatings of palladium nickel alloys on a conductive substrate at current densities in the range of 10 amps/sq. ft. to 150 amps/sq. ft. wherein the palladium content of the alloy remains substantially constant despite current density variations during plating. The alloy composition stability is achieved by adding at least about 15 parts per million of iodate ions to the plating bath.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for measuring the metal exposure in a resin covering area of a metal container or a constituent member thereof, which comprises contacting the resin covering area of the metal container or the constituent member thereof with a measuring electrode through an electrolytic solution, relatively moving the resin covering area and the measuring electrode in a certain direction while always holding the electrolytic solution between the measuring electrode and the resin covering area, measuring a leak current between the metal substrate of the metal container or constituent member at predetermined pitches and detecting the metal exposure of the resin covering area as leak currents at respective parts discriminately.According to this measuring method, the degree of the metal exposure can be easily measured as the leak current at respective parts discriminately, and statistical processing of the measured leak current values can be easily performed.

Abstract: A mercury drop electrode for use in electrochemical experiments. The invention includes a reservoir for liquid mercury, a mercury drop capillary having upper and lower open ends and also having a chemically inert lower capillary tube portion and an electrically conductive upper capillary tube portion supported by the lower portion and in contact with the mercury in the reservoir, valve means including a valve stem having a seal at its lower end and a ferromagnetic portion at its upper end, a valve seat comprising the upper end of the upper portion of the capillary which acts in concert with the valve seal to close the valve, and actuating means operatively arranged to lift the valve seal form the seat to allow mercury to enter the capillary from the reservoir and to lower the seal to the seat to prevent mercury from entering the capillary from the reservoir.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for determining carbon dioxide content in gaseous or liquid samples. A semi-permeable membrane-type sensor comprising a sensor electrode, reference electrode and an electrolyte having a pH range of 9.5-11.0 or 10.7-12.0 is used. Potential between the electrodes is monitored as a measure of carbon dioxide in the sample. When an electrolyte having a pH range of 10.7-12.0 is used the electrolyte additionally contains at least 255 v/v of a water miscible solvent having dielectric constant of a least 10.

Abstract: An air/fuel ratio sensor has a porous alumina substrate, a limiting current type oxygen detecting section on the porous alumina substrate for detecting the air/fuel ratio in the fuel lean region, a resistance-variable type oxygen detecting section on the porous alumina substrate for detecting the excess air ratio .lambda. when .lambda. is equal to one, a gas decomposition type hydrogen detecting section on the porous alumina substrate for detecting the air/fuel ratio in the fuel rich region and a heater for heating the respective detecting sections to the optimum temperature in operation, whereby the sensor can detect the air/fuel ratio over all the fuel rich and lean regions.

Abstract: The brightener for an aqueous tin, lead or tin-lead alloy plating bath comprises an effective amount of a primary brightening agent including glutaraldehyde, an effective amount of a secondary brightening agent selected from the group consisting of lower aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, surface active and levelling agents for the entire range of current densities of from about 20 amperes per square foot to about 250 amperes per square foot, a stabilizing and deoxidizing agents including N.N..sup.1 -di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, and an organic solvent.

Abstract: A method of determining ammonia in a gaseous or liquid sample is disclosed. A sensor comprising a sensing electrode, a reference electrode, a semi-permeable membrane and an electrolyte is used. The electrolyte is buffered to a pH value between 4.5 and 6.5 and is initially free of any salt capable of dissociating to form therein ammonium ion. The electrolyte may optionally contain at least 25% v/v of a water miscible solvent having a dielectric constant of at least 10. In the latter case the pH of the electrolyte is between 5.5 and 7.5. The potential between the sensing electrode and reference electrode is monitored as a measure of ammonia in the sample.

