Abstract: It has been discovered that contaminants such as metals and/or amines can be transferred from a hydrocarbon phase to a water phase in an emulsion breaking process by using a composition that contains water-soluble C5-C12 polyhydroxy carboxylic acids, ammonium salts thereof, alkali metal salts thereof, and mixtures of all of these. The composition may also optionally include a mineral acid to reduce the pH of the desalter wash water. The method permits transfer of metals and/or amines into the aqueous phase with little or no hydrocarbon phase undercarry into the aqueous phase. Resolving the emulsion into the hydrocarbon phase and the aqueous phase occurs in a refinery desalting process using electrostatic coalescence. The composition is particularly useful in treating crude oil emulsions, and in removing calcium and other metals therefrom. The polyhydroxy carboxylic acid additionally inhibits metal corrosion of metal pipe or other equipment used in a crude unit.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of producing calcined coke from bio-oil from a biomass feedstock. Also disclosed are calcined cokes produced by such methods.

Abstract: An emulsifying dispersant includes, as the main component, vesicles formed from an amphiphilic substance capable of self-assembly or an emulsifying dispersant comprising single particles of a biopolymer as the main component. The particles made from amphiphilic substances capable of self-assembly are used. The amphiphilic substances are selected from among polyoxyethylene-hydrogenated castor oil derivatives wherein the average number of added ethylene oxide molecule is 5 to 15, dialkyldimethyl-ammonium halides wherein the chain length of the alkyl or alkenyl is 8 to 22, and phospholipids or phospholipid derivatives. According to the invention a three-phase structure composed of an aqueous phase, an emulsifying dispersant phase and an oil phase is formed on the surface of an emulsion to give an emulsion (such as emulsion fuel) excellent in thermal stability and long-term stability.

Abstract: A process for cleaning and beneficiating biomass is described which may allow removal of entrained salts and light volatiles from biomass materials. The process may also minimize energy use through capturing steam and flue gases for re-use. The process may generally comprise the following steps: prewashing and/or preheating a biomass, pressurizing the biomass in a steam explosion vessel, rapidly depressurizing the steam explosion vessel, releasing the steam from the steam explosion vessel entrained with fine lignin-enriched particles into a cyclone-type gas expansion vessel, routing the steam from the gas expansion vessel to the input hopper, subjecting the biomass to a second washing step, mechanically removing a portion of the water from the biomass, and evaporatively heating the biomass.

Abstract: The disclosure provides dyes for marking hydrocarbon compositions. More particularly, the disclosure relates to non-mutagenic dyes for marking hydrocarbon compositions.

Abstract: For the shipping industry, these fuels provide solutions to long outstanding technical problems that heretofore hindered supply of low sulfur marine fuels in quantities needed to meet worldwide sulfur reduction goals. When ships on the open seas burn cheap low grade heavy bunker oils high in sulfur, nitrogen and metals, the SOx, NOx, and metal oxides go to the environment. This invention converts essentially all of each barrel of crude feed to a single ultraclean fuel versus conventional refining where crude feed is cut into many pieces, and each piece is sent down a separate market path meeting various different product specifications. When in port, ships can generate and sell electricity to land based electrical grids to offset fuel cost in an environment-friendly manner.

Abstract: A system for producing biocoal and biochar includes at least one rotary compression unit (RCU) having a barrel, a compression screw housed within the barrel, a feed for receiving biomass and at least one exit for releasing biochar and gasses formed in the RCU. A first exit stream is produced that includes biochar and a portion of the remaining gasses, and a second exit stream is produced that includes biocoal. A gas crossover is provided that connects the first and second exit stream having a mechanism for transporting gasses from the first exit stream to the second exit stream thereby condensing a portion of the remaining gasses into the biocoal. In one form two RCUs are included connected to two condensers.

Abstract: A lubricating oil composition for an internal combustion engine, the composition including: a lubricating base oil comprising at least one mineral base oil or at least one synthetic base oil or any combination thereof, the lubricating base oil having a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 4.0 to 4.5 mm2/s and a NOACK evaporation loss at 250° C. of no more than 15 mass %; (A) a calcium-containing metallic detergent in an amount of no less than 1000 mass ppm and less than 2000 mass ppm in terms of calcium on the basis of the total mass of the composition; and optionally (C) a viscosity index improver in an amount of less than 1 mass % on the basis of the total mass of the composition.

Abstract: Unleaded aviation gasoline. An aviation gasoline fuel blend includes an unleaded aviation gasoline base fuel, with an effective amount of selected alkyl benzenes to improve the functional engine performance to avoid harmful detonation sufficient to meet or exceed selected standards for detonation performance requirements in full scale aircraft piston spark ignition engines designed for use with Grade 100LL avgas. Suitable alkylated benzenes may include a mixture of xylene isomers. Aromatic amines, such as m-toluidine, may also be added to increase MON. Base fuels may be a high quality aviation alkylate, or may be a commercial iso-octane, or a mixture of high quality aviation alkylate enhanced by iso-octane, or by commercial iso-octane mixtures, and may include iso-pentane or butane or both iso-pentane and butane in sufficient quantity to provide appropriate vapor pressure for the final fuel blend.

Abstract: A portable, sustainable, and efficient system and apparatus for breaking down processed solid plastic waste and other polymer-based feedstock into fuel oil, sustainable energy, carbon char, and other useful products. With minor modifications, biomass can also be treated. Distributed microwave heating sources and mechanical mixing effectively mix heat in a highly insulated reactor that protects the microwave components, makes fast pyrolysis possible, and thereby enables scaling down to compact and highly portable systems. Products include diesel, gasoline, propane, butane, and char. Product materials are distributed using tight temperature control and mechanical routing.

Abstract: There is provided an emulsifier comprising at least one C8 to C18 fatty acid diethanolamide, at least one C12 to C24 fatty acid, at least one C6 to C18 alcohol ethoxylate and optionally at least one sorbitan ester and/or at least one alkylene glycol monoalkyl ether. There is additionally provided emulsions comprising a fuel, water and an emulsifier and methods of producing emulsions.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a low-molecular mass organic gellant and a preparation method and use thereof, belonging to the technical field of gelled fuels. The low-molecular mass organic gellant has a cyclopropane structure. The cyclopropane structure belongs to a high-tension structure, which endows the gellant with excellent gel properties; in addition, the high-tension cyclopropane structure is also capable of greatly improving a combustion performance of the gellant, shortening an ignition delay time of the fuel, and promoting combustion. Moreover, multiple hydroxyl groups contained in the low-molecular mass organic gellant is capable of effectively forming a gel through hydrogen bonding; therefore, the gellant has excellent gel and shear thinning properties for high-energy density fuel and energetic nanofluid fuel, with a critical gellant concentration of not greater than 1% when forming a stable gel.

Abstract: This alternative fuel is a reclaimed waste product which has a solid, particulate consistency at ambient temperature. The fuel comprises a composite of petroleum pitch and a powder coating. The powder coating penetrates into the surface of the pitch. The powder coating is recycled ash, pulverized coal, or pulverized petroleum coke.

Abstract: Diesel fuel compositions are provided that have unexpectedly beneficial cold flow properties. Methods for forming such diesel fuel compositions are also provided. The improved cold flow properties are achieved in part based on dewaxing of a distillate fraction of the composition. The improved cold flow properties are achieved further in part based on inclusion of a cold flow additive and fatty acid alkyl ester in the composition, such as fatty acid methyl ester.

Abstract: An olefin-carboxylic acid copolymer, containing at least one free carboxylic acid side group, or a nitrogen compound quaternized with epoxide in the presence of an olefin-carboxylic acid copolymer, containing at least one free carboxylic acid side group, can be used as a fuel additive or lubricant additive. Processes can be used for preparing additives of this kind and fuels and lubricants additized therewith, such as a detergent additive. These additives, fuels, and lubricants can be used for reduction or prevention of deposits in injection systems of direct injection diesel engines, especially in common rail injection systems; for reduction of fuel consumption of direct injection diesel engines, especially of diesel engines with common rail injection systems; and for minimization of power loss in direct injection diesel engines, especially in diesel engines with common rail injection systems. The additives can also be used for gasoline fuels, especially for operation of DISI engines.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for converting biomass into a fuel additive, the method comprising: liquefying the biomass to form a liquor; neutralizing the liquor; precipitating lignin out of the liquor; extracting furfural (FF) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from the liquor; and hydrodeoxygenating (HDO) the extracted furfurals over a Cu—Ni/TiO2 catalyst. The catalyst for hydrodeoxygenating (HDO) furfural (FF) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to methylated furans comprises copper-nickel (Cu—Ni) particles supported on titanium dioxide (TiO2), and wherein the copper-nickel particles form core-shell structures in which copper (Cu) is enriched at a surface of the catalyst.

Abstract: A distillation apparatus for use in microwave-assisted pyrolysis includes a microwave, a pyrolysis reactor, a microwave-absorbent bed, and a condenser. The pyrolysis reactor is located within the microwave and configured to receive a liquid input stream and to output a vapor. The microwave-absorbent bed is located within the pyrolysis reactor that converts microwave energy provided by the microwave to thermal energy to initiate pyrolysis within the pyrolysis reactor, wherein the pyrolysis reactor provides a vapor output. The condenser is configured to receive the vapor output of the pyrolysis reactor and to cool and condense the vapor into a recoverable product.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to fuel additive compositions including heavy paraffinic distillates and lighter petroleum distillates, in particular with the heavy paraffinic distillates including a mixture of hydrotreated and/or saturated components and solvent-dewaxed and/or branched components. The disclosure further relates to fuel compositions including the fuel additive composition and a liquid or solid combustible fuel. Related methods include methods of making the fuel compositions and methods of burning the fuel compositions. The resulting fuel compositions have several improved combustion properties such as improved combustion efficiency, improved combustion energy/calorie content, reduced sulfur generation, and reduced ash generation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an aviation fuel composition comprising an aviation range fuel component and a diesel range fuel component originating from renewable sources, the diesel range fuel component having a cloud point of at most about ?20° C. and existent gum more than about 7 mg/100 ml, wherein existent gum of the aviation fuel composition is at most about 7 mg/100 ml.

Abstract: A multi-stage process for reducing the environmental contaminants in an ISO8217 compliant Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil involving a core desulfurizing process and a Detrimental Solids removal unit as either a pre-treating step or post-treating step to the core process. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil complies with ISO 8217 for residual marine fuel oils and has a sulfur level has a maximum sulfur content (ISO 14596 or ISO 8754) between the range of 0.05 mass % to 1.0 mass and a Detrimental Solids content less than 60 mg/kg. A process plant for conducting the process is also disclosed.