Abstract: A compound cell for performing an electrochemical reaction at high temperature consists essentially of hollow, cylindrical bodies of a ceramic electrolyte, rings of an electronically conductive material coaxially interposed between each pair of electrolyte bodies, annular layers of ceramic insulating material bonding each ring to at least one of the two adjacent electrolyte bodies, the bodies, rings, and annular layers being diffusion welded to each other to form a cylindrical, gas-tight tube. A pair of electrode layers is associated with each electrolyte body, one layer of the pair covering the associated body inside the tube and conductively engaging one of the two adjacent rings, the other electrode layer of the pair covering the associated body outside the tube and conductively engaging the other adjacent ring.

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for adjusting the space between an adjustable anode and a cathode in an electrolytic cell wherein current measurements and voltage measurements are obtained for conductors to the anode sets and compared with predetermined standards for the same conductors and anode sets. Measurement of deviation from the predetermined standards are used to determine the direction of anode adjustment. A digital computer operably connected to motor drive means adapted to raise or lower anode sets upon appropriate electric signals from the computer is a preferred embodiment of this invention.In a preferred embodiment, potential incipient short circuits are detected and avoided by the improvement which comprises:(a) obtaining the difference between two successive current signals for a selected conductor and doubling the difference to obtain a total current difference, .DELTA..sub.

Abstract: A method for producing carbon coatings by sputtering comprises placing the target material to be sputtered which is made of a fibrous carbon material such as paper, velvet, wood, etc. which has been charred on the cathode. The apparatus comprises an electrode forming an anode which is arranged in spaced relationship to a cathode.

Abstract: Semiconductor particles are distributed in a single level layer orientation in a glass sheet with portions of each particle exposed at both surfaces of the sheet. A metal layer on one surface of the sheet is in ohmic contact with the body of each particle and forms a common electrode.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell for electrolysis of sea water comprisinga housing having an opening at the bottom and top of the housing for in-flow of sea water and out-flow of electrolyzed sea water, respectively;a plurality of flat plate-like anodes vertically disposed in the housing with the major surface area of the anodes being parallel to the flow of sea water through the cell;a plurality of flat plate-like cathodes vertically disposed in the housing with the major surface area of the cathodes being parallel to the flow of sea water through the cell;an outwardly projecting portion for passing an electric current provided at the lower side edge of each of the anodes;an outwardly projecting portion for passing an electric current provided at the upper side edge of each of the cathodes;an electric current-passing plate secured to the lower portion of the housing and connected to the portions for passing an electric current to each of the anodes; andan electric current-passing plate secured to the upper portion of th

Abstract: Method for treating metal containing waste water employing a vessel containing the waste water in which there is provided at least one anode and a cathode comprised of a plurality of electrically conductive elements and in which the waste water is subjected to electrolysis during which the cathode elements are being moved. The cathode elements are provided in the form of rods which are arranged in the vessel by means of at least two holding devices so that the rods extend parallel to one another and can be moved in the holding devices relative to one another. The holding devices are moved during the electrolysis process so that the rods strike one another again and again at spaced intervals. An apparatus is provided for practicing the method.

Abstract: Method and device (10) for suppressing sputtering glow in a gas to be transported across a voltage drop region (X-Y) under conditions where the gas would otherwise tend to support a glow discharge. The device includes an insulating member, such as a plastic tube (70), having a passage for transporting the gas across the voltage drop, the passage being packed with a porous insulating material, such as fiberglass strands (71), arranged so as to suppress glow discharge in the gas. Preferably, the insulating material is arranged so that there is very little pressure drop across the insulating member. In specific embodiments, the suppression device is used in a gas feed line (11) for supplying a sputtering gas, such as argon or a mixture of argon and nitrogen, or argon and oxygen, to a negatively charged cathode cell (12) of a sputtering machine (13), at very low absolute pressure.

Abstract: A shielded anode for use in controlling corrosion, for example, in a truck or a tanker, comprising a perforated plastic shield encompassing the anode and having a hinged flap on opposite sides thereof supporting at its free end a float member, such that the flap will lift from closed or down position to a raised position due to buoyancy of the float member during immersion of the anode. When the tank in which the shielded anode is located is empty, the flaps will close, thus protecting the anode due to hazards which may result from falling or contact with other metal bodies. The aforesaid hinge may take the form of a living hinge, i.e. integrally with the shield, and in conjunction with the integral float member will permit the anode to function normally to prevent or at least minimize corrosion while still providing the desired protection against sparks caused by falls or other accidents.

Abstract: A compact chlorine generation device generates chlorine and usually ozone. The device is water cooled. A power transformer has a housing thereabout in heat conductive contact therewith. A highly heat conductive metal frame is attached in direct efficient heat conductive relation with the housing. The frame has a conduit therethrough generally adjacent to the housing. A metal block has a semi-conductor power rectifier held in a cavity therein and in thermal contact therewith. The block is attached in direct heat conductive relation with the frame. A coolant is flowed through the conduit thereby cooling the transformer and the rectifier. A chlorine generating electric cell has an anode and a cathode which are connected to the respective DC output poles of the rectifier. The coolant which exits the conduit is led to the cell wherein it serves as the electrolyte.

Abstract: Method for recovering metals from cyanide and hexavalent chromium plating baths comprising immersing plated articles in a reclaiming bath containing an aldehyde or an aldehyde percursor, and optionally an oxidizing agent, to precipitate the excess metal in the residual plating bath in the form of free metal or metal hydroxide and to decompose the cyanide and to reduce the hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium. The plating bath and reclaiming bath are regenerated. Apparatus is provided to effect this process.

Abstract: The disclosure illustrates a method and apparatus for precision balancing a rotatable element such as the turbine shaft assembly of a turbocharger. The turbine-shaft assembly is placed in a machine that detects the position and degree of unbalance. The material contributing to the unbalance is then removed from the wheel using electrochemical machining in which material is removed from the turbine through anodic dissolution of the turbine wheel material by passage of a current through a conductive work piece and electrolyte to the wheel. A means is provided to indicate the time integrated current flow of the electrochemical machining process. The time integrated current flow is related to unbalance units so that the electrochemical machining is terminated when the desired amount of mass is removed to achieve balance by reaching the determined time integrated current flow.

Abstract: A securing device is disclosed which retains membranes in electrolytic cells during assembly and disassembly thereof and which allows safe, effective storage during disassembly of the cell.

Abstract: In a process for electroplating aluminum articles, the article is first electrolytically treated, as anode, in a bath consisting essentially of a solution of caustic alkali, and thereafter electroplated. The electrolytic caustic cleaning step, preferably involving agitation, is found specially suitable in composition and indeed is effective in a relatively short time to afford an essentially bare aluminum surface, i.e., free of anodic oxide film and also free of pitting or smut, for advantage in plating, as with tin or other metal. Intermediate steps can be employed such as immersion tinning or zincating and brief electroplating such as a bronze strike; the electrolytic cleaning co-acts well with the intermediate stages, indeed requiring fewer steps over all. Although applicable batchwise, the process is particularly appropriate for continuous electroplating wherein the aluminum wire or strip may pass rapidly through the electrolytic cleaning, intermediate and plating baths in succession.

Abstract: An improved copper electroplating method typically for use on a carrier material such as aluminum is provided by pretreating of the carrier surface and electrodepositing copper foil utilizing a single-step copper plating process comprising an acidic plating bath containing copper, nitrate, and fluoride ions which can be operated at a single-current density.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell for the treatment of aqueous solutions, comprising a closed container with an inlet aperture and an outlet orifice for water flowing through the container having at least two electrodes positioned within said container which can be connected to the positive and negative poles of a direct current source, at least one electrode being constituted of an elastically deformable electrically conductive body.

Abstract: A means of compensating the magnetic field induced by the adjacent line in series of high intensity electrolysis cells placed in a transverse direction. A compensating conductor traversed by a direct current which induces an antagonistic field neutralizing the parasitic field of the adjacent line is arranged along each line on the internal side and/or on the external side. Excellent compensation is achieved by regulating the intensity in each conductor and the distance between the conductor and the line.Application may be to series of igneous, very high intensity electrolysis cells for the production of aluminum.

Abstract: In a magnetron cathode sputter assembly for coating objects within an evacuated chamber, a disc of cathode material to be sputtered is supported over an annular magnet structure for producing crossed magnetic and electric fields over the sputter surface of the cathode disc to be sputtered for enhancing the glow discharge and the sputtering rate. The magnet structure is contained within a chamber in a hollow cylindrical receiving member and a clamp serves to clamp the cathode sputter disc over the open end of the receiving chamber. Coolant is circulated through the receiving chamber in heat exchanging relation with the cathode disc and with the magnet structure for cooling same in use. An internally flanged cylindrical shield structure is disposed overlying the outer peripheral edge of the cathode sputter disc and, in a preferred embodiment, the shield is permitted to operate by self biasing at a floating potential intermediate the anode and cathode potential.

Abstract: An improved apparatus for electrolytically removing material from a workpiece includes a plurality of electrodes which are movable relative to each other through working strokes. In order to coordinate the movement of the electrodes, they are stopped at one or more predetermined intermediate positions during their working strokes. When all of the electrodes have arrived at intermediate positions, the electrodes are simultaneously moved away from their intermediate positions toward their end of stroke positions. In order to accommodate variations in the rate at which material is electrolytically removed from a workpiece, the speed of movement of the electrodes and/or the electrical potential established between the electrodes and the workpiece can be varied. Relatively large diameter rams connected with the electrodes are supplied with fluid from relatively small diameter piston and cylinder type pumps.

Abstract: An apparatus to electrolytically produce multivalent metals, such as titanium, from compounds thereof. The apparatus includes a suitable containing body with an anode and a cathode in compartments therein spaced apart by a foraminous diaphragm with at least a surface portion consisting essentially of nickel or, preferably, cobalt. The diaphragm has a diaphragm coefficient of greater than zero to about 0.5 when the coefficient of flow is about 0.1 to about 25. A multivalent metal compound feed means is combined with the cathode compartment to supply a multivalent metal compound to a molten salt electrolyte in the cathode compartment. The apparatus is sealed from the atmosphere to avoid contamination of the bath and metal product with certain atmospheric gases. Means of providing sufficient electrical and thermal energy to operate the cell are provided.

Abstract: A sputtering system utilizes a computer to monitor the power dissipation in the sputtering source and to accumulate the history of usage of the particular sputtering target. Desired deposition rate information is input to the computer, which establishes and maintains the desired rate and controls the plasma discharge to compensate for aging and deterioration of the target. End of useful target life is determined by the computer from objective criteria to trigger appropriate actions.