Abstract: A potentiometric electrochemical sensor for detecting gaseous concentrations of arsenic oxides or arsenic-bearing species at elevated temperatures. The sensor is comprised of: an ionically conducting solid state membrane which may be made of silver zirconium arsenate, sodium beta-alumina or silver beta-alumina; a reference electrode which may be silver wire packed in silver powder; and a working electrode which may consist of a platinum mesh electrode or a silver wire exposed to the arsenic oxide-bearing gas. The probe is responsive to arsine [AsH.sub.3 ] concentrations in the range 5-1000 ppm in oxidizing gases, such as air, which have been raised to the temperature range 600.degree.-900.degree. C. The compound silver zirconium arsentate is also novel.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improvement in a process for electrodepositing a protective coating of zinc or a zinc alloy on steel or other metal substrates in which the process utilizes a metal conductor roll or conductor roll with metal sleeves and contains a rinsing bath with a mineral acid solution associated with the roll, the improvement comprises providing at least 50 ppm of hydrogen peroxide or a peroxydisulfate compound in the mineral acid bath.

Abstract: A process for the fusion of second conductive element into the matrix of a first conductive element is provided in which the second element as a dissociable solution is placed in contact with the first conductive element and subjected to an interrupted electrical signal of a predetermined frequency. Solutions for carrying out the process are disclosed and products produced by the process.

Abstract: An air-fuel ratio sensor in which the temperature dependence as well as the pressure dependence of a detection signal obtained by the air-fuel ratio sensor are suppressed to thereby improve the accuracy in air-fuel ratio by the air-fuel ratio sensor, which is not influenced by deposits in an exhaust gas and which is high in durability. The suppression is achieved by using a gas-diffusion limiting portion having such critical parameters as 10-30% porosity, 1-3 micrometers mean pore size and 200-1000 micrometers thickness. Alternatively the parameters may be 15-25% porosity, 0.1-7 micrometers pore size and 400-800 micrometers thickness.

Abstract: Corrosion resistant electrodeposited chromium layers, processes for their electrodepositions and plating baths suitable for use therein are disclosed. The corrosion resistant chromium layers also are bright, adherent, smooth, hard, wear resistant, and exhibit a low coefficient of friction. Electrodeposition is carried out at both high and low currrent densities. The baths used comprise 450-650 g/l of chromic acid, 40-100 g/l of sulfoacetic acid and 0-4.5 g/l of sulfate ion and are substantially free of other carboxylic acids, fluoride ions, iodide ions, bromide ions and selenium ions. The baths used comprise 400-650 g/l of chromic acid, 40-100 g/l of sulfoacetic acid and 0-4.5 g/l of sulfate ion and are substantially free of other carboxylic acids, flouride ions, iodide ions, bromide ions and selenium ions.

Abstract: The effectiveness of organic additives acting as inhibitors during the electrolytic deposition of metals from aqueous electrolytes, which contain organic additives for improving the deposition of metal, is electrically measured. In order to permit an improved and more reliable check of the effectiveness of the inhibitor and to permit a controlled supply of makeup inhibitors at the required rate, a partial stream of the electrolyte is supplied to flow at a constant velocity in a measuring cell provided with at least three wire electrodes having a fresh conductor surface, a measuring current of 5 mA to 1.0 A is supplied to the electrodes and is maintained, and the slope of the plotted cathode potential-time curve in the range from 0.1 to 50 minutes is taken as a measure of the effective conecentration of the inhibitor.

Abstract: An aqueous acidic zinc-nickel plating bath is described. The plating baths generally comprise(A) zinc ions;(B) nickel ions;(C) an amount, sufficient to provide a level and bright zinc-nickel alloy electrodeposit, of at least one polymeric sulfur-containing compound having the general formulaRS(R'O).sub.n H (I)orS-[(R'O).sub.n H]2 (II)wherein r is an alkyl group containing up to about 24 carbon atoms, each R' is independently an alkylene group containing 2 or 3 carbon atoms, and each n is independently an integer of from 1 to about 100; and(D) a ductility-improviding amount of at least one acetylenic derivative obtained by sulfonating an intermediate obtained by(D-1) reacting an acetylenic alcohol or diol with a halogenated epoxide; or(D-2) reacting an acetylenic alcohol or diol with an alkylene oxide followed by reaction with a halogenated epoxide.Preferably, additional additives are included in the plating baths to improve the properties of the deposited alloy